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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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NASA NTRS2007

Planetary Entry Probes and Mass Spectroscopy: Tools and Science Results from In Situ Studies of Planetary Atmospheres and Surfaces

Probing the atmospheres and surfaces of the planets and their moons with fast moving entry probes has been a very useful and essential technique to obtain in situ or quasi in situ scientific data (ground truth) which could not otherwise be obtained from fly by or orbiter only missions and where balloon, aircraft or lander missions are too complex and costly. Planetary entry probe missions have been conducted successfully on Venus, Mars, Jupiter and Titan after having been first demonstrated in the Earth's atmosphere. Future missions will hopefully also include more entry probe missions back to Venus and to the outer planets. 1 he success of and science returns from past missions, the need for more and better data, and a continuously advancing technology generate confidence that future missions will be even more successful with respect to science return and technical performance. I'he pioneering and tireless work of Al Seiff and his collaborators at the NASA Ames Research Center had provided convincing evidence of the value of entry probe science and how to practically implement flight missions. Even in the most recent missions involving entry probes i.e. Galileo and Cassini/Huygens A1 contributed uniquely to the science results on atmospheric structure, turbulence and temperature on Jupiter and Titan.

Niemann, Hasso B.↗
NASA NTRS1973

Navigation and dispersion analysis for probe missions to Jupiter, Saturn, and Uranus

Probe missions to the outer planets must consider the effects of dispersions in entry and communication parameters which results from navigation and executions errors. Presented are navigation analyses and trends in entry and communication dispersions for probe missions to Jupiter, Saturn and Uranus. It is shown that the dispersions at Jupiter are dominated by execution errors while the dispersions at Uranus are totally influenced by navigation uncertainties. It is further shown that a successful probe mission to Uranus requires an optical navigation capability aboard the spacecraft to yield a reasonable entry footprint.

Hendricks, T. C.↗
NASA NTRS1975

Approach guidance for outer planet pioneer missions

Onboard optical approach guidance measurements for spin-stabilized Pioneer-type spacecraft are discussed. Approach guidance measurement accuracy requirements are outlined. The application concept and operation principle of the V-slit star tracker are discussed within the context of approach guidance measurements and measurables. It is shown that the accuracy of onboard optical approach guidance measurements is inherently coupled to the stability characteristics of the spacecraft spin axis. Geometrical and physical measurement parameters are presented for Pioneer entry probe missions to Uranus via Jupiter or Saturn flyby. The impact of these parameters on both sensor instrumentation and measurement system design is discussed. The need for sensing extended objects is shown. The feasibility of implementing an onboard approach guidance measurement system for Pioneer-type spacecraft is indicated. Two Pioneer 10 onboard measurement experiments performed in May-June 1974 are described.

Bejczy, A. K.↗
NASA NTRS1975

Jovian system science issues and implications for a Mariner Jupiter Orbiter mission

Science goals for missions to Jupiter in the early 1980's are reviewed and a case is made for the science community to play the key role in assigning relative priorities for these goals. A reference set of measurement requirements and their priorities is established and those high priority goals that are most demanding on spacecraft and mission design are used to develop a reference mission concept. An orbiter mission is required to satisfy a majority of the measurements, and a spacecraft data handling capability as least equivalent to the Mariner Jupiter/Saturn spacecraft is the major system design driver. This reference Mission Concept is called Mariner Jupiter Orbiter. The remaining measurement requirements are reviewed in light of the potential science return of this mission, and certain options are developed to augment this science return. Two attractive options fulfill high priority objectives not achieved by the reference Mariner Jupiter Orbiter mission alone: an atmospheric entry probe, released prior to orbit insertion; and a daughter satellite dedicated to particle and fields measurements, ejected into an independent orbit about Jupiter.

Beckman, J. C.↗
NASA NTRS1976

The 1981 Jupiter Orbiter Probe mission

Plans for the 1981 Jupiter Orbiter Probe (JOP) mission are presented in some detail. The need for a Jupiter entry probe, remote sensing of the planet, and an orbiter, in addition to flybys, is made clear. Launch hardware, using the Space Shuttle flight system and Interim Upper Stage, is described, along with scientific tasks laid out for the entry probe and the orbiter. Combined analysis of the Jovian magnetosphere and other orbiter missions calls for a two-part orbiter with one part spun and the other de-spun. Related design problems and solutions are described and diagrammed. Jovian moon flybys and orbiter path adjustments by subsequent earth-launched flybys are discussed. The importance of Jupiter data for solar system evolution and possible analysis of early stages of stellar evolution or of a binary system are also treated.

