Atomically Dispersed Nickel(I) on an Alloy-Encapsulated Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Nanotube Array for High-Performance Electrochemical CO 2 Reduction Reaction
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99 GENERAL AND MISCELLANEOUS↗
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Factors Affecting Nickel-oxide Electrode Capacity in Nickel-hydrogen Cells
The nickel-oxide electrode common to the nickel hydrogen and nickel cadmium cell is by design the limiting or capacity determining electrode on both charge and discharge. The useable discharge capacity from this electrode, and since it is the limiting electrode, the useable discharge capacity of the cell as well, can and is optimized by rate of charge, charge temperature and additives to electrode and electrolyte. Recent tests with nickel hydrogen cells and tests performed almost 25 years ago with nickel cadmium cells indicate an improvement of capacity as a result of using increased electrolyte concentration.
Ritterman, P. F.↗
Lightweight fibrous nickel electrodes for nickel-hydrogen batteries
The NASA Lewis Research Center is currently developing nickel electrodes for nickel-hydrogen batteries. These electrodes are lighter in weight and have higher energy densities than the heavier state-of-the-art sintered nickel electrodes. Lightweight fibrous materials or plaques are used as conductive supports for the nickel hydroxide active material. These materials are commercial products that are fabricated into nickel electrodes by electrochemically impregnating them with active material. Evaluation is performed in half cells structured in the bipolar configuration. Initial performance tests include capacity measurements at five discharge levels, C/2, 1.0C, 1.37C, 2.0C, and 2.74C. The electrodes that pass the initial tests are life cycle-tested in a low Earth orbit regime at 80 percent depth of discharge.
Britton, Doris L.↗
Bending properties of nickel electrodes for nickel-hydrogen batteries
Recent changes in manufacturing have resulted in nickel-hydrogen batteries which fail prematurely by electrical shorting. This is believed to be a result of a blistering problem in the nickel electrodes. This study investigates the bending properties of nickel electrodes in an attempt to correlate the bending properties with the propensity of the electrode to blister. Nickel electrodes from three different batches of material were tested in both the as-received and impregnated forms. Effects of specimen curvature and position within the electrode on the bending strength were studied and within-electrode and batch-to-batch variation were addressed. Two color imaging techniques were employed which allowed differentiation of phases within the electrodes. These techniques aided in distinguishing the relative amounts of nickel hydroxide surface loading on each electrode, relating surface loading to bend strength. Bend strength was found to increase with the amount of surface loading.
Lerch, Bradley↗
Method of Making a Nickel Fiber Electrode for a Nickel Based Battery System
The general purpose of the invention is to develop a high specific energy nickel electrode for a nickel based battery system. The invention discloses a method of producing a lightweight nickel electrode which can be cycled to deep depths of discharge (i.e., 40% or greater of electrode capacity). These deep depths of discharge can be accomplished by depositing the required amount of nickel hydroxide active material into a lightweight nickel fiber substrate.
Doris L Britton↗
Flight Weight Design Nickel-Hydrogen Cells Using Lightweight Nickel Fiber Electrodes
The goal of this program is to develop a lightweight nickel electrode for advanced aerospace nickel-hydrogen cells and batteries with improved specific energy and specific volume. The lightweight nickel electrode will improve the specific energy of a nickel-hydrogen cell by >50%. These near-term advanced batteries will reduce power system mass and volume, while decreasing the cost, thus increasing mission capabilities and enabling small spacecraft missions. This development also offers a cost savings over the traditional sinter development methods for fabrication. The technology has been transferred to Eagle-Picher, a major aerospace battery manufacturer, who has scaled up the process developed at NASA GRC and fabricated electrodes for incorporation into flight-weight nickel-hydrogen cells.
Britton, Doris L.↗
Bending Properties of Nickel Electrodes for Nickel-Hydrogen Batteries
Recent changes in manufacturing have resulted in nickel-hydrogen batteries that fail prematurely by electrical shorting, This failure is believed to be a result of a blistering problem in the nickel electrodes. In this study the bending properties of nickel electrodes are investigated in an attempt to correlate the bending properties of the electrode with its propensity to blister. Nickel electrodes from three different batches of material were tested in both the as-received and impregnated forms. The effects of specimen curvature and position within the electrode on the bending strength were studied, and within-electrode and batch-to-batch variations were addressed. Two color-imaging techniques were employed to differentiate between the phases within the electrodes. These techniques aided in distinguishing the relative amounts of nickel hyroxide surface loading on each electrode, thereby relating surface loading to bend strength. Bend strength was found to increase with the amount of surface loading.
