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DOE OSTI2020

DEPRECATED Hasty [SWR-20-80]

DEPRECATED This repository was archived by the owner on Nov 18, 2022. It is now read-only. The software is a web app to create semantic metadata models, namely, Haystack and Brick. The purpose of Hasty is to assist in the auditing of building mechanical systems and controls. The software is designed to capture mechanical system topology and important information regarding real world controls implementations. The tool is intended to output Brick / Haystack / ASHRAE 223 compliant models.

Mosiman, Cory↗

DOE OSTI2025

Automating Traffic Microsimulation from SYNCHRO UTDF to SUMO

Modern transportation research relies on seamlessly integrating traffic signal data with robust network representation and simulation tools. This study presents utdf2gmns, an open-source Python tool that automates conversion of the Universal Traffic Data Format, including network representation, signalized intersections, and turning volumes into the General Modeling Network Specification (GMNS) Standard. The resulting GMNS-compliant network can be converted for microsimulation in SUMO. By automatically extracting intersection control parameters and aligning them with GMNS conventions, utdf2gmns minimizes manual preprocessing and data loss. utdf2gmns also integrates with the Sigma-X engine to extract and visualize key traffic control metrics, such as phasing diagrams, turning volumes, volume-tocapacity ratios, and control delays. This streamlined workflow enables efficient scenario testing, accurate model building, and consistent data management. Validated through case studies, utdf2gmns reliably models complex urban corridors, promoting reproducibility and standardization. Documentation is available on GitHub and PyPI, supporting easy integration and community engagement.

Luo, Roy [ORNL] (ORCID:0009000312909983)↗

DOE OSTI2020

Monitoring of Unvented Roofs with Fibrous Insulation, Diffusion Vents, and Interior Vapor Control in a Cold Climate

Unvented roof assemblies have been accepted in North American building codes since 2007; code-compliant construction calls for a minimum thickness of “air-impermeable insulation” (based on climate zone) to avoid cold-weather condensation and moisture risks. This is typically implemented with polyurethane spray foam insulation; however, negatives of this material include high first cost and possible adverse environmental impacts. Implementing unvented roofs in a moisture-safe manner with air-permeable fibrous fill insulations (e.g., fiberglass or cellulose) could potentially reduce the first cost of unvented roof designs, allowing for more widespread use. Building unvented roofs in a cost-effective, airtight, and moisture-safe manner opens up options for high-performance house designers and builders.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗

DOE OSTI2025

Data Qualification Report: SRNL Glass Composition-Properties (ComPro) Database

The Savannah River National Laboratory Glass Composition-Properties (ComPro) database is an extensive database containing pertinent composition and durability data to support the accelerated clean-up mission at the Defense Waste Processing Facility. The activities described in this data qualification report were performed to support the information contained in the database. There were two objectives of the original data qualification process. The first objective was to review supporting documentation to determine if DOE/RW-0333P Quality Assurance Requirements and Description had been implemented during the original work. If the DOE/RW-0333P Quality Assurance Requirements and Description had not been directly implemented during the original work, the second objective was to determine if the controls that were used were adequate to meet the intent of the DOE/RW-0333P Quality Assurance Requirements and Description. The results of these two objectives and the activities performed to support these decisions are described in this document. An assessment of each dataset was made to determine if the data were RW-0333P Compliant, RW-0333P Equivalent or Non-RW-0333P Compliant. The original data qualification was performed in accordance with E7, Conduct of Engineering Manual, Procedure 3.70, Revision 4, Qualification of Data. The specific method that was used was Equivalent Controls as described in E7, 3.70. Revision 2 of this document adds supporting information for the RW-0333P Compliant datasets added to Revision 3 of the database.

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗

DOE OSTI2023

Systems and methods for satellite movement

A satellite includes a plurality of thrusters disposed about the satellite, each of the plurality of thrusters having a minimum thruster firing time, and a control circuit connected to the plurality of thrusters. The control circuit is configured to identify violations of the minimum thruster firing time in a non-compliant thruster firing pattern selected to achieve a specified movement, generate a plurality of compliant thruster firing patterns by replacing each of the violations of the non-compliant thruster firing pattern by zero and a minimum time in different combinations, select a compliant thruster firing pattern from the plurality of compliant thruster firing patterns to produce a satellite movement that is within a predetermined range of the specified movement, and cause the plurality of thrusters to fire according to the compliant thruster firing pattern.

Cheng, Haifei↗

DOE OSTI2025

Composition dependence of atomic order in strain-relaxed, metastable GeSn alloys

Extended x-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) measurements of single-crystal Ge/GeSn radial heterostructure nanowires are used to examine the effects of composition on both short-range order (SRO) and longer-range disorder in GeSn alloys. GeSn has prompted significant interest because it can achieve a direct band gap for sufficient Sn concentrations beyond the equilibrium solid solubility limit in an all-group IV system. Short-range order in this material is particularly interesting as it has been predicted to affect the band gap independent of average composition or strain effects. By independently controlling the Sn composition and GeSn thickness during chemical vapor deposition of misfitting GeSn shells around ultrathin, elastically compliant, Ge core nanowires, the elastic misfit strain in the GeSn is minimized for Sn compositions over the studied range ≈Ge 0.96 Sn 0.04 to Ge 0.88 Sn 0.12 . The degree of SRO was found to decrease with increasing Sn composition. Additionally, damping of the EXAFS signal was observed as the Sn content increased, particularly for increasingly distant atomic shells about the absorbing atom, even for scattering paths not involving Sn atoms. This result is quantified as an increase in the mean-squared relative displacement parameters of the shells. These measurements reveal the accommodation of local strain due to the presence of the highly size-mismatched Sn atoms in the Ge diamond cubic lattice (≈14%), which may have effects on the band structure of the material in addition to the influence of short-range atomic order. Comparison among the nanowire samples allows for calculation of the topological rigidity parameter, a ∗∗ , for the first-neighbor bond lengths. Furthermore, these exhibit chemically distinct values for Ge-Ge, Ge-Sn, and Sn-Sn, and they are consistent with the value a ∗∗ = 0.75 ± 0.07 confirming the general applicability of the model to alloys with both large amounts of natural misfit strain and the potential for short-range order.

Crystal structure Semiconductors Transmission elec↗

DOE OSTI2020

Integration Study of Converter-Interfaced Combined Heat and Power Plants

Combined Heat and Power (CHP) systems, as a proven technology, provide numerous benefits to the plant owner by saving electricity bill, reducing carbon dioxide emissions, and improving electricity service reliability. However, their integration into the distribution grid faces many barriers including the complexity of grid code requirements and the lack of technical expertise in commercial and small industrial plants to interface with the utility and accelerate the interconnection process. To solve these issues, this study proposes a converter-interfaced solution for CHP integration. Simulations including various fault scenarios and load flow under different grid conditions are carried out to compare technical performances of the proposed solution with directly-coupled CHP. Results show that the generator size of converter-interfaced CHP can be reduced by approximately 25% and it also provides advantageous features such as reduced stress level under fault conditions and a better dynamic stability margin. In addition, a power factor controller is designed and reactive power from CHP is dispatched in such a way that the CHP plant is compliant with power factor requirements from utilities under all operating conditions.

Converter, Combined heat and power, Distributed en↗

DOE OSTI2020

Comparative Approach for Evaluating the Containment Performance of Legacy NM Storage Containers

Many different types of nuclear material storage containers are used throughout TA-55 and specifically PF-4, in some instances these containers are used outside of engineering control barriers in most cases these barriers are gloveboxes. When a container is used outside of a glovebox or open front hood the container itself is relied upon as the primary engineering control barrier for the user. For this reason a process must be established in order to evaluate Non- Manual Compliant or NMC containers used outside of a glovebox in a comparative approach against Manual compliant containers. Legacy containers are typically understood to be non-standards packaged prior to 1998. For the purposes of this document “legacy” refers to any non-Manual compliant containers.

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗

DOE OSTI2021

Wireless optofluidic systems for programmable in vivo pharmacology and optogenetics

Provided are implantable, injectable and/or surface mounted biomedical devices and related methods for interfacing with a target tissue. The devices have a substrate, one or more microfluidic channels embedded in or supported by the substrate and a fluid actuator in operational communication with one or more reservoirs and responsive to a wireless control signal. The components of the device are specially configured and packaged to be ultra-thin and mechanically compliant. In some embodiments, the devices are self-powered and fully implantable. The devices can be shaped to provide injection in a minimally invasive manner, thereby avoiding unnecessary tissue damage and providing a platform for long-term implantation for interfacing with biological tissue.

Rogers, John A.↗

DOE OSTI2020

Assessing DER Network Cybersecurity Defences in a Power-Communication Co-Simulation Environment

Increasing penetrations of interoperable distributed energy resources (DER) in the electric power system are expanding the power system attack surface. Maloperation or malicious control of DER equipment can now cause substantial disturbances to grid operations. Fortunately, many options exist to defend and limit adversary impact on these newly-created DER communication networks, which typically traverse the public internet. However, implementing these security features will increase communication latency, thereby adversely impacting real-time DER grid support service effectiveness. In this work, a collection of software tools called SCEPTRE were used to create a co-simulation environment where SunSpec-compliant PV inverters were deployed as virtual machines and interconnected to simulated communication network equipment. Network segmentation, encryption, and moving target defence security features were deployed on the control network to evaluate their influence on cybersecurity metrics and power system performance. The results indicated that adding these security features did not impact DER-based grid control systems but improved the cybersecurity posture of the network when implemented appropriately.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗

DOE OSTI2024

Design of an AIM Network for Monitoring Carbon Storage Projects

Conference poster presented at Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage (CCUS) Conference 2024, Houston, Texas, March 11–13, 2024. The Energy & Environmental Research Center (EERC) is researching novel carbon storage-monitoring techniques at an approved North Dakota geologic carbon storage site. One of the research objectives is to design an autonomous, integrated, and modular (AIM) monitoring network that is compliant with monitoring requirements across multiple carbon capture and storage (CCS) policy frameworks, such as the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) underground injection control (UIC) Class VI permitting program.

02 PETROLEUM↗

DOE OSTI2026

Evaluation of a Reduced-Order Model for IBR Fault Response Representation via OEM Blackbox Models: Preprint

Driven by the need to capture the electromagnetic transients of transmission lines, inverter switching behavior, and detailed control systems, electromagnetic transient (EMT) studies have become increasingly important in industry, such as IBR interconnection study and fault study. However, original equipment manufacturer (OEM) inverter models typically include extensive parameters and proprietary settings that are unavailable to protection engineers. This paper introduces a data-driven, reduced-order model (ROM) developed as a PSCAD library component for use in EMT-based fault studies. The ROM replicates key OEM model behaviors without requiring detailed knowledge of control design or parameterization. The accompanying Python automation scripts streamline data generation, parameter fitting, and validation. The ROM's performance is demonstrated through comparison with both IEEE 2800-compliant and non-compliant OEM models in a real-world power system. Relay responses show nearly identical results, while simulation runtime is reduced by an average of 32.8\%, highlighting the ROM's practicality for protection engineers.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗

DOE OSTI2025

Innovative approach to counterfeit and noncompliant refrigerant detection: A cost-effective, portable solution

The increasing prevalence of counterfeit and incompatible refrigerants presents significant risks to Heating, Ventilation, Air Conditioning, and Refrigeration (HVAC&R) systems, including compromised equipment performance, safety hazards, and non-compliance. This article details the development of a novel, cost-effective, and portable detection device designed to accurately verify refrigerants. The device utilizes a controlled gas sampling and analysis system within a sealed chamber, ensuring precise measurements while maintaining safety through a purging mechanism. The system features a high-sensitivity sensor integrated with an onboard control module that analyzes gas composition in real-time, providing feedback within a 2-minute duration. Laboratory validation demonstrated the device’s high accuracy (>95 % based on correct identification of compliant vs. non-compliant blends) in detecting unauthorized refrigerant blends. The projected cost of the product stands at ∼ $150, based on the retail pricing of individual components. Laboratory validation demonstrated the device’s high accuracy (>95 % for composition identification, 100 % rejection of tested counterfeit/incorrect blends) in detecting unauthorized refrigerant blends with a response time <2 min. The device correctly identified authentic R-454A/B/C blends and reliably rejected R-407F and closely related counterfeit mixtures. Key advantages include affordability, ease of use, rapid response time, and compatibility with a wide range of refrigerants. This solution supports compliance with regulatory frameworks, enhances safety in HVAC&R operations, and mitigates the risks associated with counterfeit refrigerants.

Counterfeit refrigerants↗

DOE OSTI2021

Primer on the Cost of Marine Fuels Compliant with IMO 2020 Rule

This report aims to provide information for owners and operators of U.S. ocean-going marine cargo vessels on the cost of different approaches to compliance with the IMO mandate to reduce the sulfur content of marine fuels (outside emission control areas) to no more than 0.5%. The IMO 2020 rule came into effect on January 1, 2020. The report discusses a suite of options for compliance including low-sulfur petroleum-based fuels and alternative fuels. Since fuel prices are a primary factor in determining the cost of the various alternatives, the document also includes a discussion of the main drivers of marine fuel prices. The cost analysis compares the average annual costs (capital and fuel) out to 2050 of each compliance approach under alternative scenarios regarding fuel prices, policy, and technology innovation. The cost calculations focus on representative U.S. fleet vessels for containership and tanker types. Even though the analysis focuses on average cost of approaches to comply with IMO 2020, the comparison of approaches also acknowledges other benefits or risks including fuel price risk and the contribution of the approach to achieving other potential environmental performance objectives or regulations.

02 PETROLEUM↗

DOE OSTI2023

High-Efficiency Modular SiC-based Power-Converter for Flexible-CHP Systems with Stability-Enhanced Grid-Support Functions

This project seeks to develop a modular, scalable MV power converter featuring stability-enhanced grid-support functions for future grid-interface applications in flexible combined heat and power (F-CHP) cogeneration plants, being fully compliant with the IEEE Standard 1547, category B—for operation in local areas with high aggregated distributed energy resource (DER) penetration, and also with the IEEE standard for the specification of microgrid controllers, namely IEEE Std 2030.7, with the goal to enable F-CHP systems for both microgrid and standalone applications. Further, the proposed converter will use a modular circuit topology, the MMC, which is scalable both in voltage and current by interconnecting power-cell building blocks, thus flexibly suiting the needs of F-CHP systems in the 1–20 MWe range. Furthermore, the use of 10 kV SiC MOSFET devices will minimize the number of power-cells needed to operate in 2–13.8 kV MV distribution systems, but more importantly, they will render feasible a power conversion efficiency > 98 %, and a power density > 10 kW/l. This is highly relevant given that these are two key performance metrics that will further increase the value of F-CHP systems by shortening the time required to recover their investment costs.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗

DOE OSTI2025

Field-Driven Out-of-Equilibrium Collective Patterns for Swarm Micro-Robotics

Soft robotics has been rapidly advancing, offering significant improvements over traditional rigid robotic systems through the use of compliant materials that enhance adaptability and interaction with the environment. However, current approaches face critical challenges, including the reliance on complex “top-down” fabrication techniques and the difficulty of wireless powering and control at the microscale. Swarm robotics introduces a paradigm shift, leveraging collective dynamics to achieve cooperative and adaptable behaviors among multiple robotic units. Inspired by nature, this “bottom-up” approach enables swarm robots to execute task-specific reconfigurations, enhancing flexibility and robustness. Field-driven active colloids emerge as a promising platform for swarm microrobotics, capable of self-propulsion and self-organization into dynamic collective patterns under external field excitation and manipulation. These systems mimic biologically inspired swarm behaviors, such as flocking and vortex formation, providing a versatile foundation for designing innovative swarm microrobots. Here, this review discusses the principles of electric and magnetic field-driven collective self-organization, focusing on the particle dynamics, the emergence of collective swarm patterns, and illustrative examples of functional swarm microrobots. It concludes with future perspectives on harnessing these systems for adaptive, scalable, and multifunctional microrobotic applications.

77 NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY↗

DOE OSTI2025

A Generic FSC Wind Park EMT Model with IEEE Std 2800-Compliant Fault Ride-Through Capability

The modern power grid is seeing more and more electricity come from renewable sources like wind farms, which use sophisticated power electronics instead of traditional spinning generators. To keep everything running smoothly and meet industry standards such as IEEE 2800, these systems need smart control strategies. In our work, we built a flexible computer model of a full-scale wind farm converter that can handle grid disturbances without shutting down. When a fault or storm hits, the model’s built-in logic automatically adjusts the currents it sends to the grid and protects its internal energy storage, ensuring the wind farm stays connected and doesn’t damage its own equipment. Once the disturbance clears, the model restores normal operation seamlessly, so there’s no long interruption in power delivery. At the same time, it carefully regulates the voltage where the wind farm ties into the larger grid, helping to maintain safe voltage levels across the network. Our simulations show that this control setup not only meets all the requirements of IEEE Standard 2800 but also allows the wind farm to recover quickly and predictably, keeping the lights on no matter what happens on the grid.

17 WIND ENERGY↗

DOE OSTI2025

GridSTIX

SF-25-112 Grid-STIX is a comprehensive extension of the STIX (Structured Threat Information Expression) 2.1 ontology specifically designed for electrical grid cybersecurity applications. This ontology provides a standardized, machine-readable framework for modeling grid assets, operational technology devices, threats, vulnerabilities, supply chain risks, and security relationships in electrical power systems. ## Key Features - **Comprehensive Grid Coverage**: Physical assets, OT devices, grid components, sensors, and energy storage systems - **Zero Trust Architecture**: Policy decision points, enforcement points, trust brokers, and continuous monitoring - **AMI Infrastructure**: Advanced metering networks, head-end systems, mesh gateways, and MDM systems - **Advanced Security Modeling**: Attack patterns, vulnerabilities, mitigations, and supply chain risks - **Critical Grid Relationships**: Power flow, protection, control, and synchronization relationships - **Supply Chain Security**: Supplier modeling, country of origin tracking, and risk assessment - **Protocol Support**: DNP3, Modbus, IEC 61850, IEC 60870-5-104, OPC-UA, and IEEE standards - **Python Code Generation**: Automated STIX-compliant Python class generation from ontologies - **Interactive Visualization**: Enhanced HTML network graphs with grid-specific categorization - **STIX 2.1 Compliance**: Full compatibility with STIX threat intelligence ecosystem

Blakely, Benjamin [Argonne National Laboratory (AN↗