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This data set contains ice nucleating particle (INP) measurements, using Colorado State University’s (CSU) Ice Spectrometer (IS) of samples collected during the Multidisciplinary Drifting Observatory for the Study of Arctic Climate (MOSAiC) field campaign. Samples were collected from five different media: aerosol filters, meltwater, ice cores, snow pits, and bulk sea water (BSW).
This dataset contains the chemistry data of surface water and porewater samples collected from a wetland, referred to as The Cove, at Old Woman Creek Estuarine Research Reserve in Huron, OH. Surface and pore water samples were taken to analyze what nutrient and/or metal constituents were present at different depths in the wetland at different times and to compare to redox potential values. Porewater was collected by constructed sippers and deployed into the underlying soil of the wetland, and they were samples approximately every 2 weeks (when groundwater was present) in 2023. Surface water was collected approximately 1 inch below the surface of the water column (if available) via a syringe. Unfiltered and 0.45 micron filtered samples were collected. Samples were analyzed for various chemistry and is reported in the SWChem (surface water chemistry) and PWChem (porewater chemistry) .csv datafiles. Collection information about the samples can be found within the PWChem_SWChem_SampleMetdata.csv file. All files associated with this dataset are listed in the PWChem_SWChem_FLMD.csv file.
This data set contains metadata associated with shrub-layer vegetation samples collected from the Spruce and Peatland Responses Under Changing Environments (SPRUCE) experiment in August 2025. This sample metadata contains no analytical results and is a reference for analytical datasets. To ensure accessibility and discoverability, each sample was assigned an International Generic Sample Number (IGSN), a persistent identifier, using System for Earth and Extraterrestrial Sample Registration (SESAR). These samples were used for downstream analysis by multiple teams of researchers the results of which will be reported separately. This dataset contains one data file in comma separate (.csv) format. Additional metadata are provided: one data dictionary and a file-level metadata file in comma separate (.csv) format and a user guide in PDF (*.pdf) format. An aliquot of most samples is stored in the SPRUCE archive and may be available for further analysis by request. See below under 7 Sample Access. Access this collection event on SESAR https://doi.org/10.58052/IEJ9B069L. To inquire about obtaining archived samples for analysis, reach out using the Contact Sample Owner form located on the bottom of the landing page in SESAR.
ABSTRACT Proliferation ofVibriospp. in aquatic ecosystems is associated with climate change and, concomitantly, increased incidence of vibriosis. They are autochthonous to aquatic environments globally, but traditional metagenomic methods for detecting and typing pathogenicVibriospp. are challenged by their presence in relatively low abundance and ability to persist in a viable but nonculturable state. In the study reported here, hybridization capture sequencing (HCS) was employed to profile low-abundanceVibriospp. in environmental samples. The HCS panel targeted a family of molecular chaperones (CPN60) specific to 69Vibriospp. and 162Vibrio-specific virulence factors. This approach was evaluated in parallel with traditional whole-community shotgun sequencing in a metagenomic analysis of water and oyster samples collected from the Chesapeake Bay. In addition,Vibrio parahaemolyticusandVibrio vulnificusstrains isolated from the samples were subjected to whole-genome sequencing to determine the genetic characteristics of pathogenicVibriospp. circulating in an aquatic environment. HCS, employed to determine the incidence and characterization of specificVibriospp., yielded significantly greater metagenomic insight, notably a variety of otherVibriospp., including detection ofVibrio cholerae,Vibrio fluvialis, andVibrio aestuarianus, in addition toVibrio parahaemolyticusandVibrio vulnificus, and also important virulence factors not detectable using traditional molecular methods. Thus, pathogenicVibriospp. in aquatic ecosystems may be far more common than currently understood. It is concluded that environmental surveillance should include HCS, a valuable tool for the detection and characterization of pathogenic agents in aquatic ecosystems, notably vibrios. IMPORTANCE The increasing prevalence of pathogenicVibriospp. in aquatic ecosystems, driven by climate change, is closely linked to a rise in cholera and vibriosis cases, emphasizing the need for improved environmental surveillance. Vibrios are naturally occurring in aquatic environments globally, but traditional metagenomic methods for detecting and typing pathogenicVibriospp. are challenged by their presence in relatively low abundance and ability to persist in a viable but nonculturable state. In the study reported here, hybridization capture sequencing was employed to profile low-abundanceVibriospp. in metagenomic samples, namely water and oysters collected from the Chesapeake Bay. This approach was evaluated in parallel with traditional whole-community shotgun sequencing and whole-genome sequencing ofVibrio parahaemolyticusandVibrio vulnificusstrains isolated from the samples. Results suggest pathogenicVibriospp. in aquatic ecosystems may be far more common than currently understood, when multiple methods are considered for environmental surveillance.
Laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-time-of-flight-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-TOF-MS) was employed to rapidly analyze environmental particle samples collected using aerosol contaminate extractors (ACE). The ACE particle collectors were placed at various distances (0.5, 1.3, and 4.5 km) from a source that released Ru-bearing particles. Samples for measurement were then generated (as sub-samples) from the ACE collection plates via particle “lift off” with gunshot residue (GSR) tabs. The LA-ICP-TOF-MS method was employed such that 10+ samples could be analyzed in a single unattended analytical session. A 3 × 1 mm area of individual GSR tab samples were analyzed in less than 30 minutes. This provided spatially resolved elemental and isotopic measurements of the particulate content and confirmed the presence of Ru-bearing particles within the complex background environmental particle loading. As anticipated, measurements showed collectors closest to the source had the highest concentration of the released Ru-bearing particles, while all collectors, regardless of distance, contained similar levels of background particles (e.g., Fe and Sr). Sequential scanning electron microscopy – automated particle analysis (SEM-APA) and LA-ICP-TOF-MS analysis was employed for method validation and a demonstration of the multi-modal approach. The same 2-dimensional region was analyzed by both methods and the particles identified via SEM-APA were also detected using LA-ICP-TOF-MS, with 100% accuracy. Overall, LA-ICP-TOF-MS demonstrated its utility for rapid elemental and isotopic particle analysis from environmental air samples.
The US Department of Energy (DOE) Forensics Operations (DFO) is a member of the Ground Collections Task Force (GCTF), which is responsible for sample collection of radiological debris for attribution should a nuclear detonation ever occur in the United States. The DFO runs the Defense Land Fallout Interpretive Code (DELFIC) Fallout Planning Tool to predict the deposition of fallout from a nuclear detonation. This prediction is refined using the DELFIC Updater tool, which takes ground measurements and adjusts DELFIC inputs to minimize the difference between prediction and observation, yielding improved predictions of fallout in locations both measured and not yet measured. Samoa, a framework for uncertainty analysis and optimization, is used to improve DELFIC predictive fallout modeling. This new capability using Samoa, dubbed “Samoa Updater,” is compared with the current DELFIC Updater, a brute-force sampling approach. Samoa Updater uses the Levenberg– Marquardt (LM) method, a gradient-based nonlinear least squares approach that uses the functional shape of the input space to increase optimization speed. In simulated test cases Samoa Updater yields faster and more accurate solutions than the current Updater.
