Experimental Testing of the Theoretically Predicted Magnetic Properties for Kagomé Compounds in the Li–Fe–Ge System
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Mantravadi, Aishwarya [Department of Chemistry; Io↗
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Anisotropic magnetic properties of the triangular plane lattice material TmMgGaO4
Highlights: • TmMgGaO{sub 4} crystallizes in the R-3m space group with the YbFe{sub 2}O{sub 4} structure. • TmMgGaO{sub 4} exhibits geometric magnetic frustration with no ordering down to 1.8 K. • Magnetic properties of TmMgGaO{sub 4} are highly anisotropic. - Abstract: The crystal growth, structure, and basic magnetic properties of TmMgGaO{sub 4} are reported. The Tm ions are located in a planar triangular lattice consisting of distorted TmO{sub 6} octahedra, while the Mg and Ga atoms randomly occupy intermediary bilayers of M-O triangular bipyramids. The Tm ions are positionally disordered. The material displays an antiferromagnetic Curie Weiss theta of ∼−20 −25 K, with no clear ordering visible in the magnetic susceptibility down to 1.8 K; the structure and magnetic properties suggest that ordering of the magnetic moments is frustrated by both structural disorder and the triangular magnetic motif. Single crystal magnetization measurements indicate that the magnetic properties are highly anisotropic, with large moments measured perpendicular to the triangular planes. At 2 K, a broad step-like feature is seen in the field-dependent magnetization perpendicular to the plane on applied field near 2 T.
75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
Evolution of magnetic properties and microstructure of Hf{sub 2}Co{sub 11}B alloys
Amorphous Hf{sub 2}Co{sub 11}B alloys produced by melt-spinning have been crystallized by annealing at 500–800 °C, and the products have been investigated using magnetization measurements, x-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy. The results reveal the evolution of the phase fractions, microstructure, and magnetic properties with both annealing temperature and time. Crystallization of the phase denoted HfCo{sub 7}, which is associated with the development of coercivity, occurs slowly at 500 °C. Annealing at intermediate temperatures produces mixed phase samples containing some of the HfCo{sub 7} phase with the highest values of remanent magnetization and coercivity. The equilibrium structure at 800 °C contains HfCo{sub 3}B{sub 2}, Hf{sub 6}Co{sub 23}, and Co, and displays soft ferromagnetism. Maximum values for the remanent magnetization, intrinsic coercivity, and magnetic energy product among the samples are approximately 5.2 kG, 2.0 kOe, and 3.1 MGOe, respectively, which indicates that the significantly higher values observed in crystalline, melt-spun Hf{sub 2}Co{sub 11}B ribbons are a consequence of the non-equilibrium solidification during the melt-spinning process. Application of high magnetic fields during annealing is observed to strongly affect the microstructural evolution, which may provide access to higher performance materials in Zr/Hf-Co hard ferromagnets. The crystal structure of HfCo{sub 7} and the related Zr analogues is unknown, and without knowledge of atomic positions powder diffraction cannot distinguish among proposed unit cells and symmetries found in the literature.
75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
Evolution of structural and magnetic properties due to nanocrystallization of mechanically milled amorphous Pr-Co-B powders
Pr{sub 2}Co{sub 14}B permanent magnet powders were prepared by mechanical milling of an arc-melted ingot. X-ray diffraction analysis revealed the presence of the 2:14:1 phase after 1 h of milling which transformed into an amorphous phase with additional milling time. Increasing the milling time also lowered the intrinsic coercivity while the saturation magnetization increased up to 105 emu/g. Differential scanning calorimetry measurements revealed a crystallization temperature of around 560 °C. Upon annealing 30 h of as-milled amorphous powders between 500 and 900 °C, we observed the precipitation of the 2:14:1 phase. The optimum post-milling annealing temperature was 600 °C with an intrinsic coercivity of 7 kOe and maximum energy product of 6 MGOe.
