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At least 37 records · Page 2

Fermi surface volume of interacting systems

Three Fermion sumrules for interacting systems are derived at T=0, involving the number expectation N-bar (μ), canonical chemical potentials μ(m), a logarithmic time derivative of the Greens function γ{sub k-vector σ} and the static Greens function. In essence we establish at zero temperature the sumrules linking: N-bar (μ)↔∑{sub m}Θ(μ−μ(m))↔∑{sub k-vector ,σ}Θ(γ{sub k-vector σ})↔∑{sub k-vector ,σ}Θ(G{sub σ}( k-vector ,0)). Connecting them across leads to the Luttinger and Ward sumrule, originally proved perturbatively for Fermi liquids. Our sumrules are nonperturbative in character and valid in a considerably broader setting that additionally includes non-canonical Fermions and Tomonaga–Luttinger models. Generalizations are given for singlet-paired superconductors, where one of the sumrules requires a testable assumption of particle–hole symmetry at all couplings. The sumrules are found by requiring a continuous evolution from the Fermi gas, and by assuming a monotonic increase of μ(m) with particle number m. At finite T a pseudo-Fermi surface, accessible to angle resolved photoemission, is defined using the zero crossings of the first frequency moment of a weighted spectral function.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

Composite octet baryons in a relativistic mean field description of nuclear and neutron star matter

Here, we examine the properties of composite octet baryons in the nuclear medium and neutron-star matter. The internal quark-diquark structure of the octet baryons and the equations of state of nuclear matter and neutron-star matter in the mean field approximation are described by using the three-flavor Nambu-Jona-Lasinio (NJL) model as an effective quark theory of quantum chromodynamics. After introducing our model, we first discuss the properties of single baryons and their effective meson exchange interactions in symmetric nuclear matter by using concepts of Fermi-liquid theory. Several model-independent implications of this description are derived and illustrated by numerical results obtained in our model. Second, we extend the model description to high baryon densities and investigate the equation of state of neutron-star matter and the resulting star masses. We find that the so-called hyperon puzzle persists also for the case of composite hadrons. To get more information on this point, we also investigate the role of 6-Fermi and 8-Fermi interactions, in addition to the standard 4-Fermi interactions. The strengths of those higher-order Fermi interactions is determined so as not to spoil the saturation properties of nuclear matter. Among them, an interaction characterized by a product of four-quark current operators plays a special role to stabilize the stars over a large region of central baryon densities, although it has little effect on the maximum star masses.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗

Direct imaging of the Fermi resonance interaction in para-difluorobenzene: A special insight into energy redistributions in the S{sub 1} low-energy regime

We have experimentally observed the dynamics of the Fermi resonance interaction in the S{sub 1} low-energy regime of para-difluorobenzene at +819 cm{sup -1} by femtosecond time-resolved photoelectron imaging technique. The Fermi resonance interaction is clearly demonstrated by the time dependence of the photoelectron spectra; furthermore, the corresponding photoelectron angular distributions (PADs) clearly reflect each Fermi component character of the resonance 5{sup 1}{center_dot}{center_dot}{center_dot}6{sup 2}. The oscillation period for the Fermi resonance is estimated to be less than 20 ps from the time behavior of the photoelectron spectra, which is very close to our calculated oscillation period value of 13.3 ps. Our results demonstrate the vibrational energy transfer between the two Fermi resonance components of 5{sup 1} and 6{sup 2}, suggestive of a special insight into the vibrational energy redistribution in the S{sub 1} low-energy regime of para-difluorobenzene.

74 ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS↗

Shrinking Self-Interaction Errors with the Fermi–Löwdin Orbital Self-Interaction-Corrected Density Functional Approximation

The self-interaction error (SIE) is one of the major drawbacks of practical exchange-correlation functionals for Kohn-Sham density functional theory. Despite this, the use of methods that explicitly remove SIE from approximate density functionals is scarce in the literature due to their relatively high computational cost and lack of consistent improvement over standard modern functionals. Here, we assess the performance of a novel approach recently proposed by Pederson, Ruzsinszky, and Perdew for performing self-interaction free calculations in density functional theory based on Fermi-orbitals. To this end, we employ test sets consisting of reaction energies that are considered particularly sensitive to SIE. We found that the parameter-free Fermi-Löwdin orbital self-interaction correction method combined with standard local spin density approximation (LSDA) and Perdew-Burke-Ernzerhof (PBE) functionals gives a much better estimate of reaction energies compared to their parent LSDA and PBE functionals for most of the reactions in these two sets. They also perform on par with the global PBE0 and range-separated LC-ωPBE hybrids, which partially eliminate the SIE by including Hartree-Fock exchange. This shows the potential of the Fermi-Löwdin orbital self-interaction corrected (FLOSIC) method for practical density functional calculations without SIE.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

