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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 37 records · Page 2
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS2003

Methylation of p16(INK4a) promoters occurs in vivo in histologically normal human mammary epithelia

Cultures of human mammary epithelial cells (HMECs) contain a subpopulation of variant cells with the capacity to propagate beyond an in vitro proliferation barrier. These variant HMECs, which contain hypermethylated and silenced p16(INK4a) (p16) promoters, eventually accumulate multiple chromosomal changes, many of which are similar to those detected in premalignant and malignant lesions of breast cancer. To determine the origin of these variant HMECs in culture, we used Luria-Delbruck fluctuation analysis and found that variant HMECs exist within the population before the proliferation barrier, thereby raising the possibility that variant HMECs exist in vivo before cultivation. To test this hypothesis, we examined mammary tissue from normal women for evidence of p16 promoter hypermethylation. Here we show that epithelial cells with methylation of p16 promoter sequences occur in focal patches of histologically normal mammary tissue of a substantial fraction of healthy, cancer-free women.

NASA Discipline Radiation Health↗
NASA NTRS1992

The effect of in situ freezing on rabbit patellar tendon. A histologic, biochemical, and biomechanical analysis

Cell necrosis has been well documented as one of the many changes that occur in autogenous tendon when it is used to reconstruct the anterior cruciate ligament. The purpose of this experiment was to isolate cell necrosis as a variable and study its effect on the patellar tendon. To accomplish this, both knees of 25 New Zealand White rabbits were operated on. In one knee, a 5-mm wide band of patellar tendon was subjected to two rapid freeze-thaw cycles, while the other knee underwent sham surgery. Histologic evaluation showed a zone of necrosis at 2 and 4 weeks with cellular repopulation complete at 8 weeks. patellar tendon cross-sectional area was 0.118 cm2 at 8 weeks for the frozen specimens compared to 0.102 cm2 for the sham-operated controls. This difference was significant at the P = 0.025 level. Mechanical testing at 4 and 8 weeks revealed no significant changes in tendon length, maximum load, or stiffness. The collagen content was also unchanged at both 4 and 8 weeks.

Non-NASA Center↗
NASA NTRS1992

Lack of deleterious effect of slow-release sodium fluoride treatment on cortical bone histology and quality in osteoporotic patients

We evaluated the effects of intermittent slow-release sodium fluoride (SRNaF) and continuous calcium citrate therapy on cortical bone histology, reflection ultrasound velocity (material strength) and back-scattered electron image analysis (BEI) in 26 osteoporotic patients before and following therapy. All measurements were made on transiliac crest bone biopsies obtained before and following 2 years of therapy in each patient. For all 26 patients there were no significant changes in cortical bone histomorphometric parameters. In 15 patients in whom bone material quality was assessed by reflection ultrasound, there was no change in velocity (4000 +/- 227 SD to 4013 +/- 240 m/s). BEI disclosed no mineralization defects or the presence of woven bone. Mean atomic number (density) of bone increased slightly, but significantly (9.261 +/- 0.311 to 9.457 +/- 0.223, P = 0.031). While these changes are less marked than those observed for cancellous bone, they indicate that this form of therapy does not adversely affect cortical bone remodelling.

NASA Discipline Regulatory Physiology↗
NASA NTRS2004

Long-term Blue Light Effects on the Histology of Lettuce and Soybean Leaves and Stems

Blue light (320 to 496 nm) alters hypocotyl and stem elongation and leaf expansion in short-term, cell-level experiments, but histological effects of blue light in long-term studies of whole plants have not been described. We measured cell size and number in stems of soybean (Glycine max L.) and leaves of soybean and lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.), at two blue light fractions. Short-term studies have shown that cell expansion in stems is rapidly inhibited when etiolated tissue is exposed to blue light. However, under long-term light exposure, an increase in the blue light fraction from less than 0.1% to 26% decreased internode length, specifically by inhibiting soybean cell division in stems. In contrast, an increase in blue light fraction from 6% to 26% reduced soybean leaf area by decreasing cell expansion. Surprisingly, lettuce leaf area increased with increasing blue light fraction (0% to 6%), which was attributed to a 3.1-fold increase in cell expansion and a 1.6-fold increase in cell division.

