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Materials Data on Hg(CN)2 by Materials Project

Hg(CN)2 is Potassium Silver Cyanide-derived structured and crystallizes in the tetragonal I-42d space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Hg2+ is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to two equivalent C2+ and four equivalent N3- atoms. Both Hg–C bond lengths are 2.05 Å. There are two shorter (2.82 Å) and two longer (3.16 Å) Hg–N bond lengths. C2+ is bonded in a linear geometry to one Hg2+ and one N3- atom. The C–N bond length is 1.17 Å. N3- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to two equivalent Hg2+ and one C2+ atom.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Materials Data on Hg(AsO3)2 by Materials Project

Hg(AsO3)2 crystallizes in the trigonal P-31m space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Hg2+ is bonded to six equivalent O2- atoms to form HgO6 octahedra that share corners with twelve equivalent AsO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedral tilt angles are 53°. All Hg–O bond lengths are 2.41 Å. As5+ is bonded to six equivalent O2- atoms to form AsO6 octahedra that share corners with six equivalent HgO6 octahedra and edges with three equivalent AsO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedral tilt angles are 53°. All As–O bond lengths are 1.87 Å. O2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to one Hg2+ and two equivalent As5+ atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Materials Data on Hg(AuF4)2 by Materials Project

Hg(AuF4)2 crystallizes in the tetragonal P4/mcc space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Au3+ is bonded in a square co-planar geometry to four equivalent F1- atoms. All Au–F bond lengths are 1.97 Å. Hg2+ is bonded in a 8-coordinate geometry to eight equivalent F1- atoms. All Hg–F bond lengths are 2.43 Å. F1- is bonded in a distorted bent 120 degrees geometry to one Au3+ and one Hg2+ atom.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Materials Data on Hg(BiO3)2 by Materials Project

Hg(BiO3)2 is Hydrophilite-derived structured and crystallizes in the tetragonal P4_2/mnm space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Hg2+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form HgO6 octahedra that share corners with eight equivalent BiO6 octahedra and edges with two equivalent BiO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 53–54°. There are two shorter (2.27 Å) and four longer (2.34 Å) Hg–O bond lengths. Bi5+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form BiO6 octahedra that share corners with four equivalent HgO6 octahedra, corners with four equivalent BiO6 octahedra, an edgeedge with one HgO6 octahedra, and an edgeedge with one BiO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 47–54°. There are a spread of Bi–O bond distances ranging from 2.16–2.21 Å. There are two inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a trigonal planar geometry to one Hg2+ and two equivalent Bi5+ atoms. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to one Hg2+ and two equivalent Bi5+ atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Materials Data on Hg(Mo3Cl7)2 by Materials Project

Hg(Mo3Cl7)2 crystallizes in the cubic Pn-3 space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Mo2+ is bonded to five Cl1- atoms to form MoCl5 square pyramids that share a cornercorner with one HgCl6 octahedra and edges with four equivalent MoCl5 square pyramids. The corner-sharing octahedral tilt angles are 48°. There are three shorter (2.48 Å) and two longer (2.49 Å) Mo–Cl bond lengths. Hg2+ is bonded to six equivalent Cl1- atoms to form HgCl6 octahedra that share corners with six equivalent MoCl5 square pyramids. All Hg–Cl bond lengths are 2.74 Å. There are three inequivalent Cl1- sites. In the first Cl1- site, Cl1- is bonded in a 12-coordinate geometry to three equivalent Mo2+ atoms. In the second Cl1- site, Cl1- is bonded in a distorted bent 120 degrees geometry to one Mo2+ and one Hg2+ atom. In the third Cl1- site, Cl1- is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to three equivalent Mo2+ atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

K–Co–Mo–S x chalcogel: high-capacity removal of Pb 2+ and Ag + and the underlying mechanisms

