Naval Force Health Protection Program Review 2020 Abstract and Quad Chart C2B2.
Abstract not provided.
Hovey, Chad Brian↗
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Naval Force Health Protection Program Review 2020 Abstract and Quad Chart SS.
Abstract not provided.
Hovey, Chad Brian↗
Analysis of HolosGen Sub-Scale Simulator with Plant Dynamics Code
The Subcritical Power Module Sub-scale Simulator (SPM-SS) has been designed and constructed by HolosGen LLC under the ARPA-E MEITNER program to simulate the thermal-hydraulic and heat transfer behavior of the full-scale Holos-Quad Subcritical Power Modules (SPMs). Four coupled SPMs, each rated at 5.5MW, form the Holos-Quad gas-cooled microreactor design. The SPM-SS represents a substantially scaled-down system with a power rating less than 40 kW, equipped with an electrically heated fuel cartridge heat exchanger, an electrically heated compressor heat exchanger, and a valve actuated turbine heat exchanger, in addition to a recuperator and a cooler heat exchanger. The fuel cartridge represents a portion of the full-scale SPM core, the compressor heat exchanger mimics the temperature changes resulting from the compressor’s turbomachinery inefficiencies, the turbine heat exchanger mimics the expansion process normally occurring through the turbine, while the recuperator and cooler heat exchangers complete the subscale simulator loop. The heaters equipping the fuel cartridge and the compressor heat exchangers are electronically controlled to simulate normal and off-normal SPM operating conditions. The full-scale Holos-Quad SPM design eliminates the traditional balance of plant and executes thermal-to-electric energy conversion by means of an intercooled Brayton cycle with decoupled compressor-turbine turbomachinery. The Holos-Quad full-scale design is equipped with a multi-stage axial Low- and High-Pressure compressor, and a multistage axial turbine. The SPM-SS is designed for testing and validation of selected components which are instead coupled by a traditional balance of plant. The SPMSS is not equipped with turbo-machinery (compressor and turbine) as the development of these components were excluded from the scope of work under the ARPA-E MEITNER funding program. The SPM-SS balance of plant enables modifications, replacement and testing of individual components with different working fluids and is designed to include the turbo-machinery components that will be developed in future research . The SPM-SS can be operated with different gases, variable mass-flow-rates, pressures, and temperatures to obtain test data for selected components, whose performance can be scaled to validate the computer model of the full-scale SPM at various conditions (e.g., start-up, transients conditions). The SPM-SS can operate at the maximum Holos-Quad design pressure of 7 MPa, and a maximum temperature limited to 650 °C by the electrical heaters. Several SPM-SS tests have been conducted and analyzed with the Plant Dynamics Code (PDC) developed at the Argonne National Laboratory (ANL). These tests aimed at validating the PDC modeled predictions of the full-scale Holos-Quad design with data from selected SPM-SS components. In order to address SPM-SS specific characteristics, such as components heat losses and absence of turbomachinery components, some modifications to the PDC have been implemented to factor the design differences from the full-scale Holos-Quad SPM to the SPM-SS. As the PDC offers capabilities to analyze systems with different working fluids, air, nitrogen, and helium were utilized as the SPM-SS working fluids. Air was utilized to fine-tune the SPM-SS Systems Structures and Components (SSCs), nitrogen was utilized to pressure test the SPM-SS loop at the SPMs design maximum pressure of 7MPa. Helium was utilized as the working fluid circulating through the SPM-SS SSCs for specific tests to validate the PDC predictions of the fuel cartridge heat exchanger. SPM-SS tests data were also analyzed with both the steady-state and transient analysis capabilities offered by the PDC. This report describes the PDC analysis of the SPM-SS tests data, including the necessary code modifications and comparison of the code results with the experimental data. Based on the results, a discussion is presented on how the analysis supports design and transient calculations of the full-scale Holos-Quad microreactor. Also based on the results of this work, recommendations are made for future optimizations of the SPM-SS components and PDC model development needs.