Dougher, Tracy A. O.↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

A Gene Expression and Histologic Approach to Study Production and Outflow of Cerebrospinal Fluid in Hindlimb Suspended Rats

INTRODUCTION: The Spaceflight Associated Neuro-ocular Syndrome (SANS) is thought to be associated with weightlessness-induced cephalad fluid shift, possibly associated with a chronic elevation of intracranial pressure (ICP) during long-duration ISS missions. Changes in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) dynamics and cranial compliance might be involved in the ICP increase. It is not known whether CSF production and/or outflow are altered in microgravity, but changes at the molecular and cellular level in the structures that produce and regulate the transcellular and paracellular secretion and reabsorption of CSF may be relevant. In this study, we used the rat hindlimb suspension (HS) model to examine the relationship between intracranial pressure (ICP) and the cellular responses to the prolonged change in body posture elicited specifically in the choroid plexus (CP). This was evaluated by transcriptomics, histopathology and ultrastructure of the CP and arachnoid villi (AV). METHODS: ICP was measured by telemetry. The morphology, ultrastructure, and gene expression profile of the CP was examined using male 9-month-old Long Evans rats subjected to HS for 14 and 90 days. A subset of animals completing 90-day HS returned to normal posture for 14 and 90 additional days of recovery. All HS rats had age-matched cage controls maintained in normal posture. A group of animals was maintained in conditions of 1% CO2 throughout the entire protocol. The rat brains were carefully removed and preserved for various analyses, including transmission electron microscopy (TEM), immunohistochemical analysis of specific targets involved in CSF regulation, and RNA sequencing analysis of laser capture micro-dissected CP tissue from the lateral ventricles. SUMMARY OF RESULTS: The ICP record was limited, which impacted any conclusions derived from the results. However, the ICP of rats in the CO2-enriched atmosphere appeared increased compared to those in a normal air composition. HS of rats resulted in an altered transcriptomics profile in the choroid plexus compared to animals maintained at normal posture. This was observed during both the HS period and during normal posture recovery period following 90 days of suspension. The greatest number of differentially expressed genes was observed at 90 days HS. Elevated CO2 also led to a different transcriptomics profile in the CP. The histology and ultrastructure results should be considered preliminary due to the limited number of samples. Examination of the CP by TEM showed blood vessel congestion and microvilli swelling in the CP, as well as some subpial and periventricular gliosis, but no associations were observed with treatment. There was no evidence of a reduced clearance of b-amyloid in the periventricular, perivascular and subpial regions of the brain in HS animals versus those in normal posture. Immunohistochemical staining of aquaporin 4, showed the localization to the subpial region and ependyma with increased immunoreactivity in the brains of CO2 exposed rats. This work was supported by awards NNX15AW48G to S.Z. Animal tissue and live data was provided under a tissue/data sharing agreement with Dr. Charles Fuller, UC Davis.

S B Zanello↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

A Gene Expression and Histologic Approach to Study Production and Outflow of Cerebrospinal Fluid in Hindlimb Suspended RATS

