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At least 37 records · Page 2

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NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Flexible Data and Frame Synchronization Structure for the LunaNet PNT Signal

A LunaNet Lunar Augmented Navigation Service (LANS) is being developed to enable a position, navigation, and timing service for future Lunar operations. The signal includes two components. An in-phase data channel signal is spread by a 1.023 MCPS ranging code that provides a high-rate data message at 250 bps and is encoded by a strong Low Density Parity Check (LDPC) code. A pilot channel with a 5.115 MCPS spreading code is also provided. The pilot code is configured with a secondary (overlay) code that does not currently provide absolute time or frame Synchronization as is the case for L1C. This work shows the advantage of implementing an overlay structure that provides absolute time for the LunaNet LANS signal structure known as the Augmented Forward Signal (AFS). The LunaNet AFS structure was developed to service two classes of user receivers. The first class is a low-complexity user receiver that only receives the 1.023 MCPS signal and does not use the 5.115 MCPS pilot channel. For this class of user, a data frame Sync word is needed. The second class of receiver is a high-end receiver that can processes both data and pilot channels to take advantage of the higher chip rate pilot channel for enhanced robustness and improved accuracy. In the current draft LunaNet LANS AFS design, these users must employ the frame Sync word in the data channel and obtain absolute time after decoding the AFS navigation message. The signal structure would greatly benefit from the addition of a pilot overlay structure that provides absolute time and robust frame Sync for high-end users as done for L1C. To provide a more robust and interoperable AFS structure, this work summarizes a study and recommends alternatives for a new overlay code on the pilot channel that provides absolute time and a Sync word approach on the data channel. The overlay code and Sync word are designed to allow for flexible and robust data synchronization for both low- complexity and high-end user receivers. The new overlay code structure permits frame synchronization performance that is as good as or better than the L1 C signal, while enabling a determination of absolute time upon frame Sync to aid high-end assisted LANS AFS user receivers at low signal to noise levels. We also present the design of rate-matched 5G new radio (5GNR) LDPC codes that fit within the current 6000-symbol frame size along with a time of interval (TOI) word, frame ID (FID) word, and the remaining LunaNet AFS data message blocks. The paper describes and demonstrates robust frame Synchronization performance of the overlay code and Synch word approaches. The results are described in terms of probability of missed detection and probability of false alarm for a correct frame Synchronization at low Eb/No levels expected for decoding the TOI word and LDPC encoded data. Advantages of the proposed data Synchronization structure will be described along with use cases for low-end and high-end receivers. Practical implementation considerations will also be described.

LunaNet↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Flexible Data and Frame Synchronization Structure for the LunaNet PNT Signal

A LunaNet Lunar Augmented Navigation Service (LANS) is being developed to enable a position, navigation, and timing service for future Lunar operations [1]. The signal includes two components. An in-phase data channel signal is spread by a 1.023 MCPS ranging code that provides a high-rate data message at 250 bps and is encoded by a strong Low Density Parity Check (LDPC) code. A pilot channel with a 5.115 MCPS spreading code is also provided. The pilot code is configured with a secondary (overlay) code that does not currently provide absolute time or frame Synchronization as is the case for L1C [2] [3]. This work shows the advantage of implementing an overlay structure that provides absolute time for the LunaNet LANS signal structure known as the Augmented Forward Signal (AFS). The LunaNet AFS structure was developed to service two classes of user receivers. The first class is a low-complexity user receiver that only receives the 1.023 MCPS signal and does not use the 5.115 MCPS pilot channel. For this class of user, a data frame Sync word is needed. The second class of receiver is a high-end receiver that can processes both data and pilot channels to take advantage of the higher chip rate pilot channel for enhanced robustness and improved accuracy. In the current draft LunaNet LANS AFS design, these users must employ the frame Sync word in the data channel and obtain absolute time after decoding the AFS navigation message [2]. The signal structure would greatly benefit from the addition of a pilot overlay structure that provides absolute time and robust frame Sync for high-end users as done for L1C [3]. To provide a more robust and interoperable AFS structure, this work summarizes a study and recommends alternatives for a new overlay code on the pilot channel that provides absolute time and a Sync word approach on the data channel. The overlay code and Sync word are designed to allow for flexible and robust data synchronization for both low- complexity and high-end user receivers. The new overlay code structure permits frame synchronization performance that is as good as or better than the L1 C signal, while enabling a determination of absolute time upon frame Sync to aid high-end assisted LANS AFS user receivers at low signal to noise levels. We also present the design of rate-matched 5G new radio (5GNR) LDPC codes that fit within the current 6000-symbol frame size along with a time of interval (TOI) word, frame ID (FID) word, and the remaining LunaNet AFS data message blocks. The paper describes and demonstrates robust frame Synchronization performance of the overlay code and Synch word approaches. The results are described in terms of probability of missed detection and probability of false alarm for a correct frame Synchronization at low Eb/No levels expected for decoding the TOI word and LDPC encoded data. Advantages of the proposed data Synchronization structure will be described along with use cases for low-end and high-end receivers. Practical implementation considerations will also be described.