Lerch, Brad A.↗
High energy/power density nickel oxide/hydroxide materials and nickel cobalt oxide/hydroxide materials and production thereof
According to one embodiment, a method includes forming a nickel oxide/hydroxide active film onto a substrate from a solution including a nickelous salt and an electrolyte, where the nickel oxide/hydroxide active film has a physical characteristic of maintaining greater than about 80% charge over greater than 500 charge/discharge cycles, and wherein the nickel oxide/hydroxide active film has a physical characteristic of storing electrons at greater than about 0.5 electron per nickel atom.
25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
Impact of Residual Lithium on the Adoption of High-Nickel Layered Oxide Cathodes for Lithium-Ion Batteries
High-nickel layered oxide cathodes are becoming appealing for lithium-ion batteries employed in portable electronics and electric vehicles because of their higher energy density, low or no cobalt content, and ability to be manufactured with existing infrastructure. However, high-nickel layered oxides are plagued by the formation of residual lithium species, such as LiOH and Li 2 CO 3 , on the surface, which are detrimental to the manufacturing process and performance. Despite the problems residual lithium causes for the industry, academia mainly focuses on the safety risks and electrochemical impacts of residual lithium. In this Perspective, we examine the residual lithium problem through a lens of its impact on cathode slurry instability and large-scale manufacturing of high-nickel layered oxides. Additionally, methods of measuring residual lithium are discussed from the perspective of their accuracy as well as practicality in the manufacturing process. Furthermore, we hope that this Perspective would encourage the academic endeavor to consider the practical obstacles caused by residual lithium on the industrialization of high-nickel layered oxides and their mitigation, while attempting to improve their electrochemical performance and safety through doping, surface modifications, or other approaches.
25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
Joining of Nickel and Nickel-Base Alloys
Nickel and nickel- base alloys are amenable to joining with many of the familiar joining processes. Some new joining processes also have been used successfully. In general, conventional joining procedures are used with only slight required modifications, depending on the particular alloy to be welded. However, some special precautions must be taken. Harmful materials must be removed from the joint or surrounding areas or they may damage the weld and the nearby heated parent metal. Some high-strength age hardenable alloys are prone to cracking in or near joint areas, unless the material is in the proper condition of heat treatment prior to joining operations. Foreign material and flux residues left from joining operations can cause trouble in subsequent service if not removed. Procedures for joining these alloys have been developed that eliminate or minimize the usual difficulties that have been experienced. When proper procedures are employed, joining of nickel and nickel- base alloys can be performed satisfactorily.
Vagi, J. J.↗
Hot corrosion of TD nickel and TD nickel chromium in a high velocity gas stream.
Results of cyclical tests of TD nickel (2% thoria-dispersed nickel) and TD nickel chromium (2% thoria-dispersed nickel-20% chromium alloy) 1.5 mm (60 mil) sheet specimens for susceptibility to hot corrosion in a Mach 0.5 gas stream of Jet A-1 fuel combustion products containing 2 ppm sea salt. Tests as long as 500 one-hour cycles between room temperature and specimen hot zone temperatures of 899 C (1650 F), 982 C (1800 F), and 1149 C (2100 F) were performed. Evidence of hot corrosion was found for both materials in the 899 C (1650 F) and 982 C (1800 F) tests, but not at 1149 C (2100 F). It was concluded that because of high metal thickness losses neither alloy in sheet form is suitable for long-time engine application in a hot corrosion environment at temperatures of 982 C (1800 F) or above.
Sanders, W. A.↗
The role of nickel content and the magnetic remanence in iron-nickel alloys of lunar composition
Lunar samples are magnetic primarily due to the body centered cubic (BCC) iron and iron-nickel alloys they contain. Presented for the first time are results which demonstrate that the magnitude of the martensitic thermal remanence (MTRM) induced on quenching iron-nickel alloy in the geomagnetic field depends on the nickel content of the alloy. High magnetic stability is due to the increasing dislocation density and increasingly complex microstructures associated with increasing nickel content in the alloys. The results agree with the mechanical and structural properties of the alloys. The characteristic quench martensite microstructure observed on metallographic examination provides a recognition criterion for the MTRM mechanism. These results are important for lunar and meteoritic research intending to ascertain the paleofield responsible for the observed remanent magnetization.-
Wasilewski, P.↗
Long Life Nickel Electrodes for a Nickel-hydrogen Cell: Cycle Life Tests
In order to develop a long life nickel electrode for a Ni/H2 cell, cycle life tests of nickel electrodes were carried out in Hi/H2 boiler plate cells. A 19 test cell matrix was made of various nickel electrode designs including three levels each of plaque mechanical strength, median pore size of the plaque, and active material loading. Test cells were cycled to the end of their life (0.5v) in a 45-minute low earth orbit cycle regime at 80% depth-of-discharge. The results show that the active material loading level affects the cycle life the most with the optimum loading at 1.6 g/cc void. Mechanical strength did not affect the cycle life noticeably in the bend strength range of 400 to 700 psi. The best plaque type appears to be one which is made of INCO nickel powder type 287 and has a median pore size of 13 micron.
