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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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NASA NTRS2022

Enabling Innovative Research on the International Space Station to Solve the Challenges of A Human Mission to Mars: Results of the ISS4Mars International Workshops 2020–2021

During the ISS4Mars workshops in 2020–2021, personnel from the International Space Station (ISS) partner agencies convened to reflect on scenarios for how the ISS could be used and its operations possibly modified to simulate aspects of a human mission to Mars. Scientific leaders, operations experts, crewmembers, managers, and flight surgeons discussed the five hazards of human spaceflight—gravity transitions, radiation, isolation and confinement, distance from Earth, and hostile closed environments—and considered how an ISS-based analog of Mars transit could benefit assessments and mitigations of these hazards. A focused writing team then discussed the advantages and disadvantages of each approach identified by the workshop participants before developing a set of eight use cases to consider the feasibility of implementing on the ISS. The writing team also identified the prerequisites needed, including ground analog studies simulating a mission to Mars required to verify measurements and procedures, before testing could begin on the ISS. Five of the use cases were considered feasible to assess in simulations using an ISS-based analog of Mars transit if some ground rules and assumptions were met. These five use cases were Earth-independent medical operations, Earth-independent integrated operations, life support and food for a one year duration, lower-body negative pressure as a countermeasure against the effects of exposure to microgravity, and fitness levels after landing. In addition, three more extensive interventions—extended Mars surface operations, a small-volume transit analog, and artificial gravity—were deemed unfeasible for testing on the ISS. Experience gained from the five use cases executed on the ISS may help answer some of the questions in the deferred scenarios, or it may be possible to complete them on another platform (e.g. commercial space station, lunar habitat). Simulating conditions during a Mars mission on the ISS will afford higher fidelity for assessing multiple integrated hazards of human spaceflight, however, ground analogs of Mars missions can be used to ensure effective measures and experimental design before testing begins on the ISS. The strategic concepts refined as part of these workshops were brought to a multilateral forum, Mulitlateral Human Research Planel for Exploration (MHRPE), where ISS partner agencies are now discussing implementation plans to provide new opportunities to use the ISS to prepare for deep space exploration over the coming decade. In this publication we present a summary of the international strategic plans for future research that will enable operations, software, and countermeasures to be developed that will reduce the risk to humans during future crewed missions to Mars.

Human space exploration↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Isolation Standard Measures: A Set of Validated and Feasible Measurements Ensuring Comparability Across Isolation and Confinement Studies

Isolation and confinement studies have been essential to the preparation of crewed long-duration space missions, acting as analogues that facilitate the study of psychological and physiological responses to isolation and confinement. They also serve as opportunities for the development, testing, and validation of countermeasures and coping methods to handle the challenges that arise in such scenarios. Due to the small sample sizes in combination with high inter-individual variability, single isolation campaigns are not always sufficient for obtaining statistically significant scientific findings. To address this issue and improve comparability between different studies, the need for standardized measures to be collected in all future isolation and confinement studies was identified. Additionally, these measures should also be shown to be generally valid, reliable, feasible and acceptable in analogue and spaceflight environments. Standard measures in isolation and confinement studies allow for more direct comparisons of results and synthesis of data across isolation and confinement studies as well as provide an important step toward standard measures in spaceflight. An international expert group with representatives from different space agencies worldwide was brought together to define a core set of standard measures for isolation and confinement studies. This paper provides an overview of the expert group’s recommendations for international standard measures for future isolation and confinement studies, along with subsequent updates coordinated by the International Countermeasures Working Group (ICMWG), which was established as a sub-Working Group under the International Space Life Sciences Working Group (ISLSWG). Additional experts were consulted by the ICMWG partner agencies as required. The collection of the described set of isolation standard measures will provide data on the following parameters: sleep, mood, psychological state, psychophysiology, cognitive performance, stress and the immune system, general health and well-being, team measures, nutritional measures, and environmental conditions. For each measure, recommendations were made about duration and frequency of administration, along with specific implementation recommendations in relation to the duration of the isolation study. The set of isolation standard measures will be reassessed every two years at a minimum to ensure they are up to date and reflect the current state-of-the-art.

Isolation↗