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NASA NTRS1971

Automatic Computer Mapping of Terrain

Computer processing of 17 wavelength bands of visible, reflective infrared, and thermal infrared scanner spectrometer data, and of three wavelength bands derived from color aerial film has resulted in successful automatic computer mapping of eight or more terrain classes in a Yellowstone National Park test site. The tests involved: (1) supervised and non-supervised computer programs; (2) special preprocessing of the scanner data to reduce computer processing time and cost, and improve the accuracy; and (3) studies of the effectiveness of the proposed Earth Resources Technology Satellite (ERTS) data channels in the automatic mapping of the same terrain, based on simulations, using the same set of scanner data. The following terrain classes have been mapped with greater than 80 percent accuracy in a 12-square-mile area with 1,800 feet of relief; (1) bedrock exposures, (2) vegetated rock rubble, (3) talus, (4) glacial kame meadow, (5) glacial till meadow, (6) forest, (7) bog, and (8) water. In addition, shadows of clouds and cliffs are depicted, but were greatly reduced by using preprocessing techniques.

Smedes, H. W.↗

NASA NTRS1982

Satellite remote sensing - An integral tool in acquiring global crop production information

Since NASA's program of research concerning remote sensing was initiated in the 1960s, one of its major objectives has been to advance the state-of-the-art in machine processing of satellite acquired multispectral data. Possibilities have been studied regarding a use of these data to identify type, to monitor condition, and to estimate the ontogenetic stage of cultural vegetation. The present investigation provides a review of the state-of-the-art of the technology used to make remote sensing crop production estimates in foreign regions. Attention is given to Landsat data acquisition, aspects of registration and preprocessing, questions of data transformation, data modeling, proportion estimation, labeling, development stage models, crop condition models, and an outlook regarding future developments.

Hall, F. G.↗

NASA NTRS1981

Forest Resource Information System. Phase 3: System transfer report

Transfer of the forest reserve information system (FRIS) from the Laboratory for Applications of Remote Sensing to St. Regis Paper Company is described. Modifications required for the transfer of the LARYS image processing software are discussed. The reformatting, geometric correction, image registration, and documentation performed for preprocessing transfer are described. Data turnaround was improved and geometrically corrected and ground-registered CCT LANDSAT 3 data provided to the user. The technology transfer activities are summarized. An application test performed in order to assess a Florida land acquisition is described. A benefit/cost analysis of FRIS is presented.

Mroczynski, R. P.↗

NASA NTRS1995

Gravity Sensors and the Role of 3-D Visualization and Simulation in Biomedical Research

Ross 3.0 software was developed in the Biocomputation Center for semi-automated reconstruction of objects from serial thin sections. Data are captured directly from a transmission electron microscope via a video camera to a graphics workstation where the sections are mosaicked and contours are traced, registered and displayed by semi-automated methods. For the first time, macular type II cells are described completely for their innervation patterns. The purposes are to learn more about the fundamental circuitry of the macula and to demonstrate whether the terminals are altered morphologically by space flight. Current examples, from the medial part of the macula, are from maculas collected in-flight on the Space Life Sciences-2 mission, 4.5 hrs post-flight, and from a ground control. Results show that the typical type 11 cell receives processes from up to six nearby calyces or afferents. Nearly all the processes are elongated; some have bouton-like swellings and numerous vesicles. Multiple (2 to 4) processes from a single calyx to a type II cell are common, and approx. 1/3 of the processes innervate 2 type II cells of a neighboring cluster of 3 cells. About 2% of type II cells resemble type I cells morphologically and are surrounded by demicalyces. Differences in size or shape of the terminals under flight conditions could not be determined because the sample size is still too small; but it is clear that reconstruction methods provide insights into macular circuitry not obtainable by other techniques. The results demonstrate a morphological basis for interactions between adjacent receptive fields, through feedback-feedforward connections, during preprocessing of linear acceleratory information by the maculas. While the methods are currently being tested using vestibular maculas as the model system, it is clear that the technology is applicable to any tissue that can be physically or optically sectioned. ROSS software has already been implemented for reconstructing objects from tissues studied by confocal and by transmitted light microscopy, and research into magnetic resonance imaging-computational tomography combined visualization are underway.

Ross, Muriel D.↗

NASA NTRS2004

Using Automated Theorem Provers to Certify Auto-Generated Aerospace Software

We describe a system for the automated certification of safety properties of NASA software. The system uses Hoare-style program verification technology to generate proof obligations which are then processed by an automated first-order theorem prover (ATP). For full automation, however, the obligations must be aggressively preprocessed and simplified We describe the unique requirements this places on the ATP and demonstrate how the individual simplification stages, which are implemented by rewriting, influence the ability of the ATP to solve the proof tasks. Experiments on more than 25,000 tasks were carried out using Vampire, Spass, and e-setheo.