Moore, J. W.↗
NASA NTRS1991

Solar system exploration in the 1990's and beyond

Exploration of Venus by Magellan and Pioneer Venus continues. Additionally, Galileo's Venus-earth-earth gravity assist trajectory to Jupiter has already provided targets of opportunity at Venus and at earth. Additional opportunities exist during the October 29, 1991, flyby of the asteroid Gaspra, the second earth gravity assist on December 8, 1992, and the flyby of the asteroid Ida on October 18, 1993. A fully successful mission through entry of the Jupiter atmospheric probe is anticipated in 1995/1996. The buildup of the Mars Observer spacecraft for a September 1992 launch is accelerating, and the development of the CRAF spacecraft and the orbiter for the NASA-ESA Cassini mission to Saturn is proceeding. Strategic plans to continue this ambitious program include early initiation of a phased program to detect other planetary systems; start of a program of low-cost, near-earth missions beginning with a near-earth asteroid rendezvous; continuation of moon-Mars exploration using sequentially launched single experiment Lunar Scouts and clusters of small landers to build up a Mars network of 16 stations; and finally, start of a major mission late in the century to explore Neptune and/or Pluto.

Huntress, Wesley T., Jr.↗
NASA NTRS1974

Communications constraints on a Jupiter probe mission

The use of the Saturn Uranus telemetry design for Jupiter entry requires the following qualifications in space probe data handling: A single dump substitute for the dual damp, a reduction in the neutral mass spectrometer rate, and providing that a second burn is made, a delta V correction.

Hinrichs, C.↗
NASA NTRS1975

Pioneer Jupiter Orbiter/Probe mission. II - Atmospheric Probe design considerations

Probe design considerations for a 1981 Pioneer Jupiter Orbiter/Probe mission are summarized. Extensive engineering analysis, design, and proof-of-concept testing of a reference probe system developed during the past three years are reviewed. Mission compatibility, science measurements, environmental characteristics, spacecraft interfaces, subsystem constraints, technology development, and programmatic factors are reviewed and discussed. It is demonstrated that for a low-entry-angle, daylight mission to Jupiter a 150 kg semiautonomous entry probe system utilizing state of the art technology is compatible with all the requirements.

Bradley, F. E.↗
NASA NTRS2003

JIMO Delivery and Support of a Jupiter Deep Entry Probe

The 2003 Solar System Exploration Decadal Survey ('SSEDS') emphasizes the significant science available from Jupiter deep entry probes. Studies performed at JPL this year identified a mission design that would allow JIMO to deliver and support one or more entry probes that reach the 100-bar level in Jupiter's atmosphere, with relatively minor modifications to JIMO s preliminary mission design. Notably, the icy moon tour mission design, beginning with Callisto approach, is unaffected. This proposed mission design would offer the option of adding a rich new set of high-priority SSEDS science objectives to the planned JIMO mission for a relatively small investment.

Spilker, T. R.↗
NASA NTRS1999

Modelling Atmospheric Scattering Using Spacecraft Observations

The period covered by this cooperative agreement included the analysis of data from the Voyager encounter with Neptune and Triton and the primary Galileo mission to Jupiter (including the Galileo Probe entry into Jupiter's atmosphere), as well as continued work on Uranus' seasonal variability using the Voyager encounter data as a baseline.

Rages, Kathy A.↗
NASA NTRS1991

Galileo

The purpose of the Galileo missions is to make observations of Jupiter and its satellites using an orbiting spacecraft and an atmospheric entry probe. The mission will determine the chemical composition and physical state of the Jovian atmosphere and its satellites, and the topology and behavior of the magnetic field and energetic particle flux of Jupiter. The mission plan calls for a Venus Earth Earth Gravity Assist (VEEGA) trajectory having a launch to end of mission duration of approximately 8 years. The Galileo spacecraft was placed in Earth orbit by the Space Transportation System (STS) on October 18, 1989. The Inertial Upper Stage (IUS) placed the spacecraft on a trajectory to encounter Venus on February 10, 1990. Information is given in tabular form for coverage goals, Deep Space Network (DSN) support, frequency assignments, telemetry, command, and tracking support responsibility.