36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
Intrinsic magnetic properties of L1{sub 0} FeNi obtained from meteorite NWA 6259
FeNi having the tetragonal L1{sub 0} crystal structure is a promising new rare-earth-free permanent magnet material. Laboratory synthesis is challenging, however, tetragonal L1{sub 0} FeNi—the mineral “tetrataenite”—has been characterized using specimens found in nickel-iron meteorites. Most notably, the meteorite NWA 6259 recovered from Northwest Africa is 95 vol. % tetrataenite with a composition of 43 at. % Ni. Hysteresis loops were measured as a function of sample orientation on a specimen cut from NWA 6259 in order to rigorously deduce the intrinsic hard magnetic properties of its L1{sub 0} phase. Electron backscatter diffraction showed that NWA 6259 is strongly textured, containing L1{sub 0} grains oriented along any one of the three equivalent cubic directions of the parent fcc structure. The magnetic structure was modeled as a superposition of the three orthonormal uniaxial variants. By simultaneously fitting first-quadrant magnetization data for 13 different orientations of the sample with respect to the applied field direction, the intrinsic magnetic properties were estimated to be saturation magnetization 4πM{sub s} = 14.7 kG and anisotropy field H{sub a} = 14.4 kOe. The anisotropy constant K = 0.84 MJ/m{sup 3} is somewhat smaller than the value K = 1.3 MJ/m{sup 3} obtained by earlier researchers from nominally equiatomic FeNi prepared by neutron irradiation accompanied by annealing in a magnetic field, suggesting that higher Ni content (fewer Fe antisite defects) may improve the anisotropy. The fit also indicated that NWA 6259 contains one dominant variant (62% by volume), the remainder of the sample being a second variant, and the third variant being absent altogether.
75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
Structural and magnetic properties of nickel antimony ferrospinels
Spinel-type compounds of Fe–Ni–Sb–O system were synthesized as polycrystalline powders. The crystal and magnetic properties were investigated using X-ray and neutron powder diffraction, Mössbauer and X-ray absorption spectroscopy and magnetization measurements. The samples crystallize in the cubic system, space group Fd – 3 m. The distribution of cations between octahedral and tetrahedral sites was refined from the diffraction data sets using constraints imposed by the magnetic, Mössbauer and EDS results and the ionic radii. The cation distribution and the temperature dependence of the lattice parameter (a) and the oxygen positional parameter (u) were obtained. A chemical formula close to Fe0.8Ni1.8Sb0.4O4 was determined, with Sb5+ cations occupying octahedral sites, and Fe3+ and Ni2+ occupying both tetrahedral and octahedral sites. Fe3+ mainly (85/15 ratio) occupy tetrahedral sites, and conversely Ni2+ mainly reside on octahedral ones. The magnetic unit cell is the same as the crystallographic one, having identical symmetry relations. The results indicate that the compounds have a collinear ferrimagnetic structure with antiferromagnetic coupling between the tetrahedral (A) and octahedral (B) sites. Uniquely, the temperature dependence of the net magnetization of this rare earth free ferrimagnet exhibits a compensation point.
Crystal structure↗
Effect of Cr Spacer on Structural and Magnetic Properties of Fe/Gd Multilayers
Here, we analyze the role of a thin Cr spacer between Fe and Gd layers on the structure and magnetic properties of a [Fe(35 Å)/Cr(t Cr )/Gd(50 Å)/Cr(t Cr )] 12 superlattice. Samples without the Cr spacer (t Cr = 0) and with a thin spacer (t Cr = 4 Å) are investigated using X-ray diffraction, polarized neutron and resonance X-ray magnetic reflectometry, static magnetometry, magneto-optical Kerr effect, and ferromagnetic resonance techniques. Magnetic properties are studied experimentally in a wide temperature range 4–300 K and analyzed theoretically using numerical simulation on the basis of the mean-field model. We show that a reasonable agreement with the experimental data can be obtained considering temperature dependence of the effective field parameter in gadolinium layers. In conclusion, the analysis of the experimental data shows that besides a strong reduction of the antiferromagnetic coupling between Fe and Gd, the introduction of Cr spacers into Fe/Gd superlattice leads to modification of both structural and magnetic characteristics of the ferromagnetic layers.
