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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS1978

Release of dissolved nitrogen from water during depressurization

Experiments were run to study depressurization of water containing various concentrations of dissolved nitrogen gas, the primary case being room-temperature water saturated with nitrogen at 4 MPa. In a static depressurization experiment, water with very high nitrogen content was depressurized at rates from 0.09 to 0.50 MPa per second and photographed with high-speed movies. The pictures showed that the bubble population at a given pressure increased strongly with decreasing depressurization rate. Bubbles rarely appeared before the pressure reached half the initial pool pressure. Flow experiments were performed in an axisymmetric converging-diverging nozzle and in a two-dimensional converging nozzle with glass sidewalls. Depressurization gradients were roughly 500 to 1200 MPa per second. Both nozzles exhibited choked flow behavior even at nitrogen concentration levels as low as 4 percent of saturated. The flow rates were independent of concentration level and could be computed as incompressible water flow based on the difference between stagnation and throat pressures; however, the throat pressures were significantly different between the two nozzles

Simoneau, R. J.↗
NASA NTRS1980

Effects of various assumptions on the calculated liquid fraction in isentropic saturated equilibrium expansions

The saturated equilibrium expansion approximation for two phase flow often involves ideal-gas and latent-heat assumptions to simplify the solution procedure. This approach is well documented by Wegener and Mack and works best at low pressures where deviations from ideal-gas behavior are small. A thermodynamic expression for liquid mass fraction that is decoupled from the equations of fluid mechanics is used to compare the effects of the various assumptions on nitrogen-gas saturated equilibrium expansion flow starting at 8.81 atm, 2.99 atm, and 0.45 atm, which are conditions representative of transonic cryogenic wind tunnels. For the highest pressure case, the entire set of ideal-gas and latent-heat assumptions are shown to be in error by 62 percent for the values of heat capacity and latent heat. An approximation of the exact, real-gas expression is also developed using a constant, two phase isentropic expansion coefficient which results in an error of only 2 percent for the high pressure case.

Bursik, J. W.↗
NASA NTRS2010

Insulation-Testing Cryostat With Lifting Mechanism

The figure depicts selected aspects of an apparatus for testing thermal-insulation materials for cryogenic systems at temperatures and under vacuum or atmospheric conditions representative of those encountered in use. This apparatus, called "Cryostat-100," is based on the established cryogen-boil-off calorimeter method, according to which the amount of heat that passes through an insulation specimen to a cryogenic fluid in a container, and thus the effective thermal conductance of the specimen, is taken to be proportional to the amount of the cryogenic fluid that boils off from the container. The design of Cryostat-100 is based partly on, and incorporates improvements over, the design of a similar prior apparatus called "Cryostat-1" described in "Improved Methods of Testing Cryogenic Insulation Materials" (KSC-12107 & KSC- 12108), NASA Tech Briefs, Vol. 24, No. 12 (December 2000), page 46. The design of Cryostat-100 also incorporates the best features of two other similar prior apparatuses called "Cryostat-2" (also described in the cited prior article) and "Cryostat- 4." Notable among the improvements in Cryostat-100 is the addition of a lifting mechanism that enables safe, rapid, reliable insertion and removal of insulation specimens and facilitates maintenance operations that involve lifting. As in Cryostat-1, the cold mass is a vertical stainless-steel cylindrical vessel subdivided into a larger measurement vessel with smaller thermal-guard vessels at both ends. During operation, all three vessels are kept filled with liquid nitrogen near saturation at ambient pressure (temperature .77.4 K). The cold mass of Cryostat-100 has a length of 1 m and diameter of 168 mm. Each specimen has a corresponding nominal length and inner diameter and a nominal thickness of 25.4 mm. Specimens that are shorter and have thicknesses between 0 and 50 mm are also acceptable. Bulk-fill, foam, clam-shell, multilayer insulation, and layered materials can be tested over a very wide range of thermal transmission: apparent thermal conductivity from 0.01 to 60 mW/m-K and heat flux from 0.1 to 500 W/sq m. A test in Cryostat-100 can be conducted at any desired gas pressure between ambient atmospheric pressure at one extreme and a vacuum with residual pressure <10(exp -5) torr (<1.33 10(exp -3) Pa) at the other extreme. The residual gas (and purge gas) is typically nitrogen, but can be any suitable purge gas (e.g., helium, argon, or carbon dioxide). Usually, the temperature on the warm boundary of the insulation specimen is maintained near the ambient value (approximately 293 K), while the boiling of liquid nitrogen at atmospheric pressure in the cold mass maintains the temperature on the cold boundary of the specimen at approximately 77 K.