Chalcogenide-based aerogels, known as chalcogels, represent a novel class of nanoparticle-based porous amorphous materials characterized by high surface polarizability and Lewis base properties, exhibiting promising applications in clean energy and separation science. This work presents a K–Co–Mo–S x (KCMS) chalcogel as a highly efficient sorbent for heavy metal ions and details its sorption mechanisms. Its incoherent structure comprises Mo 2 V (S 2 ) 6 and Mo 3 IV S(S 6 ) 2 anion-like clusters with four- and six-coordinated Co–S polyhedra, forming a Co–Mo–S covalent network that hosts K + ions through electrostatic attraction. The interactions of KCMS with heavy metal ions, particularly Pb 2+ and Ag + , reveal that KCMS is exceptionally effective in removing these ions from ppm concentrations down to trace levels (≤5 ppb). KCMS rapidly removes Ag + (≈81.7%) and Pb 2+ (≈99.5%) within five minutes, achieving >99.9% removal within an hour, with a distribution constant K d ≥10 8 mL g -1 . KCMS exhibits an impressive removal capacity of 1378 mg g -1 for Ag + and 1146 mg g -1 for Pb 2+ , establishing it as one of the most effective materials known to date for heavy metal removal. This material is also effective for the removal of Ag + and Pb 2+ along with Hg 2+ , Ni 2+ , Cu 2+ , and Cd 2+ from various water sources even in the presence of highly concentrated and chemically diverse cations, anions, and organic species. Analysis of the post-interacted KCMS by synchrotron X-ray pair distribution function (PDF), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) revealed that the sorption of Pb 2+ , Ag + , and Hg 2+ mainly occurs by the exchange of K + and Co 2+ . Despite being amorphous, this material exhibits unprecedented ion-exchange mechanisms both for the ionically and covalently bound K + and Co 2+ , respectively. In conclusion, this discovery advances our knowledge of amorphous gels and guides material synthesis principles for the highly selective and efficient removal of heavy metal ions from water.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

Evaluation of engineered sorbents for the sorption of mercury from contaminated bank soils: a column study

Abstract As a global environmental pollutant, mercury (Hg) threatens our water resources and presents a substantial risk to human health. The rate and extent of immobilization of Hg 2+ (hereafter, Hg) on engineered sorbents (Thiol-SAMMS®, pine biochar, SediMite™, Organoclay™ PM-199, and quartz sand as a control) was evaluated using flow-through column experiments. The effectiveness of the sorbents was based on (1) the percentage of Hg removed in relation to the total amount of Hg passing the sorbent column, and (2) the rate of Hg uptake compared to the nonreactive tracer bromide (Br − ). All sorbents removed Hg to a certain extent, but none of the sorbents removed all the Hg introduced to the columns. Thiol-SAMMS showed the highest mean percentage of Hg removed (87% ± 2.9%), followed by Organoclay PM-199 (71% ± 0.4%), pine biochar (57% ± 22.3%), SediMite (61% ± 0.8%), and the control quartz sand (11% ± 5.6%). Thiol-SAMMS was the only sorbent to exhibit retardation of Hg in comparison to the conservative tracer Br − . For the remaining sorbents, Br − along with low concentrations of Hg were eluted within the first 3 pore volumes, indicating limited retardation of Hg. Overall, removal of Hg by sorbents was substantial, suggesting that sorbents might be suitable for deployment in contaminated environments. High concentrations of DOM leaching from the soil columns likely influenced the speciation of Hg and inhibited sorption to the sorbents. Incomplete removal of Hg by any sorbent suggests that additional optimization is needed to increase efficiency.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