Denney, Ewen↗

NASA NTRS1998

Spectrum Preprocessing in the OPAD System

To determine the readiness of a rocket engine, and facilitate decisions on continued use of the engine before servicing is required, high-resolution optical spectrometers are used to acquire spectra from the exhaust plume. Such instruments are in place at the Technology Test Bed (TTB) stand at Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) and the A1 stand at Stennis Space Center (SSC). The optical spectrometers in place have a wide wavelength range covering the visible and near-infrared regions, taking approximately 8000 measurements at about one Angstrom spacing every half second. In the early stages of this work, data analysis was done manually. A simple spectral model produced a theoretical spectrum for given amount of elements and an operator visually matched the theoretical and real spectra. Currently, extensive software is being developed to receive data from the spectrometer and automatically generate an estimate of element amounts in the plume. It will result in fast and reliable analysis, with the capability of real-time performance. This software is the result of efforts of several groups but mainly it has been developed and used by scientists and combustion engineers, in their effort of understanding the underlying physical processes and phenomena and creating visualization and report generation facilities. Most of the software has been developed using the IDL language and programming environment which allows for extensive data visualization. Although this environment has been very beneficial, the resulting programs execute very slowly and are not easily portable to more popular, real-time environments. The need for portability and high speed of execution is becoming more apparent as the software matures moving out of the experimentation stage and into the production stage where ease of use and short response time are the most desirable features. The purpose of the work described here is to assist the scientists who developed the original IDL-based version in the conversion of the software into the real-time, production version. Specifically, a section of the software devoted to the preprocessing of the spectra has been converted into the C language. In addition, parts of this software which may be improved have been identified, and recommendations are given to improve the functionality and ease of use of the new version.

Katsinis, Constantine↗

NASA NTRS1983

A survey of automated remote sensing for agriculture

The state-of-the-art of the technology available to make remote sensing crop production estimates is reviewed with reference to several past and present research projects. In particular, attention is given to Landsat data acquisition, registration and preprocessing, data transformation, data modeling, proportion estimation, and labeling. Development stage models and crop condition models are briefly characterized, and areas where further research is needed are identified.

Hall, F. G.↗

NASA NTRS2016

Additive Manufacturing of Multifunctional Components Using High Density Carbon Nanotube Yarn Filaments

Additive manufacturing allows for design freedom and part complexity not currently attainable using traditional manufacturing technologies. Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF), for example, can yield novel component geometries and functionalities because the method provides a high level of control over material placement and processing conditions. This is achievable by extrusion of a preprocessed filament feedstock material along a predetermined path. However if fabrication of a multifunctional part relies only on conventional filament materials, it will require a different material for each unique functionality printed into the part. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are an attractive material for many applications due to their high specific strength as well as good electrical and thermal conductivity. The presence of this set of properties in a single material presents an opportunity to use one material to achieve multifunctionality in an additively manufactured part. This paper describes a recently developed method for processing continuous CNT yarn filaments into three-dimensional articles, and summarizes the mechanical, electrical, and sensing performance of the components fabricated in this way.

Gardner, John M.↗

NASA NTRS1993

Compact Circuit Preprocesses Accelerometer Output

Compact electronic circuit transfers dc power to, and preprocesses ac output of, accelerometer and associated preamplifier. Incorporated into accelerometer case during initial fabrication or retrofit onto commercial accelerometer. Made of commercial integrated circuits and other conventional components; made smaller by use of micrologic and surface-mount technology.

Bozeman, Richard J., Jr.↗

NASA NTRS1976

Results from the Crop Identification Technology Assessment for Remote Sensing (CITARS) project

The author has identified the following significant results. It was found that several factors had a significant effect on crop identification performance: (1) crop maturity and site characteristics, (2) which of several different single date automatic data processing procedures was used for local recognition, (3) nonlocal recognition, both with and without preprocessing for the extension of recognition signatures, and (4) use of multidate data. It also was found that classification accuracy for field center pixels was not a reliable indicator of proportion estimation performance for whole areas, that bias was present in proportion estimates, and that training data and procedures strongly influenced crop identification performance.

Bauer, M. E.↗

NASA NTRS1973

Machine processing methods for earth observational data

A brief review of the development over the last decade of earth resource information systems is presented. Machine data preprocessing and analysis methods are surveyed and illustrated. These include preprocessing steps intended to modify geometric and radiometric aspects of earth observational image data to enhance the ability of either human interpreters or machine algorithms to extract information from the data. Illustrations of processed and analyzed images from spaceborne sensors including the Earth Resources Technology Satellite are discussed.

Landgrebe, D. A.↗

NASA NTRS2004

An Empirical Evaluation of Automated Theorem Provers in Software Certification

We describe a system for the automated certification of safety properties of NASA software. The system uses Hoare-style program verification technology to generate proof obligations which are then processed by an automated first-order theorem prover (ATP). We discuss the unique requirements this application places on the ATPs, focusing on automation, proof checking, and usability. For full automation, however, the obligations must be aggressively preprocessed and simplified, and we demonstrate how the individual simplification stages, which are implemented by rewriting, influence the ability of the ATPs to solve the proof tasks. Our results are based on 13 certification experiments that lead to more than 25,000 proof tasks which have each been attempted by Vampire, Spass, e-setheo, and Otter. The proofs found by Otter have been proof-checked by IVY.

