Space station/base food system study Contract summary report
Developing realistic mission models for food system to sustain spacecrew for extended periods of time
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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.
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MSC Apollo 13 investigation team. Panel 2 - Flight crew observations Final report
Summary of actions taken by Apollo 13 spacecrew following explosion in oxygen tank
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Handbook of garment and accessory systems selection criteria for a space station
Criteria for evaluation of spacecrew garment systems, garment support systems, and space vehicle accessory items
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Extravehicular tunnel suit system Patent
Design and development of flexible tunnel for use by spacecrews in performing extravehicular activities
Kosmo, J. J.↗
Astronaut/computer communication study Final report
Vocabulary for spacecrew communication with spaceborne computers with graphic display devices
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Orbital escape device Patent
Development and characteristics of inflatable structure to provide escape from orbit for spacecrews under emergency conditions
Johnson, C. C.↗
Respiration, respiratory metabolism and energy consumption under weightless conditions
Changes in the physiological indices of respiration, respiratory metabolism and energy consumption in spacecrews under weightlessness conditions manifest themselves in increased metabolic rates, higher pulmonary ventilation volume, oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide elimination, energy consumption levels in proportion to reduction in neuroemotional and psychic stress, adaptation to weightlessness and work-rest cycles, and finally in a relative stabilization of metabolic processes due to hemodynamic shifts.
Kasyan, I. I.↗
Effect of weightlessness on mineral saturation of bone tissue
X-ray photometry of bone density established dynamic changes in mineral saturation of bone tissues for Soyuz spacecraft and Salyut orbital station crews. Calcaneus optical bone densities in all crew members fell below initial values; an increase in spacecrew exposure time to weightlessness conditions also increased the degree of decalcification. Demineralization under weightlessness conditions took place at a higher rate than under hypodynamia.
Krasnykh, I. G.↗
Toxicological aspects of the Skylab program
A current state-of-the-art trace gas removal technology is demonstrated that provides for carbon monoxide removal through an outgassing screening program for nonmetallic materials of the Skylab cabin interior. Material selection included both outgassing data and LD sub 50 information, as well as chemical analyses on pyrolysis products to prevent toxic inhalation exposures of spacecrews.
Rippstein, W. J., Jr.↗
The effects of prolonged exposure to weightlessness on postural equilibrium
A postflight postural equilibrium rail tests on spacecrews was used to prove a pronounced decrement in ability to maintain an upright posture after prolonged exposure to weightlessness. Support for the hypothesis that central neural reorganization occurs in response to environmental change is obtained when postflight decrease in stability on the rails and the time course for recovery are compared with preflight performance.
Homick, J. L.↗
Physiological mass measurements in Skylab
A spring-mass oscillator constrained to linear motion was used to measure astronaut weight during Skylab mission. Plots of spacecrew body weights, preflight and postflight, and inflight equivalent weight measurements indicate high in-flight metabolic costs with weight losses under weightlessness conditions.
Thornton, W. E.↗
Muscular deconditioning and its prevention in space flight
Exercise and exercise devices on Skylab missions prevented muscle loss in spacecrews. It is concluded that muscle in space is no different from muscle on earth; if it is properly nourished and exercised at reasonable load levels, it maintains its function under weightlessness conditions.
Thornton, W. E.↗
NASA Facts. An Educational Publication of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration: Space Shuttle
The versatility of space shuttle, its heat shieldings, principal components, and facilities for various operations are described as well as the accomodations for the spacecrew and experiments. The capabilities of an improved space suit and a personal rescue enclosure containing life support and communication systems are highlighted. A typical mission is described.
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Experiments with optical instruments
Photography was used to document known defects of the periscopic instrument used to check spacecrews in the descent module of the Soyuz T-4. The screen of the altitude control unit was also photographed and revealed glare in the central field of vision. A light filter was installed in the peripheral window to observe the Sun and horizon of the Earth. Checking attitude control by means of polaroids enabled a 5 further advance (500 km) into the zone of shadow. The attitude control unit was used to check the orbital orientation with respect to the vertical during the night segment of flight. A lens screen was used for the emission glow of the atmosphere at an altitude of about 100 km. Docking of the Soyuz T-4 was observed by means of an onboard display, a television camera, and a sighting device. From a distance of about 5 km, the space station could be seen as a bright dot in the sighting device. Docking occurred in shadow.
Savinykh, V.↗
Contamination control for increased crew productivity
Contamination control methods that contribute to increased spacecrew productivity are examined in detail. Space station contaminant sources in the water and in the air are described.
Heppner, D. B.↗
The human role in space (THURIS)
An overview of the human role in space station activities is presented. Associated factors such as performance cost, and risk are discussed. Benefits gained from previous successful manned space missions are highlighted. Human qualifications and capabilities associated with man machine systems are explored. Candidate procedures to be carried out by extravehicular activity spacecrews are described.
Wolbers, H. L.↗
Habitability sleep accommodations
Schematic outlines are presented with various design requirements for the accommodation of the spacecrew of Space Stations. The primary concern is for sleeping accommodations. Some other general requirements given are for a rest place, entertainment, dressing area, personal item stowage, body restraint, total privacy, external viewing, and grooming provisions. Several plans are given for sleep quarters concepts.
Fisher, H. T.↗
Human factors - Man-machine symbiosis in space
The relation between man and machine in space is studied. Early spaceflight and the goal of establishing a permanent space presence are described. The need to consider the physiological, psychological, and social integration of humans for each space mission is examined. Human factors must also be considered in the design of spacecraft. The effective utilization of man and machine capabilities, and research in anthropometry and biomechanics aimed at determining the limitations of spacecrews are discussed.
Brown, Jeri W.↗