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NASA NTRS2016

Systems Engineering and Management Applications of ISO 9001:2015 for Government

The manufacturing segment of the business world is busy assessing the impact of ISO 9001:2015, and updating their management systems to meet the required compliance date. What does the new revision mean for government agencies that deliver large engineering projects rather than mass production? In fact, the standard, especially the new revision, can be used quite readily for government agencies, or applied to specific projects, once it is understood in terms of the similarities with systems engineering and project management. From there it can be extrapolated to "mission realization" systems, and a Quality Management System (QMS) is a logical result that can bring order to processes and systems that likely already exist in some fashion. ISO 9001:2015 is less product-oriented than previous versions. It can be more broadly applied to public organizations as well as private; and to services (missions) as well as products. The emphasis on risk management in the revised standard provides the needed balance for weighing decisions with respect to cost, schedule, technical, safety, and regulatory compliance; so if this is not part of agency governance already, this is a good place to start, especially for large engineering projects. The Systems Engineering standard used for this analysis is from NASA's NPR 7123.1 NASA Systems Engineering Processes and Requirements; however, those who are more familiar with ISO/IEC 26702 Systems Engineering-application and management of the systems engineering process, or SAE/EIA 632 Processes for Engineering a System will also recognize the similarities. In reality, the QMS outlined by ISO 9001 reinforces the systems engineering processes, and serves to ensure that they are adequately implemented, although most of the ISO 9001 literature emphasizes the production and process aspects of the standard. Rather than beginning with ISO 9001and getting lost in the vocabulary, it is useful to begin with the systems engineering lifecycle. Identification of stakeholder expectations, identifying solutions, creating specific product or service designs, production of the product or service, delivery to the public, and the associated management, planning, and control processes, are a familiar place to begin thinking of the overall system of identifying, designing, and competing a project or mission. Lining up this lifecycle with the ISO requirements (see Figure 1) illustrates how a quality management system is concerned with the same processes, and provides a governance and assurance function. If implemented properly, there are cost savings resulting from less rework, repair, reprocessing, failures, misplaced documents, and similar types of deficiencies1. Starting with an organization's systems engineering processes allows the organization to use their own terminology for a QMS plan, and tailor the plan to their own project or organization, so that it is more easily developed, understood, and implemented.

Shepherd, Christena C.↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Characterization of Slosh Damping for Ortho-Grid and Iso-Grid Internal Tank Structures

Grid stiffened tank structures such as Ortho-Grid and Iso-Grid are widely used in cryogenic tanks for providing stiffening to the tank while reducing mass, compared to tank walls of constant cross-section. If the structure is internal to the tank, it will positively affect the fluid dynamic behavior of the liquid propellant, in regard to fluid slosh damping. As NASA and commercial companies endeavor to explore the solar system, vehicles will by necessity become more mass efficient, and design margin will be reduced where possible. Therefore, if the damping characteristics of the Ortho-Grid and Iso-Grid structure is understood, their positive damping effect can be taken into account in the systems design process. Historically, damping by internal structures has been characterized by rules of thumb and for Ortho-Grid, empirical design tools intended for slosh baffles of much larger cross-section have been used. There is little or no information available to characterize the slosh behavior of Iso-Grid internal structure. Therefore, to take advantage of these structures for their positive damping effects, there is much need for obtaining additional data and tools to characterize them. Recently, the NASA Marshall Space Flight Center conducted both sub-scale testing and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations of slosh damping for Ortho-Grid and Iso-Grid tanks for cylindrical tanks containing water. Enhanced grid meshing techniques were applied to the geometrically detailed and complex Ortho-Grid and Iso-Grid structures. The Loci-STREAM CFD program with the Volume of Fluid Method module for tracking and locating the water-air fluid interface was used to conduct the simulations. The CFD simulations were validated with the test data and new empirical models for predicting damping and frequency of Ortho-Grid and Iso-Grid structures were generated.