INTRODUCTION: The Spaceflight Associated Neuro-ocular Syndrome (SANS) is thought to be associated with weightlessness-induced cephalad fluid shift, possibly associated with a chronic elevation of intracranial pressure (ICP) during long-duration ISS missions. Changes in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) dynamics and cranial compliance might be involved in the ICP increase. It is not known whether CSF production and/or outflow are altered in microgravity, but changes at the molecular and cellular level in the structures that produce and regulate the transcellular and paracellular secretion and reabsorption of CSF may be relevant. In this study, we used the rat hindlimb suspension (HS) model to examine the relationship between intracranial pressure (ICP) and the cellular responses to the prolonged change in body posture elicited specifically in the choroid plexus (CP). This was evaluated by transcriptomics, histopathology and ultrastructure of the CP and arachnoid villi (AV). METHODS: ICP was measured by telemetry. The morphology, ultrastructure, and gene expression profile of the CP was examined using male 9-month-old Long Evans rats subjected to HS for 14 and 90 days. A subset of animals completing 90-day HS returned to normal posture for 14 and 90 additional days of recovery. All HS rats had age-matched cage controls maintained in normal posture. A group of animals was maintained in conditions of 1% CO2 throughout the entire protocol. The rat brains were carefully removed and preserved for various analyses, including transmission electron microscopy (TEM), immunohistochemical analysis of specific targets involved in CSF regulation, and RNA sequencing analysis of laser capture micro-dissected CP tissue from the lateral ventricles. SUMMARY OF RESULTS: The ICP record was limited, which impacted any conclusions derived from the results. However, the ICP of rats in the CO2-enriched atmosphere appeared increased compared to those in a normal air composition. HS of rats resulted in an altered transcriptomics profile in the choroid plexus compared to animals maintained at normal posture. This was observed during both the HS period and during normal posture recovery period following 90 days of suspension. The greatest number of differentially expressed genes was observed at 90 days HS. Elevated CO2 also led to a different transcriptomics profile in the CP. The histology and ultrastructure results should be considered preliminary due to the limited number of samples. Examination of the CP by TEM showed blood vessel congestion and microvilli swelling in the CP, as well as some subpial and periventricular gliosis, but no associations were observed with treatment. There was no evidence of a reduced clearance of b-amyloid in the periventricular, perivascular and subpial regions of the brain in HS animals versus those in normal posture. Immunohistochemical staining of aquaporin 4, showed the localization to the subpial region and ependyma with increased immunoreactivity in the brains of CO2 exposed rats. This work was supported by awards NNX15AW48G to S.Z. Animal tissue and live data was provided under a tissue/data sharing agreement with Dr. Charles Fuller, UC Davis.

S B Zanello↗
NASA NTRS1974

Microbiological and experimental-histological investigations of lunar samples returned by the Lunar 16 automatic station

Lunar surface material was studied for its content of viable microorganisms (aerobic and anaerobic, fungi, and viruses); the effect of the lunar surface material on the growth of microorganisms and its interaction with somatic cells of mammals was also observed. No viable microorganisms were detected; the samples exhibited neither stimulant or inhibitory action on the growth of microorganisms, and also showed no cytopathogenic action on tissue cultures. A suspension of lunar surface material particles was not toxic when parenterally administered to certain laboratory animals. The particles were subjected to intense phagocytosis by connective tissue cells in vivo and in vitro.

Kaulen, D. R.↗
NASA NTRS1975

Histological analysis of the influence of certain extremal factors on the postradiational changes in the tissues of experimental animals

Protons with energies of 120 MeV at a dose of 640 rads or gamma-neutron radiation at a dose of 300 rads produce radiation sickness of moderate severity in rats. The significance of toxemia and disturbances to the endocrine regulatory system in the development of metabolic processes in various stages of radiation sickness are discussed.

Sutulov, L. S.↗
NASA NTRS1997

Changes in skeletal muscle biochemistry and histology relative to fiber type in rats with heart failure