Abstract Agricultural runoff often contains P in dissolved and sediment‐bound forms, decreasing surface water quality. No‐till and cover cropping conservation practices have been recommended for reducing erosion and nutrient loss from cropping systems. The overall aims of this study were to characterize and evaluate the effects of fertilizer (placement and source) and cover crop management on P speciation in surface runoff sediments and source soil. In 2014, a field‐scale experiment was established in a no‐till, corn (Zea maysL.)–soybean (Glycine maxL.) cropping system with two cover crop treatments (with and without a winter crop; winter wheat [Triticum aestivumL.], rapeseed [Brassica napusL.], hairy vetch [Vicia villosaRoth], winter triticale [×Triticosecale Wittm.], and cereal rye [Secale cerealeL.]) and three P fertilizer management treatments (no P, fall broadcast diammonium phosphate, and spring subsurface injected ammonium polyphosphate). Phosphorus fractionation in the source soil collected in the fall of 2019 and sediment samples collected throughout 2020 were analyzed using a modified sequential P extraction method to evaluate the cumulative effects of imposing the treatment factors over 5 years. The direct P speciation was done using X‐ray absorption near edge structure spectroscopy. The indirect P speciation (fractionation) results showed that the management practices affected the exchangeable, organic matter‐associated, and Fe‐bound P fractions in sediments and the exchangeable and residual fractions in source soil. Direct P speciation results showed a depletion of Fe‐associated P in soil and sediment from cover crop treatment, suggesting that Fe‐associated P species were affected by cover crops. Changes in soil and runoff sediment P speciation would change the proportions and forms of soluble and particulate P in runoff sediments and may influence P bioavailability in aquatic ecosystems. Developing P fertilizer and cropping system management options with an understanding of soil P transformations helps maintain environmental sustainability.
On 24 September 2023, the Origins, Spectral Interpretation, Resource Identification, and Security-Regolith Explorer sample return capsule (SRC) entered Earth’s atmosphere after successfully collecting samples from an asteroid. The known trajectory and timing of this return provided a rare opportunity to strategically instrument sites to record geophysical signals produced by the capsule because it travelled at hypersonic speeds through the atmosphere. For this work, we deployed two distributed acoustic sensing (DAS) interrogators to sample over 12 km of surface-draped fiber-optic cables, as well as six collocated seismometer-infrasound sensor pairs, spread across two sites near Eureka, Nevada. This campaign-style rapid deployment is the first reported recording of an SRC re-entry with any distributed fiber-optic sensing technology. The DAS interrogators recorded an impulsive arrival with an extended coda which had features that were similar to recordings from both the seismometers and infrasound sensors. While the signal-to-noise ratio of the DAS data was lower than the seismic-infrasound data, the extremely dense spacing of fiber-optic sensors allowed for more phases to be clearly distinguished and the visualization of the continuous transformation of the wavefront as it impacted the ground. Unexpectedly, the DAS recordings contain less low-frequency content than is present in both the seismic and infrasound data. The deployment conditions strongly affected the recorded DAS data; in particular, we observed that fiber selection and placement exert strong controls on data quality.
Measurements of multiple cosmogenic nuclides in a single sample are valuable for various applications of cosmogenic nuclide exposure dating and allow for correcting exposure ages for surface weathering and erosion and establishing exposure–burial history. Here we provide advances in the measurement of cosmogenic 10 Be in pyroxene and constraints on the production rate that provide new opportunities for measurements of multi-nuclide systems, such as 10 Be/ 3 He, in pyroxene-bearing samples. We extracted and measured cosmogenic 10 Be in pyroxene from two sets of Ferrar Dolerite samples collected from the Transantarctic Mountains in Antarctica. One set of samples has 10 Be concentrations close to saturation, which allows for the production rate calibration of 10 Be in pyroxene by assuming production–decay equilibrium. The other set of samples, which has a more recent exposure history, is used to determine if a rapid fusion method can be successfully applied to samples with Holocene to Last Glacial Maximum exposure ages. From measured 10 Be concentrations in the near-saturation sample set we find the production rate of 10 Be in pyroxene to be 3.74 ± 0.10 atoms g -1 yr -1 , which is consistent with 10 Be/ 3 He paired nuclide ratios from samples assumed to have simple exposure. Given the high 10 Be concentration measured in this sample set, a sample mass of ~ 0.5 g of pyroxene is sufficient for the extraction of cosmogenic 10 Be from pyroxene using a rapid fusion method. However, for the set of samples that have low 10 Be concentrations, measured concentrations were higher than expected. We attribute spuriously high 10 Be concentrations to failure in removing all meteoric 10 Be and/or a highly variable and poorly quantified procedural blank background correction.
