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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 37 records · Page 2
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2016

Valence-band electronic structure evolution of graphene oxide upon thermal annealing for optoelectronics

We report valence band electronic structure evolution of graphene oxide (GO) upon its thermal reduction. Degree of oxygen functionalization was controlled by annealing temperatures, and an electronic structure evolution was monitored using real-time ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy. We observed a drastic increase in density of states around the Fermi level upon thermal annealing at ~600 °C. The result indicates that while there is an apparent band gap for GO prior to a thermal reduction, the gap closes after an annealing around that temperature. This trend of band gap closure was correlated with electrical, chemical, and structural properties to determine a set of GO material properties that is optimal for optoelectronics. The results revealed that annealing at a temperature of ~500 °C leads to the desired properties, demonstrated by a uniform and an order of magnitude enhanced photocurrent map of an individual GO sheet compared to as-synthesized counterpart.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
NASA NTRS1993

Carrying the mass flux terms exactly in the first and second moment equations of compressible turbulence

In compressible turbulence models, it is assumed that the Favre-mean velocities are suitable approximations to the Reynolds-mean velocities in order to close unknown terms. This neglects, in the mean momentum and energy equations, the contribution to the stress and work terms by the mean of the fluctuating Favre velocity, a quantity proportional to the turbulent mass flux. As the stress and work terms do not introduce any new unknown correlations requiring closure in either k-epsilon or Reynolds stress closures and because the exact form of the terms can, with little additional work, be carried there is no need to make any modeling assumptions. In the Reynolds stress equations the viscous terms appear naturally in Reynolds variables while the problem is posed in Favre variables. In the process of splitting the viscous terms into the viscous transport terms, carried in Favre variables, and the dissipation terms, carried in Reynolds variables, important contributions from the mass flux appear. The accurate accounting of these terms is important for any consistent near wall modeling and the retention of the mass flux terms is important in complex compressible turbulent flows.

Ristorcelli, J. R.↗
NASA NTRS1991

The measurement of mangrove characteristics in southwest Florida using SPOT multispectral data

An intensive in situ sampling program near Marco Island, Florida during 19-23 October 1988 collected information on mangrove type, maximum canopy height, and percent canopy closure. These data were correlated with selected vegetation index information derived from analysis of SPOT multispectral (XS) data obtained on 21 October 1988. The Normalized Difference (ND) vegetation index information was the most highly correlated index with percent canopy closure (r = 0.91). Percent canopy closure information can be used as a surrogate for mangrove density which is of great value when predicting which parts of the mangrove ecosystem are at greatest risk after an oil spill occurs. Such information is very valuable when constructing oil spill Environmental Sensitivity Index (ESI) Maps for tropical regions of the world.

Jensen, John R.↗
NASA NTRS1981

Computing aerodynamic sound using advanced statistical turbulence theories

It is noted that the calculation of turbulence-generated aerodynamic sound requires knowledge of the spatial and temporal variation of Q sub ij (xi sub k, tau), the two-point, two-time turbulent velocity correlations. A technique is presented to obtain an approximate form of these correlations based on closure of the Reynolds stress equations by modeling of higher order terms. The governing equations for Q sub ij are first developed for a general flow. The case of homogeneous, stationary turbulence in a unidirectional constant shear mean flow is then assumed. The required closure form for Q sub ij is selected which is capable of qualitatively reproducing experimentally observed behavior. This form contains separation time dependent scale factors as parameters and depends explicitly on spatial separation. The approximate forms of Q sub ij are used in the differential equations and integral moments are taken over the spatial domain. The velocity correlations are used in the Lighthill theory of aerodynamic sound by assuming normal joint probability.