Fesmire, James↗
DOE OSTI2024

REBCO Insert Coils toward High-Field, Large-Bore Magnet for Quantum Physics Research

High-temperature superconducting (HTS) magnets offer a promising solution for generating high magnetic fields efficiently and economically, serving as a vital component in nextgeneration scientific instruments and carbon-neutral power systems, notably in cost-effective compact fusion reactors. These high magnetic fields play a pivotal role in advancing research on quantum materials, particularly in elucidating the intricate electronic states near magnetic phase transitions. Here, this paper delves into the research conducted at the Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, which is divided into three phases aimed at overcoming technical hurdles in creating large-bore, high-field HTS magnets for cutting-edge quantum physics research. In Phase 1, we designed, constructed, and tested a compact REBCO solenoidal magnet comprising six double-pancake coils featuring a 41.3-mm inner diameter and a 70.0-mm outer diameter. It adopts a no-insulation approach to ensure electrical and thermal stability. Successful testing in a saturated liquid nitrogen bath confirmed its capability to generate a 0.8-T field at 77 K and 2 T at 65 K, with ongoing integration into liquid helium testing. Building on this experience, Phase 2 involves the design of an HTS insert coil, intended to nest within a 12-T low-temperature superconducting (LTS) outsert to achieve a minimum of 20 T at 4.2 K. The focus of Phase 2 centers on addressing challenges posed by screening-current (SC) effects, particularly the associated stress/strain issues. Employing a numerical model that fully couples the SC and mechanical analysis, we discuss strategies for managing stress to mitigate the effects of SCinduced stress concentrations.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2025

Metal-Insulation REBCO Pancake Coil With Solder Surface Shunt: Testing and Modeling

Rare-earth barium copper oxide (REBCO) high-temperature superconducting (HTS) magnets can generate very high magnetic fields with superior engineering current density and robust mechanical integrity. The no-insulation (NI) winding technique, including its metal-insulation (MI) variant, enables “self-protection” against localized overheating through inter-turn current sharing, improving defect tolerance and allowing temporary current overloads. In REBCO pancake coils, the current-sharing path is predominantly confined to the edges of the REBCO tapes due to insulating buffer layers. Applying a surface shunt using solder can effectively enhance current sharing in NI/MI coils via the REBCO tape edges. Here, in this paper, we present both experimental and numerical research on the current distribution in surface-shunt metal-insulation (SSMI) REBCO pancake coils. We tested a stainless steel co-wound MI REBCO double-pancake coil, before and after applying a soldered surface shunt, in a saturated liquid nitrogen bath. The SSMI coil was modeled using the H-formulation and rotated anisotropic resistivity to study its dynamic behavior, including inter-turn current sharing and intra-turn screening currents. Benchmarked by experimental data, the numerical model is able to study the defect tolerance of the SSMI coil during energization.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
NASA NTRS1972

Film boiling on vertical surfaces.

Film boiling of a saturated liquid on a vertical surface is analyzed to determine the local heat-transfer rates as a function of height and heater-surface superheat. Experiments show that the laminar-flow model is inadequate. A turbulent-vapor-flow model is used, and the influence of the interfacial oscillations is incorporated on a semiempirical basis. Measurements of local film boiling were obtained with a transient technique using saturated liquid nitrogen.