Lim, H. S.↗
Long life nickel electrodes for a nickel-hydrogen cell: Cycle life tests
In order to develop a long life nickel electrode for a Ni/H2 cell, the cycle life of nickel electrodes was tested in Ni/H2 boiler plate cells. A 19 test cell matrix was made of various nickel electrode designs including three levels each of plaque mechanical strength, median pore size of the plaque, and active material loading. Test cells were cycled to the end of their life (0.5v) in a 45 minute low Earth orbit cycle regime at 80% depth-of-discharge. It is shown that the active material loading level affects the cycle life the most with the optimum loading at 1.6 g/cc void. Mechanical strength does not affect the cycle life noticeably in the bend strength range of 400 to 700 psi. It is found that the best plaque is made of INCO nickel powder type 287 and has median pore size of 13 micron.
Lim, H. S.↗
Bending Properties of Nickel Electrodes for Nickel-Hydrogen Batteries
Recent changes in manufacturing have resulted in nickel-hydrogen batteries that fail prematurely by electrical shorting. This failure is believed to be a result of a blistering problem in the nickel electrodes. In this study, the bending properties of nickel electrodes are investigated in an attempt to correlate the bending properties of the electrode with its propensity to blister. Nickel electrodes from three different batches of material were tested in both the as-received and impregnated forms. The effects of specimen curvature and position within the electrode on the bending strength were studied, and within-electrode and batch-to-batch variations were addressed. Bend strength was found to increase with the amount of surface loading.
Lerch, Brad A.↗
Characterization and High Temperature Electrical Properties of Brazed Joints of La0.8Sr0.2CrO3 with Nickel and Nickel Alloys
This study investigates the high-temperature electrical properties and microstructural characteristics of brazed joints combining La₀.₈Sr₀.₂CrO₃ (LSC) with nickel and nickel-based alloys. Using nickel-based filler metals (NB LM and NB 130), the joints were tested in controlled atmospheres (95% N₂ and 5% H₂). Electrical resistivity was analyzed across a range of temperatures (25–727°C), and contact resistance was evaluated using a composite model. Results indicate that joint resistance decreases with increasing temperature, with optimal brazing achieved at 1160°C. Diffusion processes involving Si, Ni, O, and Sr were identified, with silicon oxide formation contributing to joint bonding.
20 FOSSIL-FUELED POWER PLANTS↗
Effect of Composition and Local Environment on CO 2 Adsorption on Nickel and Magnesium Oxide Solid Solutions
CO 2 adsorption energies on the (100) surfaces of a nickel oxide doped with Mg, magnesium oxide doped with Ni, and their 50:50 solid solution were calculated using density functional theory. The composition and atomic arrangement of the adsorption site was varied to understand how the local environment affects CO 2 adsorption and the basicity of the surfaces at the atomic level. The dispersive and electronic contributions to the adsorption energies were quantified, and the results indicate that the variation of the adsorption energy with adsorption site configuration and metal composition is dominated by electronic interactions. Interestingly, for magnesium oxide doped with nickel, a single substitution can create stronger CO 2 binding sites, which implies stronger basic sites, even though nickel oxide is less basic than magnesium oxide. The effect of double substitution at the binding site can be reasonably approximated by summing the effects of single substitutions. Furthermore, this work provides guidance for the preparation of metal oxides with tailored Lewis basicity.
37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
Comparative Performance Assessment of INTELSAT 5 Nickel Hydrogen and Nickel Cadmium Batteries
The first Nickel Hydrogen battery deployment onboard a commercial geosynchronous communications satellite was realized with the launch of the INTELSAT 5, Flight 6 spacecraft on 19 May 1983. The initial five spacecrafts in this series are equipped with Nickel Cadmium batteries. Based on the data available on both types of batteries, design and operational performance comparisons of INTELSAT 5 Nickel Cadmium batteries are presented. General characteristics of the INTELSAT 5 spacecraft as related to electrical-power-subsystem functions and battery operations are summarized.
Cooper, D.↗