Denney, Ewen↗

NASA NTRS1984

ECUT: Energy Conversion and Utilization Technologies program - Biocatalysis research activity

The activities of the Biocatalysis Research Activity are organized into the Biocatalysis and Molecular Modeling work elements and a supporting planning and analysis function. In the Biocatalysis work element, progress is made in developing a method for stabilizing genetically engineered traits in microorganisms, refining a technique for monitoring cells that are genetically engineered, and identifying strains of fungi for highly efficient preprocessing of biomass for optimizing the efficiency of bioreactors. In the Molecular Modeling work element, a preliminary model of the behavior of enzymes is developed. A preliminary investigation of the potential for synthesizing enzymes for use in electrochemical processes is completed. Contact with industry and universities is made to define key biocatalysis technical issues and to broaden the range of potential participants in the activity. Analyses are conducted to identify and evaluate potential concepts for future research funding.

Wilcox, R.↗

NASA NTRS1991

Continuous monitoring of the lunar or Martian subsurface using on-board pattern recognition and neural processing of Rover geophysical data

The overall aim is to provide base technology for an automated vision system for on-board interpretation of geophysical data. During the first year's work, it was demonstrated that geophysical data can be treated as patterns and interpreted using single neural networks. Current research is developing an integrated vision system comprising neural networks, algorithmic preprocessing, and expert knowledge. This system is to be tested incrementally using synthetic geophysical patterns, laboratory generated geophysical patterns, and field geophysical patterns.

Glass, Charles E.↗

NASA NTRS1984

Space America's commercial space program

Space America prepared a private sector land observing space system which includes a sensor system with eight spectral channels configured for stereoscopic data acquisition of four stereo pairs, a spacecraft bus with active three-axis stabilization, a ground station for data acquisition, preprocessing and retransmission. The land observing system is a component of Space America's end-to-end system for Earth resources management, monitoring and exploration. In the context of the Federal Government's program of commercialization of the US land remote sensing program, Space America's space system is characteristic of US industry's use of advanced technology and of commercial, entrepreneurial management. Well before the issuance of the Request for Proposals for Transfer of the United States Land Remote Sensing Program to the Private Sector by the US Department of Commerce, Space Services, Inc., the managing venturer of Space America, used private funds to develop and manage its sub-orbital launch of its Conestoga launch vehicle.

Macleod, N. H.↗

NASA NTRS1979

Machine processing of remotely sensed data; Proceedings of the Fifth Annual Symposium, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Ind., June 27-29, 1979

Papers are presented on techniques and applications for the machine processing of remotely sensed data. Specific topics include the Landsat-D mission and thematic mapper, data preprocessing to account for atmospheric and solar illumination effects, sampling in crop area estimation, the LACIE program, the assessment of revegetation on surface mine land using color infrared aerial photography, the identification of surface-disturbed features through a nonparametric analysis of Landsat MSS data, the extraction of soil data in vegetated areas, and the transfer of remote sensing computer technology to developing nations. Attention is also given to the classification of multispectral remote sensing data using context, the use of guided clustering techniques for Landsat data analysis in forest land cover mapping, crop classification using an interactive color display, and future trends in image processing software and hardware.

Tendam, I. M.↗

NASA NTRS1981

Users manual for the US baseline corn and soybean segment classification procedure

A user's manual for the classification component of the FY-81 U.S. Corn and Soybean Pilot Experiment in the Foreign Commodity Production Forecasting Project of AgRISTARS is presented. This experiment is one of several major experiments in AgRISTARS designed to measure and advance the remote sensing technologies for cropland inventory. The classification procedure discussed is designed to produce segment proportion estimates for corn and soybeans in the U.S. Corn Belt (Iowa, Indiana, and Illinois) using LANDSAT data. The estimates are produced by an integrated Analyst/Machine procedure. The Analyst selects acquisitions, participates in stratification, and assigns crop labels to selected samples. In concert with the Analyst, the machine digitally preprocesses LANDSAT data to remove external effects, stratifies the data into field like units and into spectrally similar groups, statistically samples the data for Analyst labeling, and combines the labeled samples into a final estimate.

Horvath, R.↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Fast Assessment of Metal Performance through Dislocation Physics and Machine Learning

The microstructure of metals is key to their mechanical properties. The types, density, composition and morphology of crystal defects all have pronounced impact on the properties. Changes to the microstructure occurring during processing and use can be very striking. The emerging technology additive manufacturing (AM) has the potential to improve performance by allowing optimized designs, but the process and environments can lead to unusual microscale features whose properties must be understood and characterized to enable higher technological readiness levels and application. Experimentally, an extensive evaluation of mechanical properties of 3D printed metals is a challenge, and anomalous effects related to the AM process add complexity. We present a new machine learning (ML) model predicting mechanical response based on dislocation mediated plasticity simulations. A large set of 3D discrete dislocation dynamics simulations with wide ranges of loading conditions is transformed to preprocessed data ready for training with the ML model. The trained model can predict the mechanical response of Mo30W for a given microstructure evolution, providing key information essential for optimization of AM processing.

Jaehyun Cho↗