Suryanarayana, N. V.↗
NASA NTRS1972

Oscillation effects upon film boiling from a sphere.

Heat transfer rates from a silver-plated copper sphere, 0.75 in. in diameter, were studied by high speed photography during oscillations of the sphere in saturated liquid nitrogen and Freon-11. The oscillation frequencies ranged from zero to 13 Hz, and the amplitude-to-diameter ratio varied from zero to 2.67. The sphere was supported by a thin-walled stainless steel tube and carried a thermocouple attached near the lower stagnation point. A Fastax WF-3 16mm movie camera was used at about 2000 frames/sec. The differences in the vapor removal process at lower and higher oscillation frequencies are discussed.

Schmidt, W. E.↗
NASA NTRS1990

TiCl4 as a source of TiO2 particles for laser anemometry measurements in hot gas

A method of reacting TiCl4 with water saturated gaseous nitrogen (GN2) at the entrance into a high temperature gas flow is described. The TiO2 particles formed are then entrained in the gas flow and used as seed particles for making laser anemometry (LA) measurements of the flow velocity distribution in the hot gas. Scanning electron microscope photographs of the TiO2 particles are shown. Data rate of the LA processor was measured to determine the amount of TiO2 formed. The TiCl4 and mixing gas flow diagram is shown. This work was performed in an open jet burner.

Weikle, Donald H.↗
NASA NTRS2008

Effect of Processing Pressure on Isolated Pore Formation during Controlled Directional Solidification in Small Channels

Directional solidification experiments were performed, using succinonitrile saturated with nitrogen gas, to examine the effects of in-situ processing pressure changes on the formation growth, and evolution of an isolated, cylindrical gaseous pore. A novel solidification facility, capable of processing thin cylindrical samples (I.D. < 1.0 mm), under controlled pressure conditions, was used for the experiments. A new experimental method for growing the isolated pore from a seed bubble is introduced. The experimental results indicate that an in-situ processing pressure change will result in either a transient change in pore diameter or a complete termination of pore growth, indicating that pressure changes can be used as a control parameter to terminate bubble growth. A simple analytical model has been introduced to explain the experimental observations.

Cox, Matthew C.↗
NASA NTRS1966

Propellant saturation test, 2 February - 3 May 1966

The objective of this test program was to determine the behavior of gas-saturated water and nitrogen tetroxide under various flow and pressure drop conditions. A second part of the test program is to be conducted at a later time to determine the rate of gas diffusion into propellants. The test program was conducted by the Fluid Systems Test Section of the Thermochemical Test Branch for the Auxiliary Propulsion and Pyrotechnics Branch, Propulsion and Power Division. Testing was accomplished at the Fluid Systems Test Facility during the period from February 2, 1966, to May 3, 1966.

Nitrogen compound↗
NASA NTRS1991

Saturation point model for the formation of metal nitrate in nitrogen tetroxide oxidizer

A model was developed for the formation of metal nitrate in nitrogen tetroxide (N2O4). The basis of this model is the saturation point of metal nitrate in N2O4. This basis is chosen mainly because of the White Sands Test Facility's metal nitrate in N2O4 experience. Means of reaching the saturation point are examined, and a relationship is made for the reaction/formation rate and diffusion rate of metal nitrate in N2O4.

