Development of a Non-Axisymmetric Permanent Magnet Focusing System for Elliptic Charged Particle Beams
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43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
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Classical trajectory Monte Carlo code for simulating ion beam focusing or defocusing with magnetic elements modeled as current loops or current lines
A computational tool is described that can be used for designing magnetic focusing or defocusing systems. A fully three-dimensional classical trajectory Monte Carlo simulation has been developed. Ion trajectories are simulated in the presence of magnetic elements that can be modeled as any combination of current loops and current lines. Each current loop or line may be located anywhere in the system and oriented along any of the three coordinate axes. The configuration need not be axisymmetric. The solutions are obtained using normalized parameters, which can be used for easily scaling the results. Examples are provided of the utility of the code.
43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
On the role of self-generated magnetic fields in focused ion beams driven by intense picosecond laser pulses
We investigate the physics of ion beam focusing in the interaction of intense picosecond laser pulses with concave foils, using two-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations. Curved targets have been observed to deliver brighter multi-MeV ion beams than flat targets, and they could be used to ignite pre-compressed ICF fusion capsules in a scheme called ion fast ignition. Focusing is achieved by shaping the target and relying on an ion acceleration mechanism in which the ions are accelerated normal to the target surface; subsequently, the plasma expansion grows magnetic fields that advect with the plasma and deflect ions away from the target symmetry axis, causing the focal spot to shift downstream from its geometric location. The drop in both electric and magnetic field strengths in the expanding plasma makes the ion beam envelope asymmetric with respect to the focusing plane.
Focused ion beam↗
Terahertz generation by two cross focused Gaussian laser beams in magnetized plasma
This paper presents a theoretical model for terahertz (THz) radiation generation by two cross-focused Gaussian laser beams in a collisionless magnetoplasma. The plasma is redistributed due to the ponderomotive nonlinearity which leads to the cross focusing of the laser beams. The focusing of the copropagating laser beams increases with increasing the externally applied static magnetic field which is perpendicular to the wave propagation direction. The nonlinear current at THz frequency arises on account of nonlinear ponderomotive force as a result of beating of the two lasers. The generated THz radiation amplitude increases significantly with increasing magnetic field. The cross focusing of two laser beams enhances the THz yield. Optimization of laser-plasma parameters gives the radiated normalized THz power of the order of 10 kW.
70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
Generation of focusing ion beams by magnetized electron sheath acceleration
Abstract We present the first 3D fully kinetic simulations of laser driven sheath-based ion acceleration with a kilotesla-level applied magnetic field. The application of a strong magnetic field significantly and beneficially alters sheath based ion acceleration and creates two distinct stages in the acceleration process associated with the time-evolving magnetization of the hot electron sheath. The first stage delivers dramatically enhanced acceleration, and the second reverses the typical outward-directed topology of the sheath electric field into a focusing configuration. The net result is a focusing, magnetic field-directed ion source of multiple species with strongly enhanced energy and number. The predicted improvements in ion source characteristics are desirable for applications and suggest a route to experimentally confirm magnetization-related effects in the high energy density regime. We additionally perform a comparison between 2D and 3D simulation geometry, on which basis we predict the feasibility of observing magnetic field effects under experimentally relevant conditions.
42 ENGINEERING↗
Feasibility study of the magnetic beam self-focusing phenomenon in a stack of conducting foils: application to TNSA proton beams
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70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
Beam-Based Magnetic Alignment of the Final Focus Test Beam
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Tenenbaum, P.↗
Design and development of permanent magnet based focusing lens for J-Band Klystron
Applying permanent magnet technology to beam focusing in klystrons can reduce their power consumption and increase their reliability of operation. Electromagnetic design of the beam focusing elements, for high frequency travelling wave tubes, is very critical. The magnitude and profile of the magnetic field need to match the optics requirement from beam dynamics studies. The rise of the field from cathode gun region to the uniform field region (RF section) is important as the desired transition from zero to peak axial field must occur over a short axial distance. Confined flow regime is an optimum choice to minimize beam scalloping but demands an axial magnetic field greater than 2 - 3 times the Brillouin flow field. This necessitates optimization in the magnet design achieve high magnetic field within given spatial constraints. Electromagnetic design and simulations were done using 3D Finite element method (FEM) analysis software. A permanent magnet based focusing lens for a miniature J-Band klystron has been designed and developed at Control Instrumentation Division, BARC. This paper presents the design, simulation studies, beam transmission and RF tests results for J Band klystron with permanent magnet focusing lens. (author)
43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
Final Focus Solenoid Design Considerations
Radiography utilizing intense relativistic electron beams requires a final focus magnet to produce a small beam spot on the x-ray conversion target. A solenoid magnet is generally used for the final focus magnet. This note addresses design considerations of the final focus solenoid that impact the spot size. The spot size on target is a function of the beam size entering the final focus magnet, the beam emittance and energy spread and spherical aberration inherent in a solenoid magnet. The present final focus solenoid designs for both Axis 1 and Axis 2 of the DARHT facility are evaluated. A new design is proposed for both Axis 1 and Axis 2.