36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
Electronic and magnetic properties of epitaxial SrRh O 3 films
The strong interplay of fundamental order parameters in complex oxides is known to give rise to exotic physical phenomena. The 4$d$ transition-metal oxide SrRh O 3 has generated much interest, but advances have been hindered by difficulties in preparing single-crystalline phases. Here we epitaxially stabilize high-quality single-crystalline SrRh O 3 films and investigate their structural, electronic, and magnetic properties. Lastly, we determine that their properties significantly differ from the paramagnetic metallic ground state that governs bulk samples and are strongly related to rotations of Rh O 6 octahedra.
75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
Magnetic properties of Dy nano-islands on graphene
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Anderson, Nathaniel A.↗
Magnetic properties of doped Mn-Ga alloys made by mechanical milling and heat treatment
Mn-Ga alloys have shown hard magnetic properties, even though these alloys contain no rare-earth metals. However, much work is needed before rare-earth magnets can be replaced. We have examined the magnetic properties of bulk alloys made with partial replacement of both the Mn and Ga elements in the Mn{sub 0.8}Ga{sub 0.2} system. Bulk samples of Mn-Ga-Bi, Mn-Ga-Al, Mn-Fe-Ga and Mn-(FeB)-Ga alloys were fabricated and studied using mechanically milling and heat treatments while altering the atomic percentage of the third element between 2.5 and 20 at%. The ternary alloy exhibits all hard magnetic properties at room temperature with large coercivity. Annealed Mn-Ga-X bulk composites exhibit high coercivities up to 16.6 kOe and remanence up to 9.8 emu/g, that is increased by 115% over the binary system.
75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
Site preference and magnetic properties of Ga/In-substituted strontium hexaferrite: An ab initio study
The first-principles density functional theory has been used to study Ga/In-substituted strontium hexaferrite (SrFe12O19). Based on the calculation of the substitution energy of Ga and In in SrFe12O19 and the formation probability analysis, we conclude that in SrFe12−xGaxO19 the substituted Ga atoms prefer to occupy the 12k, 2a, and 4f1 sites, while In atoms in SrFe12−xInxO19 occupy the 12k, 4f2, and 4f1 sites. We used the site occupation probabilities to calculate the magnetic properties of the substituted SrFe12O19. It was found that as the fraction of Ga atoms in SrFe12−xGaxO19 increases, the saturation magnetization (Ms) as well as magnetic anisotropy energy (MAE) decrease, while the anisotropy field (Ha) increases. In the case of SrFe12−xInxO19, Ms, MAE, and Ha decrease with an increase of the concentration of In atoms.
Dixit, Vivek (ORCID:000000029178217X)↗
Magnetic Properties of the Dilute Magnetic Semiconductor Zn{sub 1-x}Co{sub x}O Nanoparticles
The magnetic properties of the dilute magnetic semiconductor (DMS) are due the existence of two competing interactions, a direct ferromagnetic interaction and an indirect antiferromagnetic interaction. This is well established in the Zn{sub 1-x}Mn{sub x}O DMS, but is controversy in the Zn{sub 1-x}Co{sub x}O DMS. To gain insights, a series of Co-substituted ZnO NRs (x = 0, 0.01, 0.02, 0.03, 0.04, and 0.05) have been fabricated using a low-temperature hydrothermal method. The magnetization of these Co-doped ZnO NPs was measured with a vibrating sample magneto-meter. Expressing the magnetization results in units of Bohr magnetons per Co ions, it is found that the ferromagnetic contributions become more dominant as more magnetic Co ions are doped into the ZnO NPs. X-ray diffraction, energy dispersive X-ray, scanning electron microscopy, and photoluminescence measurements were done to characterize the Co:ZnO NPs.