Douglas G. Westra↗

DOE OSTI2025

Experimental studies of high-temperature thermal dissociation of iso-propanol

iso-Propanol is an important biofuel for transportation and industrial applications, as well as a canonical compound for understanding alcohol reaction chemistry. There are few studies of the thermal decomposition of iso-propanol, hence the objective of this work was to investigate the mechanism of iso-propanol pyrolysis at high-temperature conditions. Shock tube studies were used to investigate the thermal decomposition of iso-propanol and identify the dominant reaction pathways and the intermediate species present in the temperature range of 1395–2053 K and at pressures of 0.3–4 bar. Time-resolved mass spectra were obtained from pyrolysis experiments in shock tube/mass spectrometer apparatuses using electron impact ionization or synchrotron vacuum ultraviolet photoionization. The relative concentrations of the intermediate species were used to identify the dominant reaction channels. iso-Propanol dissociated by water loss to propene and by elimination of a methyl radical yielding a 1-hydroxyethyl radical at the conditions studied. The time-dependent mass spectra allowed secondary products to be identified along with the orders of appearance. Notably, peaks at m/z = 50 and 52 were observed providing insight into secondary reactions. These features have not been previously reported in propanol-pyrolysis literature.

Kim, John H. [Univ. of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI (Un↗

NASA NTRS2002

ISO Key Project: Exploring The Full Range of Quasar/AGN Properties

While most of the work on this program has been completed, as previously reported, the portion of the program dealing with the sub topic of ISO LWS data analysis and reduction for the LWS Extragalactic Science Team and its leader, Dr. Howard Smith, is still active. This program in fact continues to generate results, and newly available computer modeling has extended the value of the datasets, As a result the team has requested and been granted an obtained a no-cost extension to this program, through December 31, 2003. The essence of the proposal is to perform ISO spectroscopic studies, including data analysis and modeling, of star formation regions using an ensemble of archival space-based data from the Infrared Space Observatory's Long Wavelength Spectrometer and Short Wavelength Spectrometer, but including as well some other spectroscopic data bases. Four kinds of regions are considered in the studies: (1) disks around more evolved objects; (2) young, low or high mass pre-main sequence stars in star formation regions; (3) star formation in external, bright IR galaxies; and (4) the galactic center. One prime focus of the program is the OH lines in the far infrared. The program has the following goals: (1) refine the data analysis of ISO observations, to obtain deeper and better SNR results on selected sources. The ISO data itself underwent "pipeline 10" reductions in early 2001, and additional "hands-on data reduction packages" were supplied by the ISO teams in 2001. The Fabry-Perot database in particularly sensitive to noise can slight calibration errors. (2) model the atomic and molecular line shapes, in particular the OH lines, using revised Monte-Carlo techniques developed by the SWAS team at the Center for Astrophysics; (3) attend scientific meetings and workshops; (4) do E&PO activities related to infrared astrophysics and/or spectroscopy.

Wilkes, Belinda↗

NASA NTRS2003

ISO Key Project: Exploring the Full Range of Quasar/Agn Properties

While most of the work on this program has been completed, as previously reported, the portion of the program dealing with the subtopic of ISO LWS data analysis and reduction for the LWS Extragalactic Science Team and its leader, Dr. Howard Smith, is still active. This program in fact continues to generate results, and newly available computer modeling has extended the value of the datasets. As a result the team requests a one-year no-cost extension to this program, through 31 December 2004. The essence of the proposal is to perform ISO spectroscopic studies, including data analysis and modeling, of star-formation regions using an ensemble of archival space-based data from the Infrared Space Observatory's Long Wavelength Spectrometer and Short Wavelength Spectrometer, but including as well some other spectroscopic databases. Four kinds of regions are considered in the studies: (1) disks around more evolved objects; (2) young, low or high mass pre-main sequence stars in star-formation regions; (3) star formation in external, bright IR galaxies; and (4) the galactic center. One prime focus of the program is the OH lines in the far infrared. The program has the following goals: 1) Refine the data analysis of ISO observations to obtain deeper and better SNR results on selected sources. The ISO data itself underwent 'pipeline 10' reductions in early 2001, and additional 'hands-on data reduction packages' were supplied by the ISO teams in 2001. The Fabry-Perot database is particularly sensitive to noise and slight calibration errors; 2) Model the atomic and molecular line shapes, in particular the OH lines, using revised Monte-Carlo techniques developed by the SWAS team at the Center for Astrophysics; 3) Attend scientific meetings and workshops; 4) Perform E&PO activities related to infrared astrophysics and/or spectroscopy.