Ausman, N. E.↗
NASA NTRS1975

Pioneer probe mission with orbiter option

A spacecraft is described which is based on Pioneer 10 and 11, and existing propulsion technology; it can transport and release a probe for entry into Jupiter's atmosphere, and subsequently maneuver to place the spacecraft in orbit about Jupiter. Orbital operations last 3 years and include maneuvers to provide multiple close satellite encounters which allow the orbit to be significantly changed to explore different parts of the magnetosphere. A mission summary, a guide to related documents, and background information about Jupiter are presented along with mission analysis over the complete mission profile. Other topics discussed include the launch, interplanetary flight, probe release and orbit deflection, probe entry, orbit selection, orbit insertion, periapsis raising, spacecraft description, and the effects of Jupiter's radiation belt on both orbiter and the probe.

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NASA NTRS1984

Galileo Jupiter approach orbit determination

Orbit determination characteristics of the Jupiter approach phase of the Galileo mission are described. Predicted orbit determination performance is given for the various mission events that occur during Jupiter approach. These mission events include delivery of an atmospheric entry probe, acquisition of probe science data by the Galileo orbiter for relay to earth, delivery of an orbiter to a close encounter of the Galilean satellite Io, and insertion of the orbiter into orbit about Jupiter. The orbit determination strategy and resulting accuracies are discussed for the data types which include Doppler, range, optical imaging of Io, and a new Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) data type called Differential One-Way Range (DOR).

Miller, J. K.↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

A Multi-Probe Mission at Jupiter is Within our Reach!!

Soon after Galileo Probe mission, capabilities to manufacture and test heritage carbon-phenolic (HCP) TPS atrophied. The impact of capability loss to Outer Planet probe missions, Venus in-situ and Mars Sample Return (MSR) missions was realized after two decades. MSR (1997 – 2006) initiated a search and recover of HCP. Decadal Survey (2003) recommended JPOP mission (Jupiter Polar Orbiter and Probe), but lack of HCP TPS resulted in Juno being proposed without a probe. Decadal Survey (2013) recognized and advised NASA to close the TPS gap. With the community support, NASA initiated a technology development effort to close this gap in 2019 and today, missions to Venus, Saturn, Uranus, and MSR are enabled by new 3-D Woven TPS. Jupiter, the most demanding mission from an entry and TPS perspective ever, still lacks a viable qualified TPS. While the Science community needs to make the case for going back to Jupiter with a Probe, this work is an assessment of emerging capabilities to support such a mission when needed. Recent SOA developments are very promising to close this technology gaps. Encourage the Science Community about the feasibility of future Jupiter Multi-Probes Mission Engage the Entry System/TPS Technology Community as to the emerging capabilities and need to preserve them Educate and excite the early career and next generation students interested in future Science and technology challenge.

Ethiraj Venkatapathy↗
NASA NTRS1996

Galileo Space Probe News Conference

This NASA Kennedy Space Center (KSC) video release presents Part 1 of a press conference regarding the successful entry of the Galileo Space Probe into Jupiter's atmosphere. The press conference panel is comprised of twelve principal investigators and project scientists that oversee the Galileo mission. Among these panelists, William J. O'Neil (Jet Propulsion Lab.) begins the video praising all of the scientists that worked on the orbiter mission. He then presents a visual overview of Galileo's overall mission trajectory and schedule. Marcie Smith (NASA Ames Research Center) then describes the Galileo Probe mission and the overall engineering and data acquisition aspects of the Probe's Jupiter atmospheric entry. Dr. Richard Young (NASA Ames Research Center) follows with a brief scientific overview, describing the measurements of the atmospheric composition as well as the instruments that were used to gather the data. Atmospheric pressure, temperature, density, and radiation levels of Jupiter were among the most important parameters measured. It is explained that these measurements would be helpful in determining among other things, the overall dynamic meteorology of Jupiter. A question and answer period follows the individual presentations. Atmospheric thermal structure, water abundances, wind profiles, radiation, cloud structure, chemical composition, and electricity are among the topics discussed. Parts 2 and 3 of the press conference can be found in document numbers NONP-NASA-VT-2000001074, and NONP-NASA-VT-2000001075.

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