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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 37 records · Page 2
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2022

The heat transfer coefficient associated with a moving packed bed of silica particles flowing through parallel plates

Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) with thermal energy storage has the potential to be a renewable energy technology with long duration, inexpensive energy storage. Higher temperature operation increases the conversion efficiency and reduces the cost of energy storage. Several emerging CSP designs utilize particles as the solar receiver due to their high temperature stability and low cost. In some designs, the particles are also used as the thermal energy storage (TES) media. In either configuration, an energy transfer is required between the hot particles and the working fluid in the power cycle in a Particle-to-Fluid Heat Exchanger (PtFHX). Understanding the heat transfer between a moving packed bed and a stationary surface is critical to the successful design of a PtFHX. In this paper, a test facility is described in which a moving packed bed of silica sand with particle size 100–600 μm is introduced into the channel formed by two parallel plates, one of which is heated. The effective static thermal conductivity of the particles used for the test are separately measured over the entire range of test temperatures. The inlet and outlet bulk temperatures of the particle flow are measured as are the surface temperatures at several axial locations along the centerline of the plate. The result is the measurement of heat transfer coefficient as a function of temperature for several velocities. The uncertainty of the measurements is presented and the results are compared to model results found in the literature.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2023

Modeling Tool Development and Validation for Solar Industry Process Heat Using Particle Thermal Energy Storage

U.S. industry sectors used 26.2 quadrillion Btu and accounted for 33% of total energy consumption in 2021 according to the Energy Information Agency. Industrial process heat accounts for 70% of industrial energy use with application temperatures ranging from 60 degrees -1100 degrees C. Industry processes, heavily relying on fossil fuels of cheap coal or natural gas, differ widely in operating conditions and load requirements which makes them difficult to standardize and imposes great challenges in decarbonization. Industry processes require reliable energy supply and vary widely in temperature ranges. Storing energy from renewable sources is necessary to improve reliability and to mitigate renewable intermittency when replacing carbon fuel-based heat supplies to achieve energy savings and reduce emissions. To this end, we have developed a particle-based thermal energy storage (TES) technology using low-cost and highly stable silica sand as a storage medium. The economic and performance-based analysis is key for renewable energy sources to reliably supply industry process heat and ultimately displace fossil fuels for decarbonization. The diversified industrial processes need case-by-case analysis and design. Therefore, an adaptive modeling tool is key for renewable power with energy storage to meet industry demands. Thus, a modeling tool to simulate a solar industry process heat system using the particle TES has been developed using the object-oriented equation-based language Modelica and the commercial platform of Modelon Impact. The Modelica-based software tool provides a general simulation environment for the design of reliable solar energy sources integrated with TES for various industrial process applications at different temperatures for economic competence with fossil fuels such as coal and natural gases. It uses both customized and standard component modeling modules in Modelon libraries for the flexibility to be adapted to a specific energy demand application. The particle TES system establishes a uniform energy supply platform with an efficient heat exchanger and particle thermal energy reservoir integrated with renewable powers. The particle TES system can provide a wide temperature range and can have a large storage temperature difference that increases storage energy density; therefore, it can be an adaptable energy storage system integrated with renewable power to supply 24/7 heat for industry decarbonization.

concentrated solar thermal↗
DOE OSTI2025

Extending TOUGH + HYDRATE with a parallel particle transport simulator: numerical investigation of sand production during gas production from hydrate deposits

A new parallel code for simulating particle transport in porous media is integrated with the TOUGH + HYDRATE simulator to investigate sand production associated with gas production from unconsolidated gas hydrate-bearing sediments (HBS). Here, the parallel coupled simulator is named THMPT and uses the integral finite difference method to describe the Darcian and non-Darcian flow of fluids and heat transport, the finite element method to describe the associated geomechanical changes, and the discrete element method to track the trajectory of individual sand particles within the HBS. The THMPT simulator is written in Fortran, incorporates multiple optimized algorithms, and can comprehensively address the coupled flow, thermal, chemical, geomechanical, and particle transport processes that characterize the system behaviors during gas production from HBS. The simulator can capture all processes involved in sand particle transport in porous media, including sand detachment, collision, clogging (i.e., bridging), and migration. A benchmark case study of sand production in the