Philip Dafesh↗

DOE OSTI2018

Solving protein structure from sparse serial microcrystal diffraction data at a storage-ring synchrotron source

In recent years, the success of serial femtosecond crystallography and the paucity of beamtime at X-ray free-electron lasers have motivated the development of serial microcrystallography experiments at storage-ring synchrotron sources. However, especially at storage-ring sources, if a crystal is too small it will have suffered significant radiation damage before diffracting a sufficient number of X-rays into Bragg peaks for peak-indexing software to determine the crystal orientation. As a consequence, the data frames of small crystals often cannot be indexed and are discarded. Introduced here is a method based on the expand–maximize–compress (EMC) algorithm to solve protein structures, specifically from data frames for which indexing methods fail because too few X-rays are diffracted into Bragg peaks. The method is demonstrated on a real serial microcrystallography data set whose signals are too weak to be indexed by conventional methods. In spite of the daunting background scatter from the sample-delivery medium, it was still possible to solve the protein structure at 2.1 Å resolution. The ability of the EMC algorithm to analyze weak data frames will help to reduce sample consumption. Furthermore, it will also allow serial microcrystallography to be performed with crystals that are otherwise too small to be feasibly analyzed at storage-ring sources.

77 NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY↗

NASA NTRS1991

Gain calibrating nonuniform image-array data using only the image data

An algorithm is developed for calibrating the spatial nonuniformity of image-array (CCD-type) detectors. Like other techniques this approach uses multiple, spatially displaced images. In circumstances where high-precision flat fields are not available by other means (i.e., sky flats) this technique is advantageous as it uses the data frames for gain calibration even when the array images extended, nonuniform, sources. Numerical experiments and direct observations with intrinsically uniform and quite nonuniform detectors show that this algorithm is useful when data frames are crowded with sources - circumstance where 'median filtering' flatfielding techniques often fail. The algorithm described is robust and efficiently uses information from multiple data frames to determine pixel gain variations, using visible and IR array observations of extended sources.

Kuhn, J. R.↗

DOE OSTI2024

Codebase release 2.0 for sauce

Low energy nuclear physics experiments are transitioning towards fully digital data acquisition systems. Realizing the gains in flexibility afforded by these systems relies on equally flexible data reduction techniques. In this paper, methods utilizing data frames and in-memory techniques to work with data, including data from self-triggering, digital data acquisition systems, are discussed within the context of a Python package, sauce. It is shown that data frame operations can encompass common analysis needs and allow interactive data analysis. Two event building techniques, dubbed referenced and referenceless event building, are shown to provide a means to transform raw list mode data into correlated multi-detector events. These techniques are demonstrated in the analysis of two example data sets.

Marshall, Caleb (ORCID:0000000211942920)↗

DOE OSTI2026

Raw soil carbon dioxide, moisture, temperature and micrometeorological data in the East River Watershed, Colorado June 2021-June 2024. (DE-SC0021139)

This dataset contains raw data from four tripod stations along an elevation gradient on Snodgrass Mountain in the East River Watershed, CO, USA. Each station contains a datalogger connected to 3 soil Carbon Dioxide CO2 gas probes, 3 soil temperature/moisture sensors and a micrometeorological station. Sensors are scanned every minute, and the 30 minute average is reported. The file snodgrass_soil_ESS.csv contains raw data, a row of column descriptors, and units of measurements. some data processing and QA/QC was done to filter out data from sensors that went bad and extreme outliers. CO2 sensors that went bad were replaced with new sensors as soon as possible. This research was performed to investigate the ecohydrological linkages of belowground carbon processes in the East River watershed forested communities to better understand how these ecosystems will respond to a changing cold-season moisture input. This is the second version of this data set and was modified on 10/01/2024. The primary change in the data was the addition of data from the fall of 2022 to June of 2024. In addition, minor QA/QC was done to filter out data from sensors that went bad and extreme outliers. THe filtered data are now NA's in this data frame and primarily the CO2 sensors. Limited to no QA/QC has been done on the other environmental data. This is now the third version of the data set, and was modified 03/25/2026. The primary change in the data was the addition of data from the June of 2024 to December 2025. Further r QA/QC was done with the new data to filter out bad data from faulty sensors and extreme outliers. The filtered data are now NA's in this data frame and primarily the CO2 sensors. Limited to no QA/QC has been done on the other environmental data. ##This additional data was funded under DE-SC0024218( Responses of Plant and Microbial Respiration Sources to Changing Cold Season Climate Drivers in the East River Watershed)