22 GENERAL STUDIES OF NUCLEAR REACTORS↗
Development of Design for the STS Extraction Magnet System
The Oak Ridge National Laboratory STS Project will enhance the Spallation Neutron Source by adding a new neutron source. The upgrade includes a 30% increase in beam energy and a 50% boost in beam current, doubling the accelerator's power capability to 2.8 MW. The Ring-to-Second-Target Beam Transport (RTST) system is vital in directing high-energy proton beams to the new second target station. New magnets have to fit into a restricted space within the existing beamline to add the new extraction line. New, fast kicker magnets (Pulsed Dipole), a focusing quad with an aperture for both beamlines (Large Quad) and the replacement of existing 21Q40 Quads with 'Narrow Quads' having identical fields as the existing design are Fermilab's responsibility. The design of these magnets poses unique challenges, as in addition to the high requirements on the quality of magnetic fields, they are subject to major restrictions related to their dimensions.
Chernenok, V. [Fermilab] (ORCID:0009000778148215)↗
HSR transition jump optics in the September 2022 layout
Transition is crossed during acceleration in the Hadron Storage Ring (HSR) for all species other than protons. A first-order transition jump scheme manipulates the value of the optical quantity γ T and distorts the optics of the HSR around the time that the beam energy γ beam crosses the nominal transition value γ T 0 . The jump scheme in the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) uses 48 jump quads, driven by 12 bi-polar power supplies that each drive 4 quads in series. Ten of those 48 are eliminated in the preliminary September 2022 HSR layout (EIC-HSR-220921a) that was developed from RHIC with no initial regard for transition crossing. This note analyzes the performance of the 38-quad HSR scheme, by comparison with the 48-quad RHIC scheme. It is concerned only with optics – the manipulation and response of Twiss functions and related quantities – and not with beams. This evaluation is a necessary first step before enhancing the transition jump scheme to restore RHIC performance in the HSR. Eventually full beam simulations of transition crossing need to be performed.
43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
Batch VUV4 characterization for the SBC-LAr10 scintillating bubble chamber
The Scintillating Bubble Chamber (SBC) collaboration purchased 32 Hamamatsu VUV4 silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs) for use in SBC-LAr10, a bubble chamber containing 10 kg of liquid argon. A dark-count characterization technique, which avoids the use of a single-photon source, was used at two temperatures to measure the VUV4 SiPMs breakdown voltage (V BD ), the SiPM gain (g SiPM ), the rate of change of g SiPM with respect to voltage (m), the dark count rate (DCR), and the probability of a correlated avalanche (P CA ) as well as the temperature coefficients of these parameters. A Peltier-based chilled vacuum chamber was developed at Queen's University to cool down the Quads to 233.15 ± 0.2 K and 255.15 ± 0.2 K with average stability of ±20 mK. An analysis framework was developed to estimate V BD to tens of mV precision and DCR close to Poissonian error. The temperature dependence of V BD was found to be 56 ± 2 mV K -1 , and m on average across all Quads was found to be (459 ± 3(stat.)±23(sys.))× 10 3 e- PE -1 V -1 . The average DCR temperature coefficient was estimated to be 0.099 ± 0.008 K -1 corresponding to a reduction factor of 7 for every 20 K drop in temperature. The average temperature dependence of P CA was estimated to be 4000 ± 1000 ppm K -1 . P CA estimated from the average across all SiPMs is a better estimator than the P CA calculated from individual SiPMs, for all of the other parameters, the opposite is true. All the estimated parameters were measured to the precision required for SBC-LAr10, and the Quads will be used in conditions to optimize the signal-to-noise ratio.