One of the primary consequences of left ventricular dysfunction (LVD) after myocardial infarction is a decrement in exercise capacity. Several factors have been hypothesized to account for this decrement, including alterations in skeletal muscle metabolism and aerobic capacity. The purpose of this study was to determine whether LVD-induced alterations in skeletal muscle enzyme activities, fiber composition, and fiber size are 1) generalized in muscles or specific to muscles composed primarily of a given fiber type and 2) related to the severity of the LVD. Female Wistar rats were divided into three groups: sham-operated controls (n = 13) and rats with moderate (n = 10) and severe (n = 7) LVD. LVD was surgically induced by ligating the left main coronary artery and resulted in elevations (P < 0.05) in left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (sham, 5 +/- 1 mmHg; moderate LVD, 11 +/- 1 mmHg; severe LVD, 25 +/- 1 mmHg). Moderate LVD decreased the activities of phosphofructokinase (PFK) and citrate synthase in one muscle composed of type IIB fibers but did not modify fiber composition or size of any muscle studied. However, severe LVD diminished the activity of enzymes involved in terminal and beta-oxidation in muscles composed primarily of type I fibers, type IIA fibers, and type IIB fibers. In addition, severe LVD induced a reduction in the activity of PFK in type IIB muscle, a 10% reduction in the percentage of type IID/X fibers, and a corresponding increase in the portion of type IIB fibers. Atrophy of type I fibers, type IIA fibers, and/or type IIB fibers occurred in soleus and plantaris muscles of rats with severe LVD. These data indicate that rats with severe LVD after myocardial infarction exhibit 1) decrements in mitochondrial enzyme activities independent of muscle fiber composition, 2) a reduction in PFK activity in type IIB muscle, 3) transformation of type IID/X to type IIB fibers, and 4) atrophy of type I, IIA, and IIB fibers.

NASA Discipline Musculoskeletal↗
DOE OSTI2024

Comparative Uptake Patterns of Radioactive Iodine and [18F]-Fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) in Metastatic Differentiated Thyroid Cancers

Background: Metastatic differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) represents a molecularly heterogeneous group of cancers with varying radioactive iodine (RAI) and [ 18 F]-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) uptake patterns potentially correlated with the degree of de-differentiation through the so-called “flip-flop” phenomenon. However, it is unknown if RAI and FDG uptake patterns correlate with molecular status or metastatic site. Materials and Methods: A retrospective analysis of metastatic DTC patients (n = 46) with radioactive 131-iodine whole body scan (WBS) and FDG-PET imaging between 2008 and 2022 was performed. The inclusion criteria included accessible FDG-PET and WBS studies within 1 year of each other. Studies were interpreted by two blinded radiologists for iodine or FDG uptake in extrathyroidal sites including lungs, lymph nodes, and bone. Cases were stratified by BRAF V600E mutation status, histology, and a combination of tumor genotype and histology. The data were analyzed by McNemar’s Chi-square test. Results: Lung metastasis FDG uptake was significantly more common than iodine uptake (WBS: 52%, FDG: 84%, p = 0.04), but no significant differences were found for lymph or bone metastases. Lung metastasis FDG uptake was significantly more prevalent in the papillary pattern sub-cohort (WBS: 37%, FDG: 89%, p = 0.02) than the follicular pattern sub-cohort (WBS: 75%, FDG: 75%, p = 1.00). Similarly, BRAF V600E+ tumors with lung metastases also demonstrated a preponderance of FDG uptake (WBS: 29%, FDG: 93%, p = 0.02) than BRAF V600E- tumors (WBS: 83%, FDG: 83%, p = 1.00) with lung metastases. Papillary histology featured higher FDG uptake in lung metastasis (WBS: 39%, FDG: 89%, p = 0.03) compared with follicular histology (WBS: 69%, FDG: 77%, p = 1.00). Patients with papillary pattern disease, BRAF V600E+ mutation, or papillary histology had reduced agreement between both modalities in uptake at all metastatic sites compared with those with follicular pattern disease, BRAF V600E- mutation, or follicular histology. Low agreement in lymph node uptake was observed in all patients irrespective of molecular status or histology. Conclusions: The pattern of FDG-PET and radioiodine uptake is dependent on molecular status and metastatic site, with those with papillary histology or BRAF V600E+ mutation featuring increased FDG uptake in distant metastasis. Further study with an expanded cohort may identify which patients may benefit from specific imaging modalities to recognize and surveil metastases.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