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

AEGIS: Autonomous Entity Global Intelligence System for Urban Air Mobility

This paper presents a global intelligence system that synthesizes aerial vehicles’ real-time physical data, planned actions, and historical behavior into engineered data frames representing the collective state of the airspace and suitable for efficient machine learning consumption. These data frames are then learnt by a deep neural net to build a prediction model that estimates the expected evolution path of the current state, thereby identifying potential future conflicts. This approach lends itself to an automated early warning system that the aerial vehicles can implement onboard with a suitable edge computing module more efficiently and effectively than non-AI methods, and eventually take preventive or corrective measures towards self/collaborative resolution of the issues. Contrary to a centralized early warning system where all vehicles’ task-space eventually converges to a global optimum state, the presented distributed global intelligence system brings in a balance between local utility functions of each vehicle and the global operating framework. This contributes to effectively handle the potential massive scaling in urban air mobility in the near future.

Artificial Intelligence↗

DOE OSTI2022

Ring Pull Strain Analysis

Ring Pull Strain Analysis (RPSA) is a framework for analysis of Digital Image Correlation (DIC) data of gaugeless ring pull testing. It is meant for analysis of rings cut from tube cross sections and pulled in a displacement-controlled tensile test. This code takes load frame data, images take during testing, and csv files from the DIC analysis of those images and allows the user to analyze and plot data from the test. Some important features of the software include getting the strain values as a function of radial distance and angle, plotting of the strain around the ring, and stress-strain analysis of the load frame data.

Beck, Peter↗

DOE OSTI2024

Ring Pull Strain Analysis

Beck, Peter↗

NASA NTRS1993

Diagnostic and quality-assurance tools for low-contrast images obtained from array detectors

We investigate methods of estimating a background image frame for subtraction from a data frame for use when a more suitable measured background frame is not available. We define background as any signal component that is not attributable to the phenomenon currently under investigation. We describe a technique that is based on pixel-by-pixel least-squares regression of images for computing a background frame from available data. We argue that the same technique can be a useful quality-assurance tool for evaluating instrument performance. For example, it can help to separate image structure resulting from the reading process from structure resulting from the characteristics of the detector itself. We demonstrate that background estimation can be nontrivial by comparing the results of different background estimation procedures by using data obtained from a CCD array detector. We investigate the temperature-dependent contributions of the detector and readout electronics to the total signal as a demonstration of the diagnostic capabilities of least-squares image regression.

Hatfield, D. B.↗

NASA NTRS1985

Correction and Geological Analysis of Lunar 3.8 Cm Radar Data

Earth based radar observations of the Moon have been taken at many wavelengths during the last ten years -- at 3.8, 70 cm, and most recently, 7.5 cm. Radar returns have been collected in both polarized and depolarized form so that is possible to derive both topographic and local surface roughness from the data. Until recently, work with 3.8 cm radar data had consisted of qualitative correlation of photographic and thermal IR data with individual depolarized radar data frames (local surface roughness) at different wavelengths. These studies provided results which demonstrated that the relationships between surface roughness (measured by either thermal emission or radar reflectivity) at different wavelengths can be used as an index of a crater's state of degradation (age). However, systematic studies of craters, or other local terrain features, as well as regional or global studies of major terrains (involving a number of data frames), cannot be done until individual frames are calibrated, geometric distortion is removed, and corrected frames are mosaicked.