46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
The STRong lensing Insights into the Dark Energy Survey (STRIDES) 2017/2018 follow-up campaign: discovery of 10 lensed quasars and 10 quasar pairs
Here, we report the results of the STRong lensing Insights into the Dark Energy Survey (STRIDES) follow-up campaign of the late 2017/early 2018 season. We obtained spectra of 65 lensed quasar candidates with ESO Faint Object Spectrograph and Camera 2 on the NTT and Echellette Spectrograph and Imager on Keck, confirming 10 new lensed quasars and 10 quasar pairs. Eight lensed quasars are doubly imaged with source redshifts between 0.99 and 2.90, one is triply imaged (DESJ0345-2545, z = 1.68), and one is quadruply imaged (quad: DESJ0053-2012, z = 3.8). Singular isothermal ellipsoid models for the doubles, based on high-resolution imaging from SAMI on Southern Astrophysical Research Telescope or Near InfraRed Camera 2 on Keck, give total magnifications between 3.2 and 5.6, and Einstein radii between 0.49 and 1.97 arcsec. After spectroscopic follow-up, we extract multi-epoch grizY photometry of confirmed lensed quasars and contaminant quasar + star pairs from DES data using parametric multiband modelling, and compare variability in each system’s components. By measuring the reduced χ 2 associated with fitting all epochs to the same magnitude, we find a simple cut on the less variable component that retains all confirmed lensed quasars, while removing 94 per cent of contaminant systems. Based on our spectroscopic follow-up, this variability information improves selection of lensed quasars and quasar pairs from 34-45 per cent to 51–70 per cent, with most remaining contaminants being star-forming galaxies. Using mock lensed quasar light curves we demonstrate that selection based only on variability will over-represent the quad fraction by 10 per cent over a complete DES magnitude-limited sample, explained by the magnification bias and hence lower luminosity/more variable sources in quads.
79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
Finding quadruply imaged quasars with machine learning – I. Methods
ABSTRACT Strongly lensed quadruply imaged quasars (quads) are extraordinary objects. They are very rare in the sky and yet they provide unique information about a wide range of topics, including the expansion history and the composition of the Universe, the distribution of stars and dark matter in galaxies, the host galaxies of quasars, and the stellar initial mass function. Finding them in astronomical images is a classic ‘needle in a haystack’ problem, as they are outnumbered by other (contaminant) sources by many orders of magnitude. To solve this problem, we develop state-of-the-art deep learning methods and train them on realistic simulated quads based on real images of galaxies taken from the Dark Energy Survey, with realistic source and deflector models, including the chromatic effects of microlensing. The performance of the best methods on a mixture of simulated and real objects is excellent, yielding area under the receiver operating curve in the range of 0.86–0.89. Recall is close to 100 per cent down to total magnitude i ∼ 21 indicating high completeness, while precision declines from 85 per cent to 70 per cent in the range i ∼ 17–21. The methods are extremely fast: training on 2 million samples takes 20 h on a GPU machine, and 108 multiband cut-outs can be evaluated per GPU-hour. The speed and performance of the method pave the way to apply it to large samples of astronomical sources, bypassing the need for photometric pre-selection that is likely to be a major cause of incompleteness in current samples of known quads.
79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
A 40 Gbps Optical Transceiver for Particle Physics Experiments
We present the design and the test results of a quad-channel optical transceiver module (QTRx) possibly for future particle physics experiments. The transmitters of QTRx, each at 10 Gbps, are based on a Quad-channel VCSEL Diode array Driver (QLDD) and 1 x 4 VCSEL array. The receivers of QTRx, with data rates of 2.56 Gbps or 10 Gbps per channel, are based on a Quad-channel Trans-Impedance and limiting Amplifier (QTIA) and 1 x 4 photodiode array of GaAs or InGaAs. QTRx is 20 mm x 10 mm x 5 mm and couples to an MT fiber connector. Test results indicate that QTRx achieves the design goals with a power consumption of 124 mW per transmitter channel at 10 Gbps and 120 mW at 2.56 Gbps for the receiver channel with an on-chip charge pump. The sensitivities of QTIA are -17 dBm at 2.56 Gbps and -8 dBm at 10 Gbps, respectively. Further improvements with a gold-finger interface and a more compact optical lens are being designed.