This dataset contains the chemistry data of soil samples collected from a wetland, referred to as The Cove, at Old Woman Creek Estuarine Research Reserve in Huron, OH. Soil core extractions were performed to analyze what nutrient and/or metal constituents were present at different depths and what biogeochemical activity this could indicate. Three soil cores were collected at three locations within The Cove. The soil cores were removed from their core tubing and were cut into 4 segments down the length (or depth) of the core: top to 1-inch deep, from 1 inch to 5 inches, 5 inches to 7 inches, and 7 inches to the bottom of the core (approximately 10 inches). These soils segments were each homogenized and sub-sampled for various chemical analyses. Soil chemistry measurements are reported in the SoilChem_DataTable.csv file. Collection information about the samples can be found within the SoilChem_SampleMetdata.csv file. All files associated with this dataset are listed in the SoilChem_FLMD.csv file.
Abstract. Reports on the composition of ultrafine particles (<100 nm in diameter) in the Amazon are scarce, due in part to the fact that new-particle formation has rarely been observed near ground level. Ultrafine particles near the surface have nevertheless been observed, leaving open questions regarding the sources and chemistry of their formation and growth, particularly as these vary across seasons. Here, we present measurements of the composition of ultrafine particles collected in the Tapajós National Forest (2.857° S, 54.959° W) during three different seasonal periods: 10–30 September 2016 (SEP), 18 November–23 December 2016 (DEC), and 22 May–21 June 2017 (JUN). Size-selected (5–70 nm) particles were collected daily (for 22 h each day) using an offline sampler. Samples collected during the three time periods were compiled and analyzed using liquid chromatography coupled with Orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry. Our findings suggest a sustained influence of isoprene organosulfate chemistry on ultrafine particles from the different periods. We present chemical evidence that indicates that biological-spore fragmentation impacted ultrafine-particle composition during the late wet season (JUN), while chemical markers for biomass burning and secondary chemistry peaked during the dry season (SEP and DEC). Higher oxidation states and degrees of unsaturation were observed for organics in the dry season (SEP and DEC), suggesting greater extents of aerosol aging. Finally, applying a volatility parameterization to the observed compounds suggests that organic sulfur species are likely key drivers of new-particle growth in the region due to their low volatility compared to other species.
The calendar year 2023 annual sampling letter report presents Plan implementation and a summary of field activities, sampling methods, well completion diagrams, and analytical laboratory results from sampling of wells associated with the Pahute Mesa CAUs. The CY 2023 letter report also presents data from samples collected from Well ER-EC-11_p3 as part of a sampling investigation. This well was resampled because of anomalously low standard tritium (3H) results from bailer sampling that occurred in July 2021.
Coastal cities offer a unique environment for studying aerosol-cloud interactions and the effects of urban emissions on cloud properties. As part of the Eastern Pacific Cloud Aerosol Precipitation Experiment (EPCAPE), the Partitioning Thrust by Los Alamos National Laboratory (EPCAPE-PT-LANL) was conducted. Our campaign focused on measuring the optical and chemical properties of aerosols and their interactions within marine stratocumulus clouds in La Jolla, California. EPCAPE-PT-LANL enhances the primary goals of EPCAPE through innovative observations of vapor-phase transitions between aerosols and cloud droplets, the impact of black carbon on aerosol-cloud dynamics, and the effects of cloud processing on aerosol optical properties. Instrument: Ground based counter flow virtual impactor (Brechtel Inc) Data Notes: A factor of 6.7 needs to be applied to all cloud droplet residual concentration to correct the enhancement of the concentration because all the residual samples collected at 100 lpm were delivered into the 15 lpm of CVI sample flow. [https://amt.copernicus.org/articles/5/1259/2012/amt-5-1259-2012.html] Header: - Visibility[m]: The atmospheric visibility at the time of measurement, expressed in meters. - QualityControl_Flag[bool]: A boolean flag indicating whether the measurement passed quality control checks. - Temperature[C]: The ambient temperature at the time of the measurement, expressed in degrees Celsius. - CVI_Flag[bool]: A boolean flag indicating whether the Counterflow Virtual Impactor (CVI) was active (true) or inactive (false) during the measurement. - RelativeHumidity[%]: The relative humidity at the time of the measurement, expressed as a percentage
