Guiding center drifts in time-dependent meridional magnetic fields.
Trapped particles drift velocity in time dependent meridional magnetic and perpendicular electric field
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Trapped particles drift velocity in time dependent meridional magnetic and perpendicular electric field
Behavior of particles of radiation belts during magnetic storms
Magnetic fields and trapped radiation intensities of other planets in solar system, particularly Jupiter
Observations of interplanetary magnetic field fluctuations in correlation with trapped particle fluctuations are discussed. From observations of particle-redistribution effects, properties of the magnetospheric electric field are derived. The obtained results suggest that the interplanetary B(sub z) field fluctuations might represent a strong driving source for particle diffusion.
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Numerical example using stormer integral to describe particles trapped in magnetic field
The concept of using photon pressure for propulsion has been considered since Tsiolkovsky in 1921. In fact, Tsiolkovsky and Tsander wrote of 'using tremendous mirrors of very thin sheets' and 'using the pressure of sunlight to attain cosmic velocities' in 1924. The term 'solar sailing' was coined in the late 1950s and was popularized by Arthur C. Clarke in the short story Sunjammer (The Wind From the Sun) in May 1964. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) used sailing techniques to extend the operational life of the Mariner 10 spacecraft in 1974-1975. A problem in the control system was causing Mariner 10 to go off course. By controlling the attitude of Mariner 10 and the angle of the solar power panels relative to the Sun, ground controllers were able to correct the problem without using precious fuel. Once thought to be difficult or impossible, solar sailing has come out of science fiction and into the realm of possibility. Any spacecraft using this method would need to deploy a thin sail that could be as large as many kilometers in extent. Candidate sail materials should be: 1) strong, 2) ultra-lightweight (density of a few g/sq m), 3) able to be folded or crushed until deployed, 4) subject to minimal sagging or stretching, and 5) resistant to ionizing radiation, such as galactic and solar particles (electrons and protons), x-rays, ultraviolet light, and magnetically trapped charged particles. Solar sails must be resistant to each of these types of radiation.
Drift rate for trapped particles in meridional magnetic mirror field subjected to time dependent electric fields
Bounce averaged rate of kinetic energy change of trapped charged particles in magnetic and electric fields, using second adiabatic theory
Mariner ii venus probe - magnetosphere - spatial distribution and intensity of charged particles in magnetic traps
The development of currents within an arbitrary distribution of particles trapped in the geomagnetic field is described. These currents combine to form the earth's ring current and thus are responsible for the worldwide depressions of surface magnetic field strength during periods of magnetic activity known as magnetic storms. Following a brief review of trapped particle motion in magnetic fields, ring current development is described and presented in terms of basic field and particle distribution parameters. Experimental observations then are presented and discussed within the theoretical framework developed earlier. New results are presented which, in the area of composition and charge state observations, hold high promise in solving many long standing ring current problems. Finally, available experimental results will be used to assess the present understanding as to ring current sources, generation, and dissipation.
Solar cell damage by proton and electron radiation in the ionosphere
Analysis of data concerning radiation belt formed by a high-altitude nuclear explosion on july 9, 1962
Fokker-planck equation is used to predict electron decay time in artificial radiation belts
Determination of the proton energy spectrum in the inner van allen zone using data obtained from geiger counters on the explorer iv
Motion of geomagnetically trapped particles is analyzed, using parameters as invariants of motion or as constants for all particles on a line of force
Discrete X-ray sources associated with neutron or hyperon stars formed during internal collapse which triggers off supernova explosions
Search for trapped electrons and magnetic moment at Mars by Mariner IV