Environmental remediation with functional aerogels and xerogels

Several different types of aerogel and/or xerogel scaffolds have been demonstrated as effective sorbents for the capture and immobilization of radionuclides in gaseous form [e.g., iodine gas or I2(g), Xe] as well as ionic form (e.g., Ce4+, Cs+, I–, IO3-, Rb+, Sr2+, 99Tc7+, and U6+). These scaffolds have unique properties, which include high specific surface areas, high pore volumes, varieties of pore sizes, and functionalities that provide methods for binding radionuclides through physisorption, chemisorption, or a combination thereof. This combination of properties and functionalities make these types of materials ideal scaffolds for use as sorbents for capturing radionuclides. The primary base materials that will be discussed in this chapter include Ag0-functionalized silica aerogels, Ag+-impregnated aluminosilicate aerogels, Ag0-functionalized aluminosilicate aerogels, metal-impregnated (non-Ag) aluminosilicate aerogels and xerogels, sulfide-based aerogels, and carbon-based aerogel composites. For the capture of I2(g), the materials reported herein show some of the highest iodine loadings ever reported for inorganic sorbents. For the capture of ionic species, these materials also show promise to be some of the next generations of materials for active radionuclide remediation. This progress report will describe how these materials are fabricated, the general properties of these materials, as well as an overview of how they have been used for different applications in environmental remediation of radionuclides.

aerogel, xerogel, iodine, radionuclide remediation↗

Mercury-Tolerant Ensifer medicae Strains Display High Mercuric Reductase Activity and a Protective Effect on Nitrogen Fixation in Medicago truncatula Nodules Under Mercury Stress

Mercury (Hg) is extremely toxic for all living organisms. Hg-tolerant symbiotic rhizobia have the potential to increase legume tolerance, and to our knowledge, the mechanisms underlying Hg tolerance in rhizobia have not been investigated to date. Rhizobial strains of Ensifer medicae, Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifolii and Bradyrhizobium canariense previously isolated from severely Hg-contaminated soils showed different levels of Hg tolerance. The ability of the strains to reduce mercury Hg 2+ to Hg o , a volatile and less toxic form of mercury, was assessed using a Hg volatilization assay. In general, tolerant strains displayed high mercuric reductase activity, which appeared to be inducible in some strains when grown at a sub-lethal HgCl 2 concentration. A strong correlation between Hg tolerance and mercuric reductase activity was observed for E. medicae strains, whereas this was not the case for the B. canariense strains, suggesting that additional Hg tolerance mechanisms could be playing a role in B. canariense. Transcript abundance from merA, the gene that encodes mercuric reductase, was quantified in tolerant and sensitive E. medicae and R. leguminosarum strains. Tolerant strains presented higher merA expression than sensitive ones, and an increase in transcript abundance was observed for some strains when bacteria were grown in the presence of a sub-lethal HgCl 2 concentration. These results suggest a regulation of mercuric reductase in rhizobia. Expression of merA genes and mercuric reductase activity were confirmed in Medicago truncatula nodules formed by a sensitive or a tolerant E. medicae strain. Transcript accumulation in nodules formed by the tolerant strain increased when Hg stress was applied, while a significant decrease in expression occurred upon stress application in nodules formed by the Hg-sensitive strain. The effect of Hg stress on nitrogen fixation was evaluated, and in our experimental conditions, nitrogenase activity was not affected in nodules formed by the tolerant strain, while a significant decrease in activity was observed in nodules elicited by the Hg-sensitive bacteria. Our results suggest that the combination of tolerant legumes with tolerant rhizobia constitutes a potentially powerful tool in the bioremediation of Hg-contaminated soils.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗

Melting of charge order in the low-temperature state of an electronic ferroelectric-like system

Strong electronic interactions can drive a system into a state with a symmetry breaking. Lattice frustration or competing interactions tend to prevent symmetry breaking, leading to quantum disordered phases. In spin systems frustration can produce a spin liquid state. Frustration of a charge degree of freedom also can result in various exotic states, however, experimental data on these effects is scarce. In this work we demonstrate how in a Mott insulator on a weakly anisotropic triangular lattice a charge ordered state melts on cooling down to low temperatures. Raman scattering spectroscopy finds that κ -(BEDT-TTF) 2 Hg(SCN) 2 Cl enters an insulating “dipole solid” state at T =30K, but below T =15K the order melts, while preserving the insulating energy gap. Based on these observations, we suggest a phase diagram relevant to other quantum paraelectric materials.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Plastic recognition and electrogenic uniport translocation of 1 st -, 2 nd -, and 3 rd -row transition and post-transition metals by primary-active transmembrane P 1B-2 -type ATPase pumps