43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
Improvement of extraction efficiency from a compact synchrotron for proton beam therapy by applying particle tracking analysis
Various types of synchrotrons are used for particle beam therapy. In particle beam therapy, especially in proton beam therapy, downsizing of the accelerator system is a major concern. A compact synchrotron dedicated for proton beam therapy is presented. The synchrotron is horizontally weakly focusing and consists of 4 H-type zerogradient dipole magnets and 4 quadrupole magnets. The circumference of the ring is a little shorter than 18 m, and the energies are up to 230MeV. Beam extraction from the synchrotron is performed by RF-driven slow extraction technology. Two sextupole magnets set in adjacent straight sections form a horizontal separatrix which is fixed during the beam extraction. Horizontal RF voltage excites betatron oscillation of the circulating beam, and protons exceeding the separatrix are extracted by an electrostatic deflector and a horizontal septum dipole magnet. To achieve adequately high extraction efficiency, the relationship between the extraction efficiency and the horizontal chromaticity of the ring is analyzed by particle tracking simulation. The horizontal chromaticity with maximum extraction efficiency is half of the theoretical value because of the distortion of the horizontal separatrix for the extraction. With this chromaticity, the spiral-step of the extracted particle is independent of the momentum deviation of the particle, and the separatrix across the electrostatic septum electrodes is superpositioned.
43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
Alignment of components and assembly of 3 MeV electron beam accelerator - a complete solution
A 3 MeV, 30 kW DC Electron Beam Accelerator developed at BARC is installed at the Electron Beam Centre (EBC) Kharghar, Navi Mumbai. The entire accelerator assembly, spread over two floors, consists of Electron Gun, Accelerating Tube, Steering Magnet, Focusing Coil, Beam Tube, Beam Locating Aperture, Scan Magnet Chamber and Scan Horn. The complete electron beamline will be maintained under high vacuum of the order of 10{sup -6} mbar. The paper discusses about the present problem of alignment, measurement technique of alignment, reasons for misalignment, ways to solve the problem, detailed alignment procedure and equipment used for alignment work. (author)
43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
RF cavity design and qualification for proton accelerator
Alvarez type Drift Tube Linac (DTL) is used for acceleration of proton beam in low energy section of beta ranging from 0.04 to 0.40. DTL is cylindrical RF cavity resonating in TM010 mode at 352.21 MHz frequency. It consists of array of drift tubes arranged ensuring that DTL centre and Drift Tube centre are concentric. The Drift Tubes also houses Permanent Magnet Quadrupole for transverse focusing of proton beam. A twelve cell prototype of DTL section is designed, developed and fabricated at Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay. Complete DTL accelerator consists of eight such DTL sections. High frequency microwave simulations are carried out in SOPRANO, vector fields and COMSOL simulation software. This prototype DTL is 1640.56 mm long cavity with 520 mm ID, 600 mm OD and consists of eleven Drift Tubes, two RF end flanges, three slug tuners, six post couplers, three RF field monitors, one RF waveguide coupler, two DN100 vacuum flanges and DTL tank platform with alignment features. Girder based Drift tube mounting arrangement utilizing uncompressing energy of disc springs for optimum combo RF-vacuum seal compression is worked out and implemented. This paper discusses design of this RF vacuum cavity operating at high accelerating field gradient in ultra-high vacuum. Detailed vacuum design and results of RF and vacuum qualifications are discussed. Results on mechanical accuracy achieved on scaled pre-prototype are also presented. Paper summarizes the engineering developments carried out for this RF cavity and brings out the future activities proposed in indigenous development of high gradient RF cavities for ion accelerators. (author)
43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
Self-Consistent Simulation of Transport and Energy Deposition of Intense Laser-Accelerated Proton Beams in Solid-Density Matter
Here, the first self-consistent hybrid particle-in-cell (PIC) simulation of intense proton beam transport and energy deposition in solid-density matter is presented. Both the individual proton slowing-down and the collective beam-plasma interaction effects are taken into account with a new dynamic proton stopping power module that has been added to a hybrid PIC code. In this module, the target local stopping power can be updated at each time step based on its thermodynamic state. For intense proton beams, the reduction of target stopping power from the cold condition due to continuous proton heating eventually leads to broadening of the particle range and energy deposition far beyond the Bragg peak. For tightly focused beams, large magnetic field growth in collective interactions results in self-focusing of the beam and much stronger localized heating of the target.