Wilkes, Belinda↗

DOE OSTI2021

Comparison of ISO and ANSI/ANS Nuclear Criticality Safety Standards [Slides]

This paper provides a high-level comparison between the international and domestic nuclear criticality safety (NCS) standards, as requested by members of the Nuclear Criticality Safety Division. Currently, there are 18 enacted American National Standards Institute (ANSI)/American National Standards (ANS) standards, and 1 ANSI/ANS standard, in progress. There are 11 NCS standards from the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), Technical Committee 85 (TC85) on Nuclear Energy, Subcommittee 5 (SC5) on Nuclear Fuel Cycle, Working Group 8 (WG8). NCS standard revisions are in progress for both standards organizations. The key differences between the ISO TC85/SC5/WG8 and ANSI/ANS-8 consensus NCS standards are summarized. The hard work done by the ANS-8 and WG8 volunteers allows for applicable, high-quality consensus standards for use by the NCS community. This paper defines the current status of each ANSI/ANS and ISO standard, the work in in progress, the revisions/amendments in progress, and WG8/ANS-8 non-standard business in progress. A forthcoming paper will compare the development process for ISO and ANSI/ANS standards.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗

DOE OSTI2025

Implementation of ISO 15118-202 messages within Everest EV Charging Open Source Framework [SWR-25-56]

This software implements the messages defined in the ISO 15118-202 standard within the Everest EV Charging open source framework. The protocol and messages defined in the ISO 15118-202 standard enable the exchange of additional information which is not available for exchange within the currently deployed EV/EVSE communications protocols. This information includes co-identification parameters, error message exchange and more. This fork of the everest-core repository adds a prototype of the Extensible Supply Equipment Communication Controller (SECC) Discovery Protocol (ESDP) implemented based on a draft of the ISO 15118-202 standard. This is achieved through additions and modifications to the EvseV2G module. The implementation provides a demonstration of the ESDP messages, encoding and decoding but does not include a full integration within the Everest framework. Much of the information being sent over ESDP in this implementation is set statically for the sake of demonstrating the protocol itself. This fork of the ext-switchev-iso15118 repository adds a prototype of the Extensible Supply Equipment Communication Controller (SECC) Discovery Protocol (ESDP) implemented based on a draft of the ISO 15118-202 standard. The implementation provides a demonstration of the ESDP messages, encoding and decoding but does not include a full integration within the Everest framework. Much of the information being sent over ESDP in this implementation is set statically for the sake of demonstrating the protocol itself. This fork adds the ESDP features for only the EVCC controller because that is the only portion that is utilized in the everest Software-in-the-Loop.

Watt, Ed [National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NR↗

DOE OSTI2026

Generator Interconnection Costs to the Transmission System in non-ISO Balancing Authorities [Slides]

Electric transmission system operators—including Independent System Operators (ISOs), Regional Transmission Organizations (RTOs), and utilities—require proposed power plants to undergo a series of interconnection studies before connecting to the grid. These studies assess what transmission upgrades or new infrastructure may be necessary and assign the associated costs to the project. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory has compiled, aggregated, and cleaned interconnection cost data, originally for ISOs/RTOs, and now for five non-ISO Balancing Authorities: PacifiCorp, Bonneville Power Authority, Duke Energy Progress, Duke Energy Carolinas and Duke Energy Florida. Insufficient transparency in interconnection cost data may contribute to rapidly expanding interconnection queues, with active queue capacities tripling between 2020 and 2024 in the studied BAs. Most projects withdraw after receiving high interconnection cost estimates. Interconnection costs have increased since the early 2000s, with average costs for "complete" projects reaching $194/kW between 2018 and 2024. Active queue projects and withdrawn projects incur substantially higher costs, primarily due to rising network upgrade costs. Recent interconnection costs in non-ISO balancing authorities are higher than in ISO regions, potentially due to a greater willingness to pay among developers. Utility-scale solar, wind, and storage projects have interconnection costs that exceed those for natural gas. However, when focusing on projects that do not withdraw from the queue, the interconnection costs for these technologies are more similar to natural gas projects. Other key findings include: (1) Larger generation projects benefit from lower proportional interconnection costs, (2) capacity transmission service (NRIS) often requires additional network investments, and (3) projects with high network upgrade costs are often clustered geographically. The dataset includes results from 2,104 interconnection studies conducted between 2000 and 2024, covering projects that are operational, withdrawn, or still progressing through the study process. The Excel file contains (a) the complete project-level interconnection cost dataset, and (b) seven additional tabs summarizing cost metrics across dimensions such as time, market structure, cost category (point of interconnection vs. broader network upgrades), fuel type, service type (ERIS vs. NRIS), generator size, and geography.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗

DOE OSTI2022

Bulk Spray and Individual Plume Characterization of LPG and Iso-Octane Sprays at Engine-Like Conditions

This study presents experimental and numerical examination of directly injected (DI) propane and iso-octane, surrogates for liquified petroleum gas (LPG) and gasoline, respectively, at various engine like conditions with the overall objective to establish the baseline with regards to fuel delivery required for future high efficiency DI-LPG fueled heavy-duty engines. Sprays for both iso-octane and propane were characterized and the results from the optical diagnostic techniques including high-speed Schlieren and planar Mie scattering imaging were applied to differentiate the liquid-phase regions and the bulk spray phenomenon from single plume behaviors. The experimental results, coupled with high-fidelity internal nozzle-flow simulations were then used to define best practices in CFD Lagrangian spray models. Optical imaging revealed that unlike iso-octane, propane’s spray propagation was fed by its flash boiling, spray collapse, and high degree of vaporization, resulting in a direct proportionality of propane’s penetration length to temperature. These unique features of propane and its variation from iso-octane’s spray pattern, contributed to its classification as an unconventional spray. Appropriate corrections to the injection and breakup models were developed to reproduce the under-expanded jet dynamics and to mimic the flash boiling-driven spray development observed with propane sprays. The simulation results were found to be sensitive to cone and inclusion angles of the blob injector. The current work represents a first assessment of the capability of the commonly available models for engine-spray simulations and highlights the fact that, despite the reasonable agreement obtained in the fuel vapor morphology, the representation of the liquid phase lacks accuracy and requires further model development.

02 PETROLEUM↗

NASA NTRS2000

Photochemistry of Saturn's Atmosphere: Hydrocarbon Chemistry and Comparisons with ISO Observations - 1

To investigate the details of hydrocarbon photochemistry on Saturn, we have developed a one-dimensional diurnally averaged model that couples hydrocarbon and oxygen photochemistry, molecular and eddy diffusion, radiative transfer, and condensation. The model results are compared with observations from the Infrared Space Observatory (ISO) to place tighter constraints on molecular abundances, to better define Saturn's eddy diffusion coefficient profile, and to identify important chemical schemes that control the abundances of the observable hydrocarbons in Saturn's upper atmosphere. From the ISO observations, we determine that the column 12 densities of CH3, CH3C2H, and C4H2 above 10 mbar are 4 (sup +2) (sub -1.5) x 10 (exp 13) cm (sup -2), (1.1 plus or minus 0.3) x 10 (exp 15) cm (exp -2), and (1.2 plus or minus 0.3) x 10 (exp 14) cm (sup -2), respectively. The observed ISO emission features also indicate C2H2 mixing ratios of 1.2 (sup +0.9) (sub -0.6) x 10 (exp -6) at 0.3 mbar and (2.7 plus or minus 0.8) x 10 (exp -7) at 1.4 mbar, and a C2H6 mixing ratio of (9 plus or minus 2.5) x 10 (exp -6) at 0.5 mbar. Upper limits are provided for C2H4, CH2CCH2, C3H8, and C6H2 sensitivity of the model results to variations in the eddy diffusion coefficient profile, the solar flux, the CH4 photolysis branching ratios, the atomic hydrogen influx, and key reaction rates are discussed in detail. We find that C4H2 and CH3C2H are particularly good tracers of important chemical processes and physical conditions in Saturn's upper atmosphere, and C2H6 is a good tracer of the eddy diffusion coefficient in Saturn's lower stratosphere. The eddy diffusion coefficient must be smaller than approximately 3 x 10 (exp 4) sq cm s (sup -1) at pressures greater than 1 mbar in order to reproduce the C2H6 abundance inferred from ISO observations. The eddy diffusion coefficients in the upper stratosphere could be constrained by observations of CH3 radicals if the low-temperature chemistry of CH3 were better understood. We also discuss the implications of our modeling for aerosol formation in Saturn's lower stratosphere-diacetylene, butane, and water condense between approximately 1 and 300 mbar in our model and will dominate stratospheric haze formation at nonauroral latitudes. Our photochemical models will be useful for planning observational sequences and for analyzing data from the upcoming Cassini mission.