Hecht, A. M.↗
NASA NTRS1981

Predicting aerodynamic sound utilizing a two-point, two-time turbulence theory

The feasibility of determining two-point, two-time turbulent velocity correlations based on extending closure models for one-point, one-time turbulence correlations is demonstrated. The procedure used is based on a spatial moment integral formulation of the governing equations using approximate, parameterized trial functions for the two-point, two-time velocity correlations. Solution of the equations is shown to give a set of anisotropic length scales and the separation-time-dependent decorrelation of the ensemble averaged turbulent velocities. The analysis is simplified using the assumption of homogeneous stationary turbulence and a constant shear, unidirectional mean flow. It is shown that the anisotropic behavior of measured turbulence correlations can be characterized through this technique.

Hecht, A. M.↗
DOE OSTI2025

Crystal structures of Salmonella enterica FraB deglycase reveal a conformational heterodimer with remarkable structural plasticity at the active site

Abstract Thefralocus ofSalmonella entericaencodes five genes for metabolism of fructose‐asparagine, an Amadori product formed by condensation of asparagine with glucose. In the last step of this pathway, the FraB deglycase cleaves 6‐phospho‐fructose‐aspartate into glucose‐6‐phosphate and aspartate. In homology models, FraB forms a homodimer with two equivalent active sites located at the dimer interface. E214 and H230, two invariant residues essential for catalysis, project into each active site cleft from opposing subunits of the dimer. Here, we have determined six crystal structures of FraB, three of a variant containing an N‐terminal His 6 tag and two mutations needed for crystallization (hereafter referred to as WT′), two with additional mutations to active site residues (E214A and P232A), and one of a variant with C‐terminal residues 313–325 deleted. Surprisingly, in the WT′ FraB structure, the two catalytic residues, E214 (general base) and H230 (general acid), are positioned ~22 Å apart. In the E214A and C‐terminus‐truncated FraB variants, however, a conformational change in the E214‐residing helix brings E214 and H230* to ~7 Å (* indicates residue from the second protomer that creates the inter‐subunit catalytic center). The loop bearing H230 also exhibits significant variation, ranging from being completely disordered to adopting open or closed states, with the nearby P232* residue being eithercisortrans. The C‐terminal residues 313–325 form a flexible “C‐tail” that can be fully disordered, bind in the active site to block access of substrate, or angle across the active site to wrap across the other subunit of the dimer and potentially close over substrate. Collectively, these structures reveal that FraB is a conformational heterodimer with two chemically identical subunits that are constrained to adopt different structures as they come together for catalysis. This plasticity likely involves correlated opening and closure of the two active sites for their respective binding and release of substrates and ligands.

Biochemistry & Molecular Biology↗
DOE OSTI2024

On-demand nanoengineering of in-plane ferroelectric topologies

Hierarchical assemblies of ferroelectric nanodomains, so-called super-domains, can exhibit exotic morphologies that lead to distinct behaviours. Controlling these super-domains reliably is critical for realizing states with desired functional properties. Here we reveal the super-switching mechanism by using a biased atomic force microscopy tip, that is, the switching of the in-plane super-domains, of a model ferroelectric Pb 0.6 Sr 0.4 TiO 3 . We demonstrate that the writing process is dominated by a super-domain nucleation and stabilization process. A complex scanning-probe trajectory enables on-demand formation of intricate centre-divergent, centre-convergent and flux-closure polar structures. Correlative piezoresponse force microscopy and optical spectroscopy confirm the topological nature and tunability of the emergent structures. The precise and versatile nanolithography in a ferroic material and the stability of the generated structures, also validated by phase-field modelling, suggests potential for reliable multi-state nanodevice architectures and, thereby, an alternative route for the creation of tunable topological structures for applications in neuromorphic circuits.