77 NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY↗
Electronic and magnetic properties of Si substituted Fe{sub 3}Ge
Using first principles calculations, we studied the effect of Si substitution in the hexagonal Fe{sub 3}Ge. We find the low temperature magnetic anisotropy in this system to be planar and originating mostly from the spin-orbit coupling in Fe-d states. Reduction of the unitcell volume reduces the magnitude of in-plane magnetic anisotropy, eventually turning it positive which reorients the magnetic moments to the axial direction. Substituting Ge with the smaller Si ions also increases the anisotropy, potentially enhancing the region of stability of the axial magnetization, which is beneficial for magnetic applications such as permanent magnets. Our experimental measurements on samples of Fe{sub 3}Ge{sub 1−x}Si{sub x} confirm these predictions and show that substitution of about 6% of the Ge with Si increases by approximately 35 K the temperature range over which anisotropy is uniaxial.
71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
Novel pre-alloyed powder processing of modified alnico 8: Correlation of microstructure and magnetic properties
Progress is reviewed on development of an improved near-final bulk magnet fabrication process for alnico 8, as a non-rare earth permanent magnet with promise for sufficient energy density and coercivity for electric drive motors. This study showed that alnico bulk magnets in near-final shape can be made by simple compression molding from spherical high purity gas atomized pre-alloyed powder. Dwell time at peak sintering temperature (1250 °C) greatly affected grain size of the resulting magnet alloys. This microstructure transformation was demonstrated to be useful for gaining partially aligned magnetic properties and boosting energy product. While a route to increased coercivity was not identified by these experiments, manufacturability of bulk alnico magnet alloys in near-final shapes was demonstrated, permitting further processing and alloy modification experiments that can target higher coercivity and better control of grain anisotropy during grain growth.
75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
Rethinking the magnetic properties of lepidocrocite: A density functional theory and cluster expansion study
The iron oxyhydroxide lepidocrocite (g-FeOOH) is an abundant mineral critical to a number of chemical and technological applications. Of particular interest is the ground state and nite temperature magnetic order, and the subsequent impact this has upon crystal properties. The magnetic properties, investigated in this work are governed primarily through superexchange interactions, and have been calculated using density functional theory and cluster expansion methods. Quantication of these exchange terms has facilitated the determination of the ground state magneto-crystalline structure and subsequent calculation of its lattice constants, elastic moduli, cohesive enthalpy, and electronic density of states. Further, using a collinear magnetic conguration model, the magnetic heat capacity versus temperature has been studied and the Neel temperature obtained.
Pope, Daniel J.↗
Site occupancy and magnetic properties of Al-substituted M-type strontium hexaferrite
We use first-principles total-energy calculations based on density functional theory to study the site occupancy and magnetic properties of Al-substituted M-type strontium hexaferrite SrFe{sub 12−x}Al{sub x}O{sub 19} with x = 0.5 and x = 1.0. We find that the non-magnetic Al{sup 3+} ions preferentially replace Fe{sup 3+} ions at two of the majority spin sites, 2a and 12k, eliminating their positive contribution to the total magnetization causing the saturation magnetization M{sub s} to be reduced as Al concentration x is increased. Our formation probability analysis further provides the explanation for increased magnetic anisotropy field when the fraction of Al is increased. Although Al{sup 3+} ions preferentially occupy the 2a sites at a low temperature, the occupation probability of the 12k site increases with the rise of the temperature. At a typical annealing temperature (>700 °C) Al{sup 3+} ions are much more likely to occupy the 12k site than the 2a site. Although this causes the magnetocrystalline anisotropy K{sub 1} to be reduced slightly, the reduction in M{sub s} is much more significant. Their combined effect causes the anisotropy field H{sub a} to increase as the fraction of Al is increased, consistent with recent experimental measurements.