46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
A scalable framework for efficient coupling of thermal and microstructural simulations in additive manufacturing
Predicting microstructure evolution in metal additive manufacturing (AM) is important for process optimization, but spatiotemporal scale disparities between thermal transport and microstructure evolution create significant challenges for efficient data transfer between simulation codes. To address this, we present Stork, a scalable framework for coupling thermal and microstructural simulations. Stork uses a sparse data representation to identify and store active solidification sub-volumes, enabling highly parallel quad-linear interpolation from coarse thermal grids to fine microstructure grids without large intermediate storage. We demonstrate the framework by coupling the semi-analytic heat transfer code 3DThesis with the time-parallel cellular automata code Toucan. This approach achieves over two orders of magnitude reduction in data generation time and file size compared to prior workflows. Numerical studies show that quad-linear interpolation preserves grain morphology and crystallographic texture in laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) simulations for coarsening ratios up to 16. Overall, Stork provides a scalable pathway for high-throughput, component-scale AM simulations on modern high-performance computing systems.
36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
Specular reflections (“glint”) of the inner beams in a gas-filled cylindrical hohlraum
Herein we report on the experimental measurement of specular reflection (“glint”) of laser beams off the hohlraum wall in inertial confinement fusion experiments at the National Ignition Facility. In a hohlraum, glinted light can escape the opposite laser entrance hole of the hohlraum and is a potential laser energy loss mechanism. The total measured glint on the inner cones of beams is measured to be less than 8 TW (when using the full National Ignition Facility laser), which is <2% of incident peak power. The simulated x-ray flux exceeds the measurement by 10%–20%, and glinted laser light is unable to account for this discrepancy. Similar inner beam glint was measured for ρ = 0.3 and 0.6 mg/cc gas fill hohlraums, but no glint was detected for 1.2 mg/cc densities. Inner beam glint is dominated by the lowest angle 21.5 beams within a 23.5 quad, and it is at most 30% sensitive to different quad polarization arrangements.
70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
3D simulations of inertial confinement fusion implosions part 1: inline modeling of polarized cross beam energy transfer and subsequent drive anomalies on OMEGA and NIF
Inertial confinement fusion experiments are sensitive to cross-beam energy transfer (CBET), a laser-plasma instability that redistributes laser energy in the coronal plasma through self-generated ion acoustic wave (IAW) gratings. The detailed CBET coupling depends on the polarization state of the crossing wavefields. CBET itself can also scramble the beam polarizations by inducing ellipticity through the IAW grating, and rotating the seed polarization toward that of the pump. We develop a ray-based model that describes the polarized CBET coupling and that is compatible with the framework of 3D inline radiative hydrodynamics simulations. The model is implemented in the ASTER/IFRIIT code and verified against an academic test case and an offline polarized CBET post-processor. It is then applied to the detailed configuration of the distributed polarization rotator system on OMEGA, where results highlight how polarized CBET induces significant low modes in the collisional absorption source term. Finally, the modeling is applied to a simple indirect-drive configuration, comparing CBET calculations with 96 unpolarized or polarized beams with 24 unpolarized quads. It is shown that these cases produce similar power amplification per cone of beams grouped with similar polar angles. However, the 96 beam geometry itself is found to reduce azimuthal variations in quad power after the interaction and favors beams with larger polar angles within the cones, an effect that is amplified by the polarized CBET. Application of the model to inline calculations of OMEGA implosions are presented in a companion paper.