Lichens are symbiotic organisms with unique secondary metabolism. Various metabolites from lichens have shown antimicrobial activity. Nevertheless, very few studies have investigated the antimicrobial potential of the volatile compounds they produce. This study investigates the chemical composition and antimicrobial properties of volatile compounds from Pseudevernia furfuracea collected in two regions of Morocco. Hydrodistillation was used to obtain volatile compounds from samples collected in the High Atlas and Middle Atlas. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis identified phenolic cyclic compounds as the primary constituents, with atraric acid and chloroatranol being the most abundant. Additionally, eight compounds were detected in lichens for the first time. The antimicrobial activity of these compounds was assessed using disc diffusion and broth microdilution methods. Both samples demonstrated significant antimicrobial effects against multidrug-resistant human bacteria, reference microorganisms, fish pathogens, and Candida albicans, with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) ranging from 1000 µg/mL to 31.25 µg/mL. This study provides the first report on the volatile compounds from Pseudevernia furfuracea and their antimicrobial effects, particularly against fish pathogens, suggesting their potential as novel antimicrobial agents for human and veterinary use. Further research is warranted to explore these findings in more detail.
Abstract. The NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (GML) measures atmospheric hydrogen (H2) in grab samples collected weekly as flask pairs at over 50 sites in the Cooperative Global Air Sampling Network. Measurements representative of background air sampling show higher H2 in recent years at all latitudes. The marine boundary layer (MBL) global mean H2 was 552.8 ppb in 2021, 20.2 ± 0.2 ppb higher compared to 2010. A 10 ppb or more increase over the 2010–2021 average annual cycle was detected in 2016 for MBL zonal means in the tropics and in the Southern Hemisphere. Carbon monoxide measurements in the same-air samples suggest large biomass burning events in different regions likely contributed to the observed interannual variability at different latitudes. The NOAA H2 measurements from 2009 to 2021 are now based on the World Meteorological Organization Global Atmospheric Watch (WMO GAW) H2 mole fraction calibration scale, developed and maintained by the Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry (MPI-BGC), Jena, Germany. GML maintains eight H2 primary calibration standards to propagate the WMO scale. These are gravimetric hydrogen-in-air mixtures in electropolished stainless steel cylinders (Essex Industries, St. Louis, MO), which are stable for H2. These mixtures were calibrated at the MPI-BGC, the WMO Central Calibration Laboratory (CCL) for H2, in late 2020 and span the range 250–700 ppb. We have used the CCL assignments to propagate the WMO H2 calibration scale to NOAA air measurements performed using gas chromatography and helium pulse discharge detector instruments since 2009. To propagate the scale, NOAA uses a hierarchy of secondary and tertiary standards, which consist of high-pressure whole-air mixtures in aluminum cylinders, calibrated against the primary and secondary standards, respectively. Hydrogen at the parts per billion level has a tendency to increase in aluminum cylinders over time. We fit the calibration histories of these standards with zero-, first-, or second-order polynomial functions of time and use the time-dependent mole fraction assignments on the WMO scale to reprocess all tank air and flask air H2 measurement records. The robustness of the scale propagation over multiple years is evaluated with the regular analysis of target air cylinders and with long-term same-air measurement comparison efforts with WMO GAW partner laboratories. Long-term calibrated, globally distributed, and freely accessible measurements of H2 and other gases and isotopes continue to be essential to track and interpret regional and global changes in the atmosphere composition. The adoption of the WMO H2 calibration scale and subsequent reprocessing of NOAA atmospheric data constitute a significant improvement in the NOAA H2 measurement records.