Moses, Julianne I.↗

NASA NTRS2000

CM and DM in an ISO R and D Environment

ISO 9000 - a common buzz word in industry is making inroads to government agencies. The National Aeronautics and Space Agency (NASA) achieved ISO 9001 certification at each of its nine (9) Centers and Headquarters in 1998-1999. NASA Glenn Research Center (GRC) was recommended for certification in September 1999. Since then, each of the Centers has been going through the semi-annual surveillance audits. Growing out of the manufacturing industry, successful application of the international quality standard to a research and development (R&D) environment has had its challenges. This paper will address how GRC applied Configuration Management (CM) and Data (or Document) Management (DM) to meet challenges to achieve ISO certification. One of the first challenges was to fit the ISO 9001-1994 elements to the GRC environment. Some of the elements fit well-Management Responsibility (4.1), Internal Audits (4.17), Document and Data Control (4.5). Other elements were not suited or applied easily to the R&D environment-Servicing (4.19), Statistical Techniques (4.20). Since GRC "builds" only one or two items at a time, these elements were considered not applicable to the environment.

Crowley, Sandra L.↗

NASA NTRS2002

ISO 9000 and/or Systems Engineering Capability Maturity Model?

For businesses and organizations to remain competitive today they must have processes and systems in place that will allow them to first identify customer needs and then develop products/processes that will meet or exceed the customers needs and expectations. Customer needs, once identified, are normally stated as requirements. Designers can then develop products/processes that will meet these requirements. Several functions, such as quality management and systems engineering management are used to assist product development teams in the development process. Both functions exist in all organizations and both have a similar objective, which is to ensure that developed processes will meet customer requirements. Are efforts in these organizations being duplicated? Are both functions needed by organizations? What are the similarities and differences between the functions listed above? ISO 9000 is an international standard of goods and services. It sets broad requirements for the assurance of quality and for management's involvement. It requires organizations to document the processes and to follow these documented processes. ISO 9000 gives customers assurance that the suppliers have control of the process for product development. Systems engineering can broadly be defined as a discipline that seeks to ensure that all requirements for a system are satisfied throughout the life of the system by preserving their interrelationship. The key activities of systems engineering include requirements analysis, functional analysis/allocation, design synthesis and verification, and system analysis and control. The systems engineering process, when followed properly, will lead to higher quality products, lower cost products, and shorter development cycles. The System Engineering Capability Maturity Model (SE-CMM) will allow companies to measure their system engineering capability and continuously improve those capabilities. ISO 9000 and SE-CMM seem to have a similar objective, which is to document the organization's processes and certify to potential customers the capability of a supplier to control the processes that determine the quality of the product or services being produced. The remaining sections of this report examine the differences and similarities between ISO 9000 and SE-CMM and make recommendations for implementation.