3D inline modeling↗
Bringing Automated Fault Detection and Diagnostics Tools for HVAC&R Into the Mainstream
Heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems consume over 5 quads of energy annually, representing 30% of energy consumption in the U.S. commercial buildings. Additionally, commercial refrigeration (R) systems add about 1 quad to commercial buildings energy consumption. Most HVAC systems operate with one or more faults that result in increased energy consumption. Fault detection and diagnostics (FDD) tools have been developed to address this national issue, and many tools are commercially available. FDD tools have the potential to save considerable energy for an existing commercial rooftop unit (RTU) and refrigeration systems. These devices can be used for both retro commissioning and, when faults are addressed, continuous commissioning. However, there appears to be multiple market barriers for this technology. Although there are efforts to develop FDD tool standards, currently there are no standards and methods to define functions, capabilities, accuracy, and reliability of FDD tools in the field. Moreover, most of the commercial FDD tools have not been verified in the field independently. This paper presents a comprehensive approach for bringing HVAC FDD tools into the mainstream. The approach involves demonstrating ten commercially available FDD tools installed at ten different sites, independent testing and evaluation of the FDD tools, communication with various stakeholders, identifying and assessing market barriers, creating a process evaluation methodology, and assisting utility companies in developing incentive programs. Furthermore, the preliminary baseline results from the case study demonstrate how the use of an independent monitoring system (IMS) can be used for ground-truth in evaluating FDD tools in the field.
32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗
IIA Incremental Interval Assignment
IIA is a solver for optimizing integer matrix problems Ax=b. It was developed to decide the number of mesh edges on model curves (intervals) for quad and hex meshing. Meshing schemes impose constraints ranging from the mild requirement (i.e. that any quad mesh must have an even number of edges on its boundary) to structured mapped patches where opposite sides of a rectangle must have exactly equal numbers of edges. Sandia National Laboratories is a multimission laboratory managed and operated by National Technology & Engineering Solutions of Sandia, LLC, a wholly owned subsidiary of Honeywell International Inc., for the U.S. Department of Energy’s National Nuclear Security Administration under contract DE-NA0003525. SAND2020-13618 M
MItchell, Scott↗
ANL Design Team Analysis: Transportable Modular Reactor by Balance of Plant Elimination
HolosGen LLC is developing “Holos-Quad” a transportable gas-cooled reactor, with integral load following power conversion systems equipping subcritical power modules (SPMs), fully comprised within standard transport containers. The design eliminates the Balance of Plant (BoP) and greatly simplifies the design layout. A closed-loop full Brayton gas thermodynamic cycle converts the fuel cartridges thermal energy into electricity. This ARPA-E project utilizes advanced reactor modeling tools and manufacturing-testing of a scaled SPM equipped with a surrogate fuel cartridge to eliminate the most significant technology gaps to accelerate commercialization. The Argonne Design Team contributes to the research by demonstrating feasibility of various aspects of the Holos-Quad design by performing high-fidelity neutronic modeling, and investigating various reactivity control systems. This work consists of two main tasks: evaluation of HolosGen’s design features and alternative options study for reactivity control.
21 SPECIFIC NUCLEAR REACTORS AND ASSOCIATED PLANTS↗
The Low-Yield Nuclear Monitoring (LYNM) Experimental Science Plan
The Low-Yield Nuclear Monitoring (LYNM) Program is a long-term NNSA research and development effort designed to improve the United States’ explosion monitoring capabilities, particularly with respect to low-yield and potentially evasive underground nuclear testing. The LYNM Program focuses on researching, discovering, and exploiting unique and useful signatures, from all available technologies and sensors (e.g., seismic, acoustic, electromagnetic, gases, and particulates (both stable and radioactive)). Four Department of Energy laboratories participate in LYNM and together are referred to as the ‘quad-lab’. The R&D program execution is performed under NNSA defined structures known as “ventures”. Four science ventures were established: 1) Explosion Source Functions; 2) Containment of Low-Yield Underground Tests; 3) Local Signatures; 4) Dynamic Monitoring Networks. To organize and execute the large field scale experiment a fifth venture was established: 5) Physics Experiment One (PE-1). As part of the LYNM Program, a series of experiments are planned at various scales and levels of venture involvement. These vary from those that involve a subset of labs and/or LYNM ventures (e.g., small experiments), to full quad-lab LYNM Program field-scale integrated experiments. Such experiments may involve chemical explosions with tracer materials or other means of simulating the expected signals from a nuclear explosion. The LYNM Program does not conduct actual nuclear explosions. Since 1992, the U.S. has observed a moratorium on underground nuclear explosions. This document is intended to provide the underlying scientific basis for the LYNM planned experimental work. Each specific LYNM experiment will develop a goals, objectives, and requirements (GOR) plan following the guidance in this document. The LYNM technical staff will define the numbers and types of experiments required over the course of the Program based on technical needs and within funding constraints. As with any scientific experiment series, the number and types of experiments may change based upon the experimental results obtained. An experiment that agrees with models/codes/software signature predictions may need fewer repetitions/variations, depending upon the level of statistical rigor desired, as compared to one in which the predictions and experimental data do not match. The large LYNM field-scale integrated experiments require the longest lead-time for planning, and these are discussed in more detail near the end of this document.