Transmembrane P 1B -type ATPase pumps catalyze the extrusion of transition metal ions across cellular lipid membranes to maintain essential cellular metal homeostasis and detoxify toxic metals. Zn(II)-pumps of the P 1B-2 -type subclass, in addition to Zn 2+ , select diverse metals (Pb 2+ , Cd 2+ and Hg 2+ ) at their transmembrane binding site and feature promiscuous metal-dependent ATP hydrolysis in the presence of these metals. Yet, a comprehensive understanding of the transport of these metals, their relative translocation rates, and transport mechanism remain elusive. We developed a platform for the characterization of primary-active Zn(II)-pumps in proteoliposomes to study metal selectivity, translocation events and transport mechanism in real-time, employing a “multi-probe” approach with fluorescent sensors responsive to diverse stimuli (metals, pH and membrane potential). Together with atomic-resolution investigation of cargo selection by X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS), we demonstrate that Zn(II)-pumps are electrogenic uniporters that preserve the transport mechanism with 1 st -, 2 nd - and 3 rd -row transition metal substrates. Promiscuous coordination plasticity, guarantees diverse, yet defined, cargo selectivity coupled to their translocation.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

Photometric sensing of heavy metal ions using a naphthoquinodimethyl- bis -thioamide dye: Selectivity & photophysics of the metal organic complexes

As Mother Nature is experiencing catastrophic environmental pollutions from both natural sources and anthropogenic activities, many scientists have been working around the clock to develop environmentally benign and cost-effective, yet sensitive, detection techniques for pollutants, especially heavy metal species (e.g. lead, cadmium, mercury, among others) that are deleterious to human health. Herein, we report a novel sulfur-containing small organic dye/sensor naphthoquinodimethyl-bis-thioamide (QDM), which was found to be particularly selective toward mercury ion (Hg 2+ ). Using a combination of UV-vis absorption, photoluminescence, and time-resolved pump-probe techniques, we established that QDM and Hg 2+ can form stable complex(es) due to the strong affinity of sulfur toward mercury. In this investigation, while a higher ratio of QDM:Hg 2+ was necessary to fully quench the fluorescence emission of QDM, only 1 equiv of the Hg 2+ ion was necessary to observe the sensing effect on the excited state photo-behavior(s) of QDM. Furthermore, the present results highlight a synergy between molecular sensors' selectivity/sensitivity and sensor-analytes dynamics.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

Sorption kinetics and stability of conventional adsorbents for mercury remediation

In-situ remediation of mercury at numerous contaminated sites worldwide is a challenging and costly endeavor due to the persistency of this contaminant. In this study, we evaluated eight commercially available sorbent media ranging from carbon-, clays- and silica-based materials (PBC– Biochar, eSorb – Sorbster, nsPAC – Powdered Activated Carbon, fsPAC – Powdered Activated Carbon with Mackinawite, F300 – Filtrasorb 300, Si-SH – Silica Thiol, eBind – RemBind, Q-Clay – Organoclay PM-199), for their effectiveness in sorbing mercury (Hg 2+ ) and mercury complexed with dissolved organic matter (Hg-DOM). Under the chosen experimental conditions of this study, results showed that in the absence of DOM, the kinetic rates of Hg 2+ sorption onto the evaluated sorbents were in the order of 0.31 min-1 (Si-SH) to 2.98 min -1 (nsPAC), whereas in the presence of DOM, the rates varied from 0.16 min-1 (F300) to 0.95 min -1 (nsPAC). The measured sorption capacity for Hg 2+ in the absence of DOM varied from 3.02 mg/g (Q-Clay) to 35.15 mg/g (Si-SH), whereas in the presence of DOM, calculated partition coefficient (KD) ranged from 69.7 mL/g (Q-Clay) to 41,510 mL/g (Si-SH). Furthermore, kinetic data suggest liquid film diffusion was the rate-limiting steps governing mercury sorption onto the studied media. Overall, the obtained study parameters (kinetics/isotherm) are particularly important in informing robust engineering designs for deployment of the vast majority of evaluated sorbents. Thus, sorbent-based strategies offer viable solutions for cost-effective cleanup of mercury at industrially contaminated sites.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