Clark, P. E.↗

NASA NTRS1993

Data analysis for GOPEX image frames

The data analysis based on the image frames received at the Solid State Imaging (SSI) camera of the Galileo Optical Experiment (GOPEX) demonstration conducted between 9-16 Dec. 1992 is described. Laser uplink was successfully established between the ground and the Galileo spacecraft during its second Earth-gravity-assist phase in December 1992. SSI camera frames were acquired which contained images of detected laser pulses transmitted from the Table Mountain Facility (TMF), Wrightwood, California, and the Starfire Optical Range (SOR), Albuquerque, New Mexico. Laser pulse data were processed using standard image-processing techniques at the Multimission Image Processing Laboratory (MIPL) for preliminary pulse identification and to produce public release images. Subsequent image analysis corrected for background noise to measure received pulse intensities. Data were plotted to obtain histograms on a daily basis and were then compared with theoretical results derived from applicable weak-turbulence and strong-turbulence considerations. Processing steps are described and the theories are compared with the experimental results. Quantitative agreement was found in both turbulence regimes, and better agreement would have been found, given more received laser pulses. Future experiments should consider methods to reliably measure low-intensity pulses, and through experimental planning to geometrically locate pulse positions with greater certainty.

Levine, B. M.↗

DOE OSTI2024

Proton Improvement Plan II (PIP-II) Clock and Timing

The PIP-II timing system is planned to be a two-part system consisting of a global timing system (referred to as ACLK) that provides high level, event-based timing for the whole Fermilab accelerator complex while the second part is a RF synchronized clock system unique to the PIP-II Linac itself (referred to as LCLK). The ACLK System will make use of an external 10 MHz GPS based signal source as a reference for its 650 MHz phase lock as it is the reference frequency for the TCLK output of the system (needed to support legacy hardware around complex). The LCLK System will use a PIP-II Linac RF reference (162.5 MHz) from the Linac LLRF system to allow beam synchronized event placement. Both the ACLK and LCLK systems will have a clock output with a data frame of 16 event bits + 32 data bits with frames broadcast at 650 MHz, phase locked to the 10MHz reference in the case of ACLK and the PIP-II LLRF sourced 162.5 MHz reference in the case of LCLK.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗

NASA NTRS1986

Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) data storage and analysis using a microcomputer

The current widespread use of microcomputers has led to the creation of some very low-cost instrumentation. A Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) storage device/data analyzer -- a peripheral plug-in board especially constructed to enable a personal computer to store and analyze data from a PCM source -- was designed and built for use on the NASA Sounding Rocket Program for PMC encoder configuration and testing. This board and custom-written software turns a computer into a snapshot PCM decommutator which will accept and store many hundreds or thousands of PCM telemetry data frames, then sift through them repeatedly. These data can be converted to any number base and displayed, examined for any bit dropouts or changes (in particular, words or frames), graphically plotted, or statistically analyzed.

Massey, D. E.↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Treating gridded geospatial data as point data to simplify analytics

Gridded geospatial remote sensing (satellite) data has traditionally been stored in file-based multidimensional arrays to preserve the locality of data. Measurements from locations that are physically next to each other on earth remain next to each other in the arrays. Maintaining this locality is useful when running calculations like reprojection, but unnecessary for many other calculations. This talk will go through a real world example of a tool redesign at the Goddard Earth Sciences Data and Information Services Center (GES DISC), showing the advantages of using the data frame model for calculating summary statistics, where measurement proximity is unimportant.

Analysis-ready data↗

NASA NTRS1974

Atlas of Surveyor 5 television data

This atlas is a compendium of the Surveyor 5 television mosaics. It it divided into two main sections. The first consists of improved mosaics of panoramas and basic cartographic data used in investigating surface detail, and the second contains individual frame data, including photoindex mosaics and tabulations in which individual frames are identified. A short section containing a set of special-purpose mosaics assembled by the staff of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory is also included. For more details about the Surveyor 5 mission, television data, or science results, a brief bibliography is included.

Batson, R. M.↗

NASA NTRS1986

Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) data storage and analysis using a microcomputer

A PCM storage device/data analyzer is described. This instrument is a peripheral plug-in board especially built to enable a personal computer to store and analyze data from a PCM source. This board and custom written software turns a computer into a snapshot PCM decommutator. This instrument will take in and store many hundreds or thousands of PCM telemetry data frames, then sift through them over and over again. The data can be converted to any number base and displayed, examined for any bit dropouts or changes in particular words or frames, graphically plotted, or statistically analyzed. This device was designed and built for use on the NASA Sounding Rocket Program for PCM encoder configuration and testing.

Massey, D. E.↗

DOE OSTI2019

SMuRF Processor

This repository contains the SMuRF data processor. This processor receive each data frame from coming from the SMuRF FPGA, and average the data by a configurable number of samples.

Vasquez, Jesus↗