77 NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY↗
NASA NTRS1994

Small-crack effects in high-strength aluminum alloys

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration and the Chinese Aeronautical Establishment participated in a Fatigue and Fracture Mechanics Cooperative Program. The program objectives were to identify and characterize crack initiation and growth of small cracks (10 microns to 2 mm long) in commonly used US and PRC aluminum alloys, to improve fracture mechanics analyses of surface- and corner-crack configurations, and to develop improved life-prediction methods. Fatigue and small-crack tests were performed on single-edgenotch tension (SENT) specimens and large-crack tests were conducted on center-crack tension specimens for constant-amplitude (stress ratios of -1, 0, and 0.5) and Mini-TWIST spectrum loading. The plastic replica method was used to monitor the initiation and growth of small fatigue cracks at the semicircular notch. Crack growth results from each laboratory on 7075-T6 bare and LC9cs clad aluminum alloys agreed well and showed that fatigue life was mostly crack propagation from a material defect (inclusion particles or void) or from the cladding layer. Finite-element and weight-function methods were used to determine stress intensity factors for surface and corner cracks in the SENT specimens. Equations were then developed and used in a crack growth and crack-closure model to correlate small- and large-crack data and to make life predictions for various load histories. The cooperative program produced useful experimental data and efficient analysis methods for improving life predictions. The results should ultimately improve aircraft structural reliability and safety.

Newman, J. C., Jr.↗
NASA NTRS2007

Total Observed Organic Carbon (TOOC): A Synthesis of North American Observations

Measurements of organic carbon compounds in both the gas and particle phases made upwind, over and downwind of North America are synthesized to examine the total observed organic carbon (TOOC) in the atmosphere over this region. These include measurements made aboard the NOAA WP-3 and BAe-146 aircraft, the NOAA research vessel Ronald H. Brown, and at the Thompson Farm and Chebogue Point surface sites during the summer 2004 ICARTT campaign. Both winter and summer 2002 measurements during the Pittsburgh Air Quality Study are also included. Lastly, the spring 2002 observations at Trinidad Head, CA, surface measurements made in March 2006 in Mexico City and coincidentally aboard the C-130 aircraft during the MILAGRO campaign and later during the IMPEX campaign off the northwestern United States are incorporated. Concentrations of TOOC in these datasets span more than two orders of magnitude. The daytime mean TOOC ranges from 4.0 to 456 microg C/cubic m from the cleanest site (Trinidad Head) to the most polluted (Mexico City). Organic aerosol makes up 3-17% of this mean TOOC, with highest fractions reported over the northeastern United States, where organic aerosol can comprise up to 50% of TOOC. Carbon monoxide concentrations explain 46 to 86% of the variability in TOOC, with highest TOOC/CO slopes in regions with fresh anthropogenic influence, where we also expect the highest degree of mass closure for TOOC. Correlation with isoprene, formaldehyde, methyl vinyl ketone and methacrolein also indicates that biogenic activity contributes substantially to the variability of TOOC, yet these tracers of biogenic oxidation sources do not explain the variability in organic aerosol observed over North America. We highlight the critical need to develop measurement techniques to routinely detect total gas phase VOCs, and to deploy comprehensive suites of TOOC instruments in diverse environments to quantify the ambient evolution of organic carbon from source to sink.

Heald, C. L.↗
DOE OSTI2018

High expression of A-type lamin in the leading front is required for Drosophila thorax closure

Highlights: • Lamin C expression is high at the leading front of the closing tissue in pupal notum. • Lamin C is required for the coordinated movement of the leading front. • The closure defect by Lamin C knockdown correlates with insufficient F-actin formation. Tissue closure involves the coordinated unidirectional movement of a group of cells without loss of cell–cell contact. However, the molecular mechanisms controlling the tissue closure are not fully understood. Here, we demonstrate that Lamin C, the sole A-type lamin in Drosophila, contributes to the process of thorax closure in pupa. High expression of Lamin C was observed at the leading front of the migrating wing imaginal discs. Live imaging analysis revealed that knockdown of Lamin C in the thorax region affected the coordinated movement of the leading front, resulting in incomplete tissue fusion required for formation of the adult thorax. The closure defect due to knockdown of Lamin C correlated with insufficient accumulation of F-actin at the front. Our study indicates a link between A-type lamin and the cell migration behavior during tissue closure.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
NASA NTRS1975

On the modeling of the scalar correlations necessary to construct a second-order closure description of turbulent reacting flows

A tentative scheme is proposed for constructing second-order closure models of turbulent reacting flows, with particular reference to mixing processes in turbulent diffusion flows. The model is based on the concepts of typical structure and typical eddy, and treats various hypothetical turbulent flame situations, including the time dependence of species mass fractions passing a point in the flame, the most typical occurrence of species mass fractions, and the case of a rather bizarre typical eddy which shows the effects of nonmixedness.