Sampson E. Gholston↗

NASA NTRS2003

Analysis of ISO Data

A block grant supported several astronomers who executed observing programs using the Infrared Space Observatory (ISO). The ISO project in which Harriet Dinerstein participated was a study of sulfur and neon abundances in extragalactic H II regions using the ISO Short Wavelength Spectrometer (SWS). Evans and Jaffe, along with collaborators Ewine van Dishoeck and Wing-Fai Thi, and then graduate student Wenbin Li, carried out an in-depth study of the peripheral region of the molecular cloud L1204/S140, where the far ultraviolet radiation and the density are relatively low. Their observations test theories of photon-dominated regions (PDRs) in a regime that has been little explored. One ISO program was involved with PHT-32 observations of about a dozen young stars to search for extended emission that could be modeled with our dust-modeling-code at UT. The document reports on preliminary analysis of PHT 32 scanning of 10 pre-main-sequence stars at 50 and 100 microns. A small sample of R Coronae Borealis stars was observed with the SWS.

David L. Lambert↗

DOE OSTI2022

Combustion Characteristics of a Tier II Gasoline Certification Fuel and its Surrogate with Iso-butanol: experiments and detailed numerical modeling

This presentation will describe results of an experimental and numerical study of combustion of a Tier II gasoline certification fuel and its surrogate blended with iso-butanol as a potential biofuel additive. The experiments were carried out under conditions where gas transport originated entirely by fuel evaporation with external convection (both forced and natural) were minimized. The resulting near spherically symmetric droplet flames were amenable to detailed numerical modeling. The droplet initial diameters were in the narrow range of 0.55 mm to 0.62 mm while and burning is performed under standard atmosphere. The combustion characteristics such as evolution of droplet, flame and soot shell diameters for indolene/iso-butanol and surrogate/iso-butanol mixtures are compared. The presence of iso-butanol is experimentally found to reduce the formation of soot as the iso-butanol concentration was increased. Simulations are also reported using a detailed kinetic chemistry comprised of 324 species and 17608 reactions using the CRECK POLIMI mechanism. The detailed numerical model included unsteady gas and liquid transport, soot chemistry and radiative transport. Droplet burn rates were well predicted while flame diameters showed more variability depending on how the flame was defined in the numerical simulation (peak gas temperature and OH concentration). Simulations also show the influence of iso-butanol concentration on flame temperature, greenhouse gas emissions and particulate emissions.

Guo, Songtao↗

DOE OSTI2023

Non-equilibrium low-temperature plasma-assisted combustion of iso-octane: Perturbing pyrolysis and oxidation kinetics

Here, in this study, a plasma-coupled flow reactor facility is used to examine the effects of non-equilibrium low-temperature plasmas on perturbing the pyrolysis and oxidation kinetics of iso-octane. Experiments were performed in highly dilute reactive mixtures of nitrogen, at near isothermal conditions for temperatures ranging from 523 K to 1203 K. Experiments cumulatively demonstrated enhanced chemical reactivity with the plasma for temperatures below 900 K, and a lowering of the hot-ignition temperature. Detailed kinetic insight was derived from a 0D plasma-coupled kinetic model, utilizing a constructed mechanism that combined both plasma-specific chemistry and the neutral combustion chemistry. For pyrolysis conditions, the model displayed relatively good agreement with fuel consumption and the formation of most intermediates compared to the experimental data, demonstrating the model is able to accurately predict primary radical formation from the plasma directly interacting with the fuel. Enhanced reactivity was attributed to collisional quenching of excited-states of N 2 with fuel, which led to efficient fuel fragmentation and enhancement of the H-radical flux. For oxidation conditions, the model displayed satisfactory agreement with the experiments. Model predictions were able to accurately predict fuel consumption and most intermediate speciation data for T > 800 K, but most discrepancies were towards T < 800 K in particular with oxygenated intermediates. In the presence of oxygen, plasma effects were predominantly spent on efficient enhancement of O- and H-radical fluxes, leading to further fuel fragmentation and initiation of both the OH- and HO 2 -radical pools. Subsequent reactivity of iso-octane was then dictated by the response of the temperature-dependent neutral chemistry. At low-temperatures (T = 643 K), enhanced fuel radicals and O 2 -additon chemistry lead to the formation of oxygenated species, while at intermediate temperatures (T = 843 K) net decrease in OH-radical reactivity led to an increase in hydrocarbon speciation. Near the self-ignition threshold (T = 1163 K), radicals generated by high-temperature branching reactions dominate the oxidation process and effectively ignition. This study ultimately demonstrated that the enhancement of radicals afforded by the plasma causes a deviation in known understanding of iso-octane kinetics in some regards and warrants future studies to reconcile these discrepancies.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗

NASA NTRS2022

An Adaptation of ISO 11204 using Customized Correction Grades to Mitigate Ambient Noise Effects when Computing Sonic Boom Loudness Levels

A spectral-based correction adapted from ISO 11204 [1] is investigated here to mitigate the effects of ambient noise contamination of sonic booms recorded by noise monitors during field tests. The algorithm from sections 5.4.2 and 7 of ISO 11204 is customized using six nonstandard correction grades in addition to implementing the two standardized grades described in ISO 11204. The six nonstandard grades allow for more aggressive correction of the levels of the sonic boom spectrum when they are proximate to the ambient spectrum. Of the eight correction grades, the most aggressive custom correction grade, termed “Custom F” here, performed best under the conditions that were studied. Consequently, “Custom F” is recommended for use when processing in-field recordings of X-59 sonic booms. To evaluate the eight correction grades, mock X-59 acoustic recordings were generated using predicted ground-level X-59 sonic booms. These ground-level waveforms were created by Doebler [2] by propagating nearfield CFD solutions of the X-59 C612A configuration to the ground using PCBoom [3] (please see Acknowledgements and Refs. [4, 5, 2, 6]). To generate the mock acoustic recordings from those ground-level waveforms, they were further modified using turbulence filters developed during the NASA SonicBAT effort [7], post boom noise audio clips from the NASA SonicBAT tests [7], and ambient noise from the NASA QSF18 test [8, 9]. These mock acoustic recordings enabled evaluation of the ambient noise mitigation methods since the proper loudness levels of the X-59 waveforms in absence of ambient noise are known. Specifically, these known levels provide a benchmark against which the corrected loudness levels are compared, where the corrected loudness levels are computed when ambient noise is present within the waveforms. Importantly, similar analyses using in-field recordings are not possible since the proper loudness levels of the sonic boom waveforms in absence of ambient noise are unknowable when analyzing in-field recordings. Consequently, if additional analyses of ambient noise mitigation methods are needed, then use of mock recordings like those used here is recommended.

Sonic boom↗

DOE OSTI2020

On the reporting and review requirements of ISO 14044

In today’s LCA world, one can encounter a variety of LCA practitioners and commissioners from different industries and fields of research who have different levels of expertise, experience, and expectations. Even those with more experience who are actively involved in the field of LCA can have rather varying opinions about what ISO 14044 requires (or does not require) regarding the preparation, critical review, and dissemination of third-party reports in accordance with ISO 14044:2006, clauses 5 and 6 (ISO 2006a).

Koffler, Christoph↗

DOE OSTI2026

The global policy landscape of ISO 50001 energy management systems

While many options exist to improve industrial demand-side energy efficiency, energy management systems (EnMSs)—particularly those aligned with ISO 50001—are proven to drive continuous and meaningful energy performance improvements. Governments leverage these EnMSs in their policies to advance national objectives including enhancing industrial competitiveness and achieving environmental goals. Existing research has focused on the impact of EnMSs at the company level, while comprehensive work on EnMSs in a global policy context is lacking. We seek to close this gap by investigating the extent to which current national policies incorporate the utilization of EnMSs, particularly the ISO 50001 standard. Our paper employs a hybrid approach, combining a literature review and expert interviews across 28 governments representing > 86% of global primary energy consumption. We dissect policy mechanisms, governance levels, underlying motivations, and trends in present EnMS policies. We find that > 96% of the investigated countries include EnMSs within their policy scope; 90% of policies including EnMSs utilize the ISO 50001 standard in some capacity. Primary policy motivations include decarbonization, energy savings for industrial competitiveness, and energy system resilience. We highlight that in the EnMS context, policy mixes—combining economic incentives, regulatory instruments, and information-based approaches—are more effective than standalone measures. Our work provides a novel global overview of governmental EnMS policies, moving beyond whether EnMS should be adopted to focus on how they can be implemented most effectively.

Moreno, Francisco Luis↗