We report a search for an axion-like particle a in B → K (*) a decays using data collected with the Belle detector at the KEKB asymmetric-energy electron-positron collider. The search is based on a 711 fb −1 data sample collected at the Υ(4S) resonance energy, corresponding to a sample of 772 × 10 6 Υ(4S) events. In this study, we search for the decay of the axion-like particle into a pair of photons, a → γγ. We scan the two-photon invariant mass in the range 0.16 GeV–4.50 GeV for the K modes and 0.16 GeV–4.20 GeV for the K * modes. No significant signal is observed in any of the modes, and 90% confidence level upper limits are established on the coupling to the W boson, g aW , as a function of a mass. The limits range from 3 × 10 −6 GeV −1 to 3 × 10 −5 GeV −1 , improving the current constraints on g aW by a factor of two over the most stringent previous experimental results.
This data set comprises cumulative ambient ice-nucleating particle (INP) concentrations measured at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA’s) Barrow Atmospheric Baseline Observatory (71.3230° N, 156.6114° W, “BRW” hereafter), next to the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) North Slope of Alaska (NSA) site and ~ 6 km northeast of the town of Utqiaġvik. Our INP abundance data were generated using a combination of online instrument, the Portable Ice Nucleation Experiment chamber ver. 3 (PINE-03), and an offline cold stage, the West Texas Cryogenic Refrigerator Applied to Freezing Test system (WT-CRAFT). Our online INP data are all from the Examining the Ice-Nucleating Particles from NSA (ExINP-NSA) campaign conducted from October 19, 2021 to May 24, 2024. The offline INP concentration analysis was performed at West Texas A&M University for aerosol particle samples collected on polycarbonate filters (with 0.2-micron diameter pores). The PINE-03 measurements, as well as sampling activities for offline INP measurements, were conducted using the BRW site. An inset laminar sampling stack was mounted to the instrument platform, allowing PINE-03 to intake particle-laden air. For most of the campaign period, the semi-autonomous PINE-03 chamber was remotely controlled from West Texas A&M University using the LabView interface through the BeyondTrust remote-access console. PINE-03 was set to conduct an immersion freezing expansion experiment (i.e., simulated adiabatic cooling along with RHw at or above 100%). Except during the scheduled maintenance periods, the time resolution of each expansion experiment was approximately 12 minutes. PINE-03 continuously measured INP concentrations during the entire campaign without any substantial breaks. For most of the campaign period, PINE scanned its set-point vessel air temperatures from -14 °C to -31 °C and back to -14 °C about every 120 minutes.
This data set comprises cumulative ambient ice-nucleating particle (INP) concentrations measured at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA’s) Barrow Atmospheric Baseline Observatory (71.3230° N, 156.6114° W, “BRW” hereafter), next to the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) North Slope of Alaska (NSA) site and ~ 6 km northeast of the town of Utqiaġvik. Our INP abundance data were generated using a combination of online instrument, the Portable Ice Nucleation Experiment chamber ver. 3 (PINE-03), and an offline cold stage, the West Texas Cryogenic Refrigerator Applied to Freezing Test system (WT-CRAFT). Our online INP data are all from the Examining the Ice-Nucleating Particles from NSA (ExINP-NSA) campaign conducted from October 19, 2021 to May 24, 2024. The offline INP concentration analysis was performed at West Texas A&M University for aerosol particle samples collected on polycarbonate filters (with 0.2-micron diameter pores). The PINE-03 measurements, as well as sampling activities for offline INP measurements, were conducted using the BRW site. An inset laminar sampling stack was mounted to the instrument platform, allowing PINE-03 to intake particle-laden air. For most of the campaign period, the semi-autonomous PINE-03 chamber was remotely controlled from West Texas A&M University using the LabView interface through the BeyondTrust remote-access console. PINE-03 was set to conduct an immersion freezing expansion experiment (i.e., simulated adiabatic cooling along with RHw at or above 100%). Except during the scheduled maintenance periods, the time resolution of each expansion experiment was approximately 12 minutes. PINE-03 continuously measured INP concentrations during the entire campaign without any substantial breaks. For most of the campaign period, PINE scanned its set-point vessel air temperatures from -14 °C to -31 °C and back to -14 °C about every 120 minutes.