Mercury Detection Utilizing an Aquatic Animal as a Remote-Sensing Platform

Mercury species in open water, especially the accumulated methylmercury ion, pose a threat to fish and environment. Therefore, it is important to develop a small sensor package that can be integrated into a biotelemetry sensor carried by an aquatic animal, enhancing the ability to detect mercury contamination in large water areas. A quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) sensor using metal-organic framework (MOF) as sensing material was developed to detect mercury and methylmercury ions in real time based on acoustic wave perturbation. Thiol groups were introduced into the MOF UiO-66 through the organic linker to prepare the UiO-66-SH which was confirmed by infrared spectroscopy results. Batch adsorption experiments were conducted for the Hg 2+ , CH 3 Hg + , and Ca 2+ ions adsorption in the UiO-66-SH. The adsorption capacities of the mercury ions were more than an order of magnitude higher than those of the competing Ca 2+ ions at the same concentration. The frequency changes of the QCM sensor with the UiO-66-SH sensing film were an order of magnitude higher than those of the controlled baseline QCM sensor without a sensing film. Additionally, the frequency change can be tailored by adjusting the thickness of the MOF film and the adsorption properties of the sensing material. The sensor frequency change correlates well with ion adsorption capacities.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗

Materials Data on Hg(NCl)2 by Materials Project

HgCl2N2 crystallizes in the orthorhombic Cmmm space group. The structure is one-dimensional and consists of four ammonia molecules and two HgCl2 ribbons oriented in the (0, 0, 1) direction. In each HgCl2 ribbon, Hg2+ is bonded in a distorted square co-planar geometry to four equivalent Cl1- atoms. All Hg–Cl bond lengths are 2.61 Å. Cl1- is bonded in an L-shaped geometry to two equivalent Hg2+ atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Materials Data on Hg(Br3N2)2 by Materials Project

HgBr6(N2)2 crystallizes in the tetragonal P4/mnc space group. The structure is zero-dimensional and consists of four nitrogen molecules and two HgBr6 clusters. In each HgBr6 cluster, Hg2+ is bonded in an octahedral geometry to six Br1- atoms. There are two shorter (2.47 Å) and four longer (3.30 Å) Hg–Br bond lengths. There are four inequivalent Br1- sites. In the first Br1- site, Br1- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Hg2+ atom. In the second Br1- site, Br1- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Hg2+ atom. In the third Br1- site, Br1- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Hg2+ atom. In the fourth Br1- site, Br1- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Hg2+ atom.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Materials Data on Hg(BiS2)2 by Materials Project