Towards efficient density functional theory calculations without self-interaction: The Fermi-Löwdin orbital self-interaction correction

The Fermi-Löwdin orbital (FLO) approach to the Perdew-Zunger self-interaction correction (PZ-SIC) to density functional theory (DFT) is described and an improved approach to the problem of optimizing the Fermi-orbitals in order to minimize the DFT-SIC total energy is introduced. To illustrate the use of the FLO-SIC method, results are given for several applications involving problems where self-interaction errors are pronounced.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Probing the scale of ALP interactions with Fermi blazars

Gamma-rays from cosmological sources contain information about gamma-ray interactions. Standard model and non-standard model photon interactions along the path between the source and the observer can lead to changes in the energy or state of the photons, which in turn alters the observed energy spectrum of the source. In general, these interactions are a function of photon energy as well as source distance. Here we show how existing high energy gamma-ray observations of blazars can be used to constrain the coupling of axion-like-particles (ALPs) to the photon. The same ALP-photon coupling that has been invoked to explain the observations of TeV blazars beyond their pair production horizon is shown to have a potential effect on the data set of Fermi blazars.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗

A holographic model for pseudogap in BCS–BEC crossover (I): Pairing fluctuations, double-trace deformation and dynamics of bulk bosonic fluid

We build a holographic model for the pairing fluctuation pseudogap phase in fermionic high temperature superconductivity/superfluidity based on the BCS–BEC crossover scenario. The pseudogap originates from incoherent Cooper pairing and has been observed in recent cold atom experiments. The strength of Cooper pairing and hence the BCS–BEC crossover is controlled by an effective 4-Fermi interaction and we argue that the double-trace deformation for charged scalar operator is a close analog in large N field theories. We employ the double-trace deformed Abelian Higgs model of holographic superconductors and propose that the incoherent fluctuations of the charged scalar in the bulk is the holographic dual of the fluctuating Cooper pairs. Using a Madelung transformation and the velocity-potential formalism, we develop a quantum fluid dynamics as an effective theory for these bulk fluctuations. The new fluid dynamics takes care of the boundary conditions required by AdS/CFT and encodes the vacuum polarization effect in curved spacetime. The pseudogap in conductivity can be related to the plasma oscillation of this bulk fluid.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

A fully solvable model of fermionic interaction in 3 + 1d

Recently, Romatschke found that the poles in O(N) scalar theories do not affect observables such as temperature and pressure. Romatschke went on to show this result holds for marginal, relevant, and irrelevant operators in 3 + 1d O(N) scalar theories. We continue in this direction by studying large-N fermi-interactions in 3 + 1d. To do so, we produce a model of marginally coupled fermi-interactions which is fully renormalizable at large-N. This theory contains poles in the running coupling, however we argue these poles do not affect any physical observables. Further, our theory contains first order phase transition which separates a stable, meta-stable, and unstable phase.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

Know the enemy: 2D Fermi liquids

Highlights: • Regime of validity of the Fermi liquid theory in 2D interacting Fermi systems has been investigated. • Phase diagram for hydrodynamic and ballistic regimes in the frequency–temperature space has been obtained. • Temperature correction to quasiparticle effective mass has been calculated. • 2D Wiedemann–Franz law and 2D Kadawoki–Woods relation have been discussed. We describe an analytical theory investigating the regime of validity of the Fermi liquid theory in interacting, via the long-range Coulomb coupling, two-dimensional Fermi systems comparing it with the corresponding 3D systems. We find that the 2D Fermi liquid theory and 2D quasiparticles are robust up to high energies and temperatures of the order of Fermi energy above the Fermi surface, very similar to the corresponding three-dimensional situation. We calculate the phase diagram in the frequency–temperature space separating the collisionless ballistic regime and the collision-dominated hydrodynamic regime for 2D and 3D interacting electron systems. We also provide the temperature corrections up to third order for the renormalized effective mass, and comment on the validity of 2D Wiedemann–Franz law and 2D Kadawoki–Woods relation.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗

Canonical quantization theory of general singular QED system of Fermi field interaction with generally decomposed gauge potential

Quantization theory gives rise to transverse phonons for the traditional Coulomb gauge condition and to scalar and longitudinal photons for the Lorentz gauge condition. We describe a new approach to quantize the general singular QED system by decomposing a general gauge potential into two orthogonal components in general field theory, which preserves scalar and longitudinal photons. Using these two orthogonal components, we obtain an expansion of the gauge-invariant Lagrangian density, from which we deduce the two orthogonal canonical momenta conjugate to the two components of the gauge potential. We then obtain the canonical Hamiltonian in the phase space and deduce the inherent constraints. In terms of the naturally deduced gauge condition, the quantization results are exactly consistent with those in the traditional Coulomb gauge condition and superior to those in the Lorentz gauge condition. Moreover, we find that all the nonvanishing quantum commutators are permanently gauge-invariant. A system can only be measured in physical experiments when it is gauge-invariant. The vanishing longitudinal vector potential means that the gauge invariance of the general QED system cannot be retained. This is similar to the nucleon spin crisis dilemma, which is an example of a physical quantity that cannot be exactly measured experimentally. However, the theory here solves this dilemma by keeping the gauge invariance of the general QED system. -- Highlights: •We decompose the general gauge potential into two orthogonal parts according to general field theory. •We identify a new approach for quantizing the general singular QED system. •The results obtained are superior to those for the Lorentz gauge condition. •The theory presented solves dilemmas such as the nucleon spin crisis.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗

Probing non-standard neutrino interactions with supernova neutrinos at Hyper-K

Non-standard neutrino self interactions (NSSI) could be stronger than Fermi interactions. We investigate the ability to constrain these four-neutrino interactions by their effect on the flux of neutrinos originating from a galactic supernova. In the dense medium of a core collapse supernova, these new self interactions can have a significant impact on neutrino oscillations, leading to changes at the flavor evolution and spectra level. We use simulations of the neutrino flux from a 13 solar mass, core collapse supernova at 10 kpc away, and numerically propagate these neutrinos through the stellar medium taking into account vacuum/MSW oscillations, SM ν – ν scattering as well as ν – ν interactions that arise from NSSI. We pass the resulting neutrino flux to a simulation of the future Hyper-Kamiokande detector to see what constraints on NSSI parameters are possible when the next galactic supernova becomes visible. We find that these constraints depend strongly on the neutrino mass hierarchy and if the NSSI is flavor-violating or preserving. Sensitivity to NSSI in the normal hierarchy (NH) at Hyper-K is limited by the experiment’s ability to efficiently detect ν e , but deviations from no NSSI could be seen if the NSSI is particularly strong. In the inverted hierarchy (IH) scenario, Hyper-K can significantly improve constraints on flavor-violating NSSI down to O(10 –1 )G F .

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

Torsion-rotation-vibration effects in the ground and first excited states of methacrolein, a major atmospheric oxidation product of isoprene

Methacrolein is a major oxidation product of isoprene emitted in the troposphere. New spectroscopy information is provided with the aim to allow unambiguous identification of this complex molecule, characterized by a large amplitude motion associated with the methyl top. State-of-the-art millimeter-wave spectroscopy experiments coupled to quantum chemical calculations have been performed. For the most stable s-trans conformer of atmospheric interest, the torsional and rotational structures have been characterized for the ground state, the first excited methyl torsional state (ν{sub 27}), and the first excited skeletal torsional state (ν{sub 26}). The inverse sequence of A and E tunneling sub-states as well as anomalous A-E splittings observed for the rotational lines of v{sub 26} = 1 state clearly indicates a coupling between methyl torsion and skeletal torsion. A comprehensive set of molecular parameters has been obtained. The far infrared spectrum of Durig et al. [Spectrochim. Acta, Part A 42, 89–103 (1986)] was reproduced, and a Fermi interaction between ν{sub 25} and 2ν{sub 27} was evidenced.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

Towards quantum turbulence in cold atomic fermionic superfluids

Fermionic superfluids provide a new realization of quantum turbulence, accessible to both experiment and theory, yet relevant to phenomena from both cold atoms to nuclear astrophysics. In particular, the strongly interacting Fermi gas realized in cold-atom experiments is closely related to dilute neutron matter in neutron star crusts. Unlike the liquid superfluids 4 He (bosons) and 3 He (fermions), where quantum turbulence has been studied in laboratory for decades, superfluid Fermi gases stand apart for a number of reasons. They admit a rather reliable theoretical description based on density functional theory called the time-dependent superfluid local density approximation that describes both static and dynamic phenomena. Cold atom experiments demonstrate exquisite control over particle number, spin polarization, density, temperature, and interaction strength. Topological defects such as domain walls and quantized vortices, which lie at the heart of quantum turbulence, can be created and manipulated with time-dependent external potentials, and agree with the time-dependent theoretical techniques. While similar experimental and theoretical control exists for weakly interacting Bose gases, the unitary Fermi gas is strongly interacting. The resulting vortex line density is extremely high, and quantum turbulence may thus be realized in small systems where classical turbulence is suppressed. Fermi gases also permit the study of exotic superfluid phenomena such as the Larkin–Ovchinnikov–Fulde–Ferrell pairing mechanism for polarized superfluids which may give rise to 3D supersolids, and a pseudo-gap at finite temperatures that might affect the regime of classical turbulence. The dynamics associated with these phenomena has only started to be explored. Finally, superfluid mixtures have recently been realized, providing experimental access to phenomena like Andreev–Bashkin entrainment predicted decades ago. Superfluid Fermi gases thus provide a rich forum for addressing phenomena related to quantum turbulence with applications ranging from terrestrial superfluidity to astrophysical dynamics in neutron stars.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗

COMPREHENSIVE ANALYSIS OF PREBIOTIC PROPENAL UP TO 660 GHz

Since interstellar detection of propenal is only based on two rotational transitions in the centimeter wave region, its high resolution rotational spectrum has been measured up to 660 GHz and fully characterized by assignment of more than 12,000 transitions to provide direct laboratory data to the astronomical community. Spectral assignments and analysis include transitions from the ground state of the trans and cis isomers, three trans-{sup 13}C isotopologues, and ten excited vibrational states of the trans form. Combining new millimeter and submillimeter data with those from the far-infrared region has yielded the most precise set of spectroscopic constants of trans-propenal obtained to date. Newly determined rotational constants, centrifugal distortion constants, vibrational energies, and Coriolis and Fermi interaction constants are given with high accuracy and were used to predict transition frequencies and intensities over a wide frequency range. Results of this work should facilitate astronomers further observation of propenal in the interstellar medium.

74 ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS↗

The history of neutrinos, 1930-1985. What have we learned about neutrinos? What have we learned using neutrinos?

An attempt to remember some of the main events which highlight the evolution of our knowledge of the neutrinos and their properties, the 'families' of particles, a few of the very interesting persons who contributed to this progress, as well as the contribution of neutrino beam experiments to the validation of the electro-weak and quantum-chromo-dynamic theories, and the structure of the nucleon. - Highlights: Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Early history: continuity of {beta}-spectrum, Pauli letter, universal Fermi interaction. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Neutrino beams and the discovery of the muon neutrino. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Gargamelle, the discovery of the neutral current and the verification of the quark-gluon nature of the parton. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Deep inelastic scattering at higher energies: scaling, quantitative verification of QCD, structure functions.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

Probing the homogeneous spectral function of a strongly interacting superfluid atomic Fermi gas in a trap using phase separation and momentum-resolved radio-frequency spectroscopy

It is of central importance to probe the local spectral function A(k,{omega}) of a strongly interacting Fermi gas in a trap. Momentum-resolved rf spectroscopy has been demonstrated to be able to probe the trap-averaged A(k,{omega}). However, the usefulness of this technique was limited by the trap inhomogeneity. Independent of a specific theory, here we propose that by studying the momentum-resolved rf spectra of the minority fermions of a phase-separated, population-imbalanced Fermi gas at low temperature, one can effectively extract A(k,{omega}) of a homogeneous superfluid Fermi gas (at the trap center). In support, we present calculated spectral functions and spectral intensity maps for various cases from BCS through Bose-Einstein condensation regimes using different theories.

74 ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS↗

Conventional and Stuffed Bergman-Type Phases in the Na-Au-T (T = Ga, Ge, Sn) Systems: Syntheses, Structures, Coloring of Cluster Centers, and Fermi Sphere–Brillouin Zone Interactions

Bergman-type phases in the Na-Au-T (T = Ga, Ge, and Sn) systems were synthesized by solid-state means and structurally characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies. Two structurally related (1:1) Bergman phases were found in the Na-Au-Ga system: (a) a conventional Bergman-type (CB) structure, Na 26 Au x Ga 54-x , which features empty innermost icosahedra, as refined with x = 18.1 (3), Im$\overline{3}$ a = 14.512(2) Å, and Z = 2; (b) a stuffed Bergman-type (SB) structure, Na 26 Au y Ga 55-y , which contains Gacentered innermost icosahedra, as refined with y = 36.0 (1), Im$\overline{3}$, a = 14.597(2) Å, and Z = 2. Although these two subtypes have considerable phase widths along with respective tie lines at Na ≈ 32.5 and 32.1 atom %, they do not merge into a continuous solid solution. Rather, a quasicrystalline phase close to the Au-poor CB phase and an orthorhombic derivative near the Au-rich SB phase lie between them. In contrast, only Au-rich SB phases exist in the Ge and Sn systems, in which the innermost icosahedra are centered by Au rather than Ge or Sn. These were refined for Na26Au40.93(5)Ge14.07(5) (Im$\overline{3}$, a = 14.581(2) Å, and Z = 2) and Na 26 Au 39.83(6) Sn 15.17(6) (Im$\overline{3}$, a = 15.009(2) Å, and Z = 2), respectively. Occupations of the centers of Bergman clusters are rare. Such centering and coloring correlate with the sizes of the neighboring icosahedra, the size ratios between electropositive and electronegative components, and the values of the average valence electron count per atom (e/a). Theoretical calculations revealed that all of these phases are Hume-Rothery phases, with evident pseudogaps in the density of states curves that arise from the interactions between Fermi surface and Brillouin zone boundaries corresponding to a strong diffraction intensity.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