71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
Investigation of structural and magnetic properties of rapidly-solidified iron-silicon alloys at ambient and elevated temperatures
In this work, we investigated the ambient temperature structural properties (~300 K) and the ambient and high temperature (up to 900 K) direct current (DC) magnetic properties of melt-spun Fe-x wt.% Si (x = 3, 5, & 8) alloys. The wheel surface speeds selected for the study were 30 m/s and 40 m/s. The thickness, width, lattice parameter, saturation magnetization (MS), and intrinsic coercivity (HCI) of the melt spun ribbons are presented and compared with data in the literature. The ribbons produced at the lower wheel surface speed (30 m/s) were continuous having relatively uniform edges compared to the ribbons produced at the higher wheel surface speed. The thickness and the width of the melt-spun ribbons ranged between ~15-60 μm and 500-800 μm, respectively. The x-ray diffraction spectra of the melt-spun ribbons indicated the presence of disordered α-phase, irrespective of the composition, and the wheel-surface speed. The lattice parameter decreased gradually as a function of increasing silicon content from ~0.2862 nm (Fe-3 wt.% Si) to ~0.2847 nm (Fe-8 wt.% Si). Wheel surface speed was not shown to have a significant effect on the magnetization, but primarily impacted the ribbon structure. A decreasing trend in the saturation magnetization was observed as a function of increased silicon content. The intrinsic coercivity of the melt-spun alloys ranged between ~50 to 200 A/m. Elevated temperature evaluation of the magnetization in the case of Fe-3 & 5 wt.% Si alloy ribbons was distinctly different from the Fe-8 wt.% Si alloy ribbons. The curves of the as-prepared Fe-3 wt.% Si and Fe-5 wt.% Si alloy ribbons were irreversible while that of Fe-8 wt.% Si was reversible. The MS for any of the combinations of wheel surface speed and composition decreased monotonically with the increase in temperature (from 300 – 900 K). The percentage decrease in MS from 300 K to 900 K for the Fe-3 wt.% Si and Fe-5 wt.% Si alloys was ~19-22 %, while the percentage decrease in the same temperature range for Fe-8 wt.% Si alloy was ~26-30 %. It appears that Fe-3 wt.% Si and Fe-5 wt.% Si alloys ribbons are primarily comprised of the α phase (disordered phase) with any minor constituents being beyond the detection limits of the studies performed, while the Fe-8 wt.% Si alloy ribbons are comprised of disordered and regions of short-range ordering.
Elevated Temperature↗
The crystal structure, electronic, and magnetic properties of NaPd{sub 3}Ge{sub 2}
Highlights: • Correct crystal structure of NaPd{sub 3}Ge{sub 2} is solved by single crystal X-ray diffraction. • NaPd{sub 3}Ge{sub 2} is found to crystallize in the ErRh{sub 3}Si{sub 2} structure type. • NaPd{sub 3}Si{sub 2}, NaPd{sub 3}Ge{sub 2} and NaPd{sub 3}Sn{sub 2} are found to be metals down to 2 K. • All three compounds show a weak diamagnetic response down to 2 K. • Trend of p-block atom dimer breaking as function of size. - Abstract: Crystals of NaPd{sub 3}X{sub 2}, (X = Si, Ge, Sn) were synthesized and their crystal structures investigated by single crystal X-ray diffraction. The previously reported structures of NaPd{sub 3}Si{sub 2} and NaPd{sub 3}Sn{sub 2} were confirmed. NaPd{sub 3}Ge{sub 2} was found to have a different unit cell from that originally reported; therefore the structure was solved. It is an orthorhombically distorted version of the hexagonal CeCo{sub 3}Be{sub 2}-type structure, in space group Imma, with cell parameters a = 7.244(1) Å, b = 9.938(1) Å, c = 5.767(2) Å. The originally reported cell is explained through triple twinning of the true cell. The structure of NaPd{sub 3}Ge{sub 2} fits the trend of decreasing X–X dimerization as a function of increasing period from Si–Sn. All three compounds are metals showing weak diamagnetism with increasing resistivity from NaPd{sub 3}Si{sub 2}–NaPd{sub 3}Sn{sub 2}; no superconductivity is observed down to 2 K.
36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