58 GEOSCIENCES↗
Energy and economic impacts of U.S. federal energy and water conservation standards adopted from 1987 through 2024
This paper presents estimates of the key impacts of U.S. national energy and water conservation standards adopted from 1987 through 2024. The standards for consumer products, commercial and industrial equipment, lighting products, and plumbing products include those set by legislation as well as standards adopted by the Department of Energy (DOE) through rulemaking. In 2024 alone, these standards are estimated to have saved an estimated 6.0 quads of primary energy, which is equivalent to 6.5% of total U.S. energy consumption, and 1.7 trillion gallons of water, which is equivalent to approximately 12% of the annual water withdrawals for public supply in the U.S in 2015. The estimated reduction in CO 2 emissions associated with the standards in 2024 was 270 million metric tons, which is equivalent to 5.6% of total annual U.S. CO 2 emissions from energy consumption. The annual savings in operating costs for households and businesses totaled $\$$105 billion, and the average household saved $\$$576 in operating costs as a result of standards on residential appliances and plumbing products. The estimated cumulative past and future energy and water savings from these standards amount to 307 quads of energy and almost 53 trillion gallons of water. The estimated cumulative CO 2 emissions reduction from the standards come to 10.3 billion metric tons. Accounting for the increased upfront costs of more-efficient products and the energy and water cost savings over the products’ lifetime, the standards have a cumulative net present value of benefit of $\$$3.2 trillion using 3 percent discount rate and $\$$3.5 trillion using 7 percent discount rate when discounting past and future benefits to 2024.
29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗
Performance of the AstroPix Prototype Module for the Barrel Imaging Calorimeter at the ePIC Detector and in Space-Based Payloads
AstroPix is a high-voltage CMOS (HV-CMOS) monolithic active pixel sensor originally developed to enable precision gamma-ray imaging and spectroscopy in the medium-energy regime (~100 keV–100 MeV) based on the groundwork laid by ATLASpix and MuPix. It features a 500 μm pixel pitch, in-pixel amplification and digitization, and low power consumption (~3-4 mW/cm2), making it scalable for large-area, multilayer telescope detector planes. The detectors have a designed dynamic range of 25 keV to 700 keV. With these features, AstroPix meets the requirements of future space-based high-energy telescopes and the imaging layers of the Barrel Imaging Calorimeter (BIC) in the Electron-Proton/Ion Collider (ePIC) detector at the future Electron-Ion Collider (EIC). For the space-based payload, AstroPix is being integrated into sounding rocket and balloon payloads to demonstrate the technical readiness of the devices. For BIC, AstroPix-based imaging layers interleaved within the lead/scintillating-fiber (Pb/SciFi) sampling calorimeter provide granular shower imaging, enabling key performance features such as electron/pion or gamma/neutral pion separation. As part of the ongoing detector R&D efforts, we have been testing various AstroPix_v3 configurations: the single chip, a quad-chip assembly, a three-layer stack of quad chips, and a 9-chip module that represents the smallest prototype unit of the BIC imaging layer. This presentation will highlight recent performance test results from these AstroPix detector configurations.
Kim, Bobae (ORCID:0000000295396815)↗