70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
Origin and control of magnetic exchange coupling in between focused electron beam deposited cobalt nanostructures
We demonstrate the existence and control of inter-particle magnetic exchange coupling in densely packed nanostructures fabricated by focused electron beam induced deposition. With Xe beam post-processing, we have achieved the controlled reduction and eventual elimination of the parasitic halo-like cobalt deposits formed in the proximity of intended nanostructures, which are the identified source of the magnetic exchange coupling. The elimination of the halo-mediated exchange coupling is demonstrated by magnetic measurements using Kerr microscopy on Co pillar arrays. Electron microscopy studies allowed us to identify the mechanisms underlying this process and to verify the efficiency and opportunities of the described nano-scale fabrication approach.
36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
Probing the magnetic moment of FePt micromagnets prepared by focused ion beam milling
We investigate the degradation of the magnetic moment of a 300 nm thick FePt film induced by Focused Ion Beam (FIB) milling. A 1 μm × 8 μm rod is milled out of a film by a FIB process and is attached to a cantilever by electron beam induced deposition. Its magnetic moment is determined by frequency-shift cantilever magnetometry. We find that the magnetic moment of the rod is μ = 1.1 ± 0.1 × 10{sup −12} Am{sup 2}, which implies that 70% of the magnetic moment is preserved during the FIB milling process. This result has important implications for atom trapping and magnetic resonance force microscopy, which are addressed in this paper.
71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
A compact broadband ion beam focusing device based on laser-driven megagauss thermoelectric magnetic fields
Ultra-intense lasers can nowadays routinely accelerate kiloampere ion beams. These unique sources of particle beams could impact many societal (e.g., proton-therapy or fuel recycling) and fundamental (e.g., neutron probing) domains. However, this requires overcoming the beam angular divergence at the source. This has been attempted, either with large-scale conventional setups or with compact plasma techniques that however have the restriction of short (<1 mm) focusing distances or a chromatic behavior. Here, we show that exploiting laser-triggered, long-lasting (>50 ps), thermoelectric multi-megagauss surface magnetic (B)-fields, compact capturing, and focusing of a diverging laser-driven multi-MeV ion beam can be achieved over a wide range of ion energies in the limit of a 5° acceptance angle.
46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
LANSCE CCL Performance Limits
This report summarizes the performance limits of the LANSCE Coupled-Cavity Linac (CCL). These results are captured or summarized directly from the references cited. This report was written in support of the LANSCE Modernization Project (LAMP). Many factors contribute to the performance limits of the CCL accelerator system. One performance limit is set by the CCL mechanical structure and available cooling. Heating of the structure is ultimately linked to the operating RF duty factor of the CCL. Another performance limit is set by the maximum RF and beam duty factors that can be supported by the 805-MHz klystrons and associated HVDC power supplies. The RF and HVDC systems also set limits for the maximum peak beam current that can be accelerated in the CCL. And finally, a maximum beam current limit is set by the beam dynamics determined by the details of the CCL physics design (number of cells per CCL tank, accelerating gradients, magnetic focusing lattice, beam losses, etc.). This limit can be informed by both simulation results and beam measurement data, if available. A detailed explanation of each performance limit is given in the sections below. The results are summarized in the table below. In all cases, it is assumed that the CCL and the RF system are operating in their nominal beam production configuration – nominal magnet set points and nominal cavity fields, unless otherwise specified.
43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
Study on Conduction Cooling of Superconducting Magnets for the ILC Main Linac
In the main linac of the International Linear Collider (ILC), superconducting magnets for beam focusing and steering will be located periodically in superconducting RF (SRF) cavity string for beam acceleration in common cryomodules. A concept of conduction cooling of the combined-functioned, splittable superconducting magnets has been proposed and investigated to adapt much different features and to meet different requirements for the superconducting magnet and SRF cavity in fabrication, assembly, and operation. It is required to integrate the superconducting magnet after the SRF cavity string assembly which completed under an ultra-clean environment. The magnet must be conductively cooled down through thermal links to a liquid helium supply pipe. According to this concept, a model magnet development was carried out in cooperation with Fermilab and KEK, and has been demonstrated in KEK superconducting RF test facility (STF). In addition, an important issue has been recently identified. High gradient SRF cavities naturally emit field emission electron flux from the inner surface, so-called dark current. It may pass through the subsequent SRF cavity string and penetrate into the superconducting magnets placed downstream. It may heat up the superconducting coils, and may cause a quench. Therefore, further study on reliable conduction cooling and to secure the superconducting magnet operation with a keeping sufficient safety margin is quite essential. In this paper, we report the installation, the improvement achieved in STF, and the R&D progress in the study on the conduction cooling of the superconducting magnet for the ILC main linac.
43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