Donaldson, C. DUP.↗
DOE OSTI2018

A status review on DNB prediction using CASL baseline boiling model and possible suggestions regarding wall boiling closures

The main goal of FY18 THM’s focus task is to evaluate where the current CASL boiling model stands for DNB predictive performance, to identify which components should be improved or calibrated to enhance DNB performance. Over the past three year’s validation tests, Gen1A boiling model has presented an under-predictive behavior for DNB at the high pressure of interest for PWR application. With this in mind, this year’s task is to focus on 1) best practice guidelines on DNB detection criteria, 2) interfacial momentum transfer closure tests, and 3) wall boiling closure sensitivity on DNB. Best practice guidelines on DNB detection criteria are demonstrated by the following three monitoring variables: 1) max wall temperature, 2) K-value and 3) energy balance. Interfacial momentum transfer closure govern the bubble distribution, especially in lateral direction, as well as bubble mean diameter. A clear correlation between interfacial momentum closure and DNB prediction is not observed in the current tests. However, void distributions are changed with different interfacial momentum closure tests which requires further validation with corresponding experimental measurement. From a variety of wall boiling closure tests, bubble departure diameter seems the most sensitive for DNB performance while fulfilling numerical robustness in DNB simulation. Tolubinski’s bubble departure diameter model was calibrated to see if any improvement is observed in DNB performance. Notable DNB improvement was observed as the bubble departure diameter is reduced. However, reduced bubble departure diameter by calibrated Tolubinski’s model seemed to lead to relatively high wall superheat temperature prediction which requires further validation with associated experimental measurement It should be noted that lack of experimental measurement close to DNB condition hampers this boiling closure sensitivity study significantly. This situation directly reflects some of limitations of the CASL boiling model development. With this in mind, the implementation of improved boiling closure on 5x5 NMVG and MVG tests will be pursued in FY19, the associated DNB best practice guidelines and possible limitations will be addressed for industry DNB application.

42 ENGINEERING↗
NASA NTRS1999

Ocean Turbulence I: One-Point Closure Model Momentum and Heat Vertical Diffusivities

Since the early forties, one-point turbulence closure models have been the canonical tools used to describe turbulent flows in many fields. In geophysics, Mellor and Yamada applied such models using the 1980 state-of-the art. Since then, no improvements were introduced to alleviate two major difficulties: 1) closure of the pressure correlations, which affects the correct determination of the critical Richardson number Ri(sub cr) above which turbulent mixing is no longer possible and 2) the need to express the non-local third-order moments (TOM) in terms of lower order moments rather than via the down-gradient approximation as done thus far, since the latter seriously underestimates the TOMs. Since 1) and 2) are still being dealt with adjustable parameters which weaken the credibility of the models, alternative models, not based on turbulence modeling, have been suggested. The aim of this paper is to show that new information, partly derived from the newest 2-point closure model discussed, can be used to solve these shortcomings. The new one-point closure model, which in its simplest form is algebraic and thus simple to implement, is first shown to reproduce a variety of data. Then, it is used in a Ocean-General Circulation Model (O-GCM) where it reproduces well a large variety of ocean data. While phenomenological models are specifically tuned to ocean turbulence, the present model is not. It is first tested against laboratory data on stably stratified flows and then used in an O-GCM. It is more general, more predictive and more resilient, e.g., it can incorporate phenomena like wave-breaking at the surface, salinity diffusivity, non-locality, etc. One important feature that naturally comes out of the new model is that the predicted Richardson critical value Ri(sub cr) is Ri (sub cr approx. = 1) in agreement with both Large Eddy Simulations (LES) and empirical evidence while all previous models predicted Ri (sub cr approx. = 0.2) which led to a considerable underestimate of the extent of turbulent mixing and thus to an incorrect mixed layer depth. The predicted temperature and salinity profiles (vs. depth) are presented and compared with those of the Kolmogorov-Petruvsky-Piskunuv (KPP) model and Levitus data.