HgBi2S4 crystallizes in the monoclinic C2/m space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are two inequivalent Hg2+ sites. In the first Hg2+ site, Hg2+ is bonded to six S2- atoms to form distorted HgS6 octahedra that share corners with two equivalent BiS6 octahedra, corners with four equivalent BiS7 square pyramids, edges with two equivalent HgS6 octahedra, and edges with six equivalent BiS7 square pyramids. The corner-sharing octahedral tilt angles are 66°. There are two shorter (2.40 Å) and four longer (3.24 Å) Hg–S bond lengths. In the second Hg2+ site, Hg2+ is bonded to six S2- atoms to form distorted HgS6 octahedra that share corners with four equivalent BiS6 octahedra, corners with four equivalent BiS7 square pyramids, edges with two equivalent HgS6 octahedra, and edges with six equivalent BiS6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedral tilt angles are 8°. There are two shorter (2.39 Å) and four longer (3.27 Å) Hg–S bond lengths. There are two inequivalent Bi3+ sites. In the first Bi3+ site, Bi3+ is bonded to six S2- atoms to form BiS6 octahedra that share corners with three HgS6 octahedra, corners with four equivalent BiS7 square pyramids, edges with three equivalent HgS6 octahedra, edges with four equivalent BiS6 octahedra, and an edgeedge with one BiS7 square pyramid. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 8–66°. There are a spread of Bi–S bond distances ranging from 2.65–3.17 Å. In the second Bi3+ site, Bi3+ is bonded to seven S2- atoms to form distorted BiS7 square pyramids that share corners with four HgS6 octahedra, corners with four equivalent BiS6 octahedra, an edgeedge with one BiS6 octahedra, edges with three equivalent HgS6 octahedra, edges with two equivalent BiS7 square pyramids, and faces with two equivalent BiS7 square pyramids. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 9–64°. There are a spread of Bi–S bond distances ranging from 2.62–3.48 Å. There are four inequivalent S2- sites. In the first S2- site, S2- is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to one Hg2+ and four Bi3+ atoms. In the second S2- site, S2- is bonded in a 5-coordinate geometry to two equivalent Hg2+ and three equivalent Bi3+ atoms. In the third S2- site, S2- is bonded to one Hg2+ and three Bi3+ atoms to form distorted SHgBi3 tetrahedra that share corners with three equivalent SHg2Bi3 square pyramids and corners with three equivalent SHgBi3 tetrahedra. In the fourth S2- site, S2- is bonded to two equivalent Hg2+ and three equivalent Bi3+ atoms to form distorted SHg2Bi3 square pyramids that share corners with two equivalent SHg2Bi3 square pyramids, corners with three equivalent SHgBi3 tetrahedra, and edges with five equivalent SHg2Bi3 square pyramids.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (H NMR) of Glycolate in Real Waste: Developing and Testing Analytical Methods for the Savannah River Site Liquid Waste System

In preparation for implementing the NG acid flowsheet for the SRS LWS, analytical methods for determining glycolate at low concentration are desired to support system management and safety. Previous work documented that the IC method performed well for samples with low to moderate ionic strength. That work also included a scoping effort to determine if an alternate analytical strategy using H NMR would complement and extend the capabilities of the IC method. The H NMR scoping results indicated that the method had the potential to expand glycolate analysis in LWS samples to higher ionic strength tanks/solutions. The scope of this work is to develop innovative proton NMR techniques, including demonstrating ion exchange decontamination protocols needed for application of the technique to real waste samples. Part of radioactive waste processing at SRS uses formic acid to reduce oxidized (Hg 2+ ) to more volatile elemental Hg for steam striping, collecting, and disposal. Under acidic conditions found in the Chemical Processing Cell (CPC) at the Defense Waste Processing Facility (DWPF), formic acid has a much higher hydrogen generation rate than an alternative reductant, glycolic acid. Thus, an NG acid flowsheet has been developed utilizing glycolic acid with the benefit of easing the need for headspace monitoring requirements for hydrogen and ammonia at DWPF. Low concentrations of glycolate are conservatively assumed to be in the recycle stream, which will collect in the Recycle Collection Tank (RCT). The DWPF recycle stream collected in the RCT has a distinct pathway to the LWS waste tanks that feed the 2H and 3H Evaporator. This route involves transfer of the DWPF recycle to Tank 22 in the Concentration, Storage, and Transfer Facilities (CSTF) followed by transfer to the LWS tank farm/evaporators.

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