Torrance, Paul R.↗
NASA NTRS2003

System for Testing Thermal Insulation of Pipes

An apparatus and method have been developed for measuring the rates of leakage of heat into pipes carrying liquids, the purpose of the measurements being to quantify the thermal performance of the insulation system. The apparatus is designed primarily for testing pipes used to carry cryogenic liquids, but can also be used for measuring the thermal performance of other insulated pipes or piping systems. The basic measurement principle is straightforward: The outer surface of the pipe insulation is maintained at a fixed warmer temperature. The interior of the pipe is maintained in a narrow fixed lower-temperature range by means of a regular liquid (e.g., water) that is pumped through the pipe at a known flow rate or a cryogenic liquid (e.g., nitrogen) that is saturated at atmospheric pressure and replenished until steady-state conditions are achieved. In the case of water or another liquid pumped through, the inlet and outlet temperatures are measured and heat-leak power is calculated as the mass flow rate of the liquid multiplied by the specific heat of the liquid multiplied by the inlet-to-outlet temperature rise of the liquid. In the case of liquid nitrogen or another low-temperature boiling liquid, the heat-leak power is calculated as the rate of boil-off multiplied by the latent heat of vaporization of the liquid. Then the thermal-insulation performance of the pipe system can be calculated as a function of the measured heat-leak power, the inner and outer boundary temperatures, and the dimensions of the pipe. The apparatus can test as many as three pipes simultaneously. The pipes can have inner diameters up to .15 cm and outer diameters up to .20 cm. The lengths of the pipes may vary; typical lengths are of the order of 18 m. Two thermal guard boxes . one for each end of the pipe(s) under test . are used to make the inlet and outlet fluid connections to the pipe(s) (see figure). The connections include bellows that accommodate thermal expansion and contraction of the pipes. The guard boxes and pipe(s) are positioned so that the pipe(s) slope upward from the upstream to the downstream end at an angle of at least 2 . The upward slope allows vapor bubbles to accumulate at the downstream end. The thermal guard boxes keep the ends of the pipes at the lower interior temperature to prevent spurious lengthwise leakage of heat into the pipes. It is important to prevent this spurious heat leakage because, if it were allowed to occur, it could contribute a large error in the measured heat-leak power. The upstream thermal guard box includes a heat exchanger through which liquid flowing into the pipe(s) is subcooled to the saturation temperature corresponding to the ambient pressure. Conversely, this heat exchanger can also be used to warm the flowing liquid to a desired fixed temperature. The apparatus includes a temperature control device that is placed around each pipe under test. Each device is operated under thermostatic control to maintain the outer surface of the pipe insulation at the specified test temperature. All measurements are recorded on a portable data-acquisition system.

Fesmire, James E.↗
NASA NTRS1987

Cryogenic wind tunnels. I

The basic principles of cryogenic wind-tunnel operation are presented, and a typical cryogenic wind tunnel is described. Low-speed cryogenic wind tunnels are considered, along with some experiments conducted in these tunnels. Focus is placed on real-gas effects including condensation and thermal and caloric imperfections. The operating limits set by the saturation boundaries of nitrogen and air are analyzed, and the consequences of thermal and caloric imperfections on both isentropic and normal-shock flow in nitrogen are considered. The extension of analytical real-gas studies, including both laminar and turbulent boundary layers is covered. It is concluded that the deviation of the nitrogen boundary-layer parameters from their ideal-gas values are small, and that large real-gas effects will not be a factor in cryogenic tunnel simulation of the complex flows met in flight.

Kilgore, Robert A.↗
NASA NTRS2006

A Bearingless Switched-Reluctance Motor for High Specific Power Applications

A 12-8 switched-reluctance motor (SRM) is studied in bearingless (or self-levitated) operation with coil currents limited to the linear region to avoid magnetic saturation. The required motoring and levitating currents are summed and go into a single motor coil per pole to obtain the highest power output of the motor by having more space for motor coil winding. Two controllers are investigated for the bearingless SRM operation. First, a model-based controller using the radial force, which is adjusted by a factor derived from finite element analysis, is presented. Then a simple and practical observation-based controller using a PD (proportional-derivative) control algorithm is presented. Both controllers were experimentally demonstrated to 6500 rpm. This paper reports the initial efforts toward eventual self levitation of a SRM operating into strong magnetic core saturation at liquid nitrogen temperature.

Choi, Benjamin B.↗