Canuto, V. M.↗
NASA NTRS1982

Apparent superluminal motion in the quasar NRAO 140

Very long baseline interferometer (VLBI) measurements of the compact radio structure in the quasar NRAO 140 (z = 1.258) have been obtained at three epochs at a wavelength of 2.8 cm. These observations indicate that the two most compact radio components are separating at an angular rate of 0.10-0.14 milli-arcsec per year. For cosmological distances H sub 0 = 50 and q sub 0 = 0, this corresponds to a velocity of separation (in the quasar's rest frame) of 10 + or - 2 times the speed of light, c; for H sub 0 = 100 and q sub 0 = 1, the value is (3.1 + or - 0.6) c. Other interpretations of the temporal changes in correlated flux density and closure phase are discussed and are considered unlikely. The derived velocities are consistent with an earlier prediction that the separation velocity should be greater than about 4 c. Extrapolation back to the epoch of zero separation indicates that the expansion originated between late 1963 and late 1968 (under the assumption of constant velocity). This range includes the beginning of an isolated outburst in flux density at 2.8 cm. These results cannot be used to make any statements concerning the validity of cosmological interpretations of QSO redshifts.

Marscher, A. P.↗
NASA NTRS1982

Superluminal motion in NRAO 140 and a possible future method for constraining H/0/ and q/0/

In order to test the prediction that the compact components in NRAO 140 should appear to separate at a speed exceeding about 4c, further VLBI observations of NRAO 140 at 2.8 cm were obtained in February 1981 and June 1981. The correlated flux densities and closure phases show clear, systematic changes compared with April 1980 data that are modeled very well by an increase in the separation of the compact components corresponding to velocities of separation ranging from 6.7c to 12c for cosmological distances and H(0) = 50 and q(0) = 0. When H(0) = 100 and q(0) = 1, the range is 2.1c to 3.7c. From these results, a prescription for the determination of upper limits to the cosmological parameters H(0) and q(0) is outlined.

Marscher, A. P.↗
NASA NTRS1986

Prediction of heat release effects on a mixing layer

A fully second-order closure model for turbulent reacting flows is suggested based on Favre statistics. For diffusion flames the local thermodynamic state is related to single conserved scalar. The properties of pressure fluctuations are analyzed for turbulent flows with fluctuating density. Closure models for pressure correlations are discussed and modeled transport equations for Reynolds stresses, turbulent kinetic energy dissipation, density-velocity correlations, scalar moments and dissipation are presented and solved, together with the mean equations for momentum and mixture fraction. Solutions of these equations are compared with the experimental data for high heat release free mixing layers of fluorine and hydrogen in a nitrogen diluent.

Farshchi, M.↗
NASA NTRS1986

Prediction of heat release effects on a mixing layer

A fully second-order closure model for turbulent reacting flows is suggested based on Favre statistics. For diffusion flames the local thermodynamic state is related to a single conserved scalar. The properties of pressure fluctuations are analyzed for turbulent flows with fluctuating density. Closure models for pressure correlations are discussed and modelled transport equations for Reynolds stresses, turbulent kinetic energy dissipation, density-velocity correlations, scalar moments and dissipation are presented and solved, together with the mean equations for momentum and mixture fraction. Solutions of these equations are compared with the experimental data for high heat release free mixing layers of fluorine and hydrogen in a nitrogen diluent.

Farshchi, M.↗
NASA NTRS1991

Navier-Stokes computation of compressible turbulent flows with a second order closure

The objective was the development of a complete second order closure for wall bounded flows, including all components of the dissipation rate tensor and a numerical solution procedure for the resulting system of equations. The main topics discussed are the closure of the pressure correlations and the viscous destruction terms in the dissipation rate equations and the numerical solution scheme based on a block-tridiagonal solver for the nine equations required for the prediction of plane or axisymmetric flows.

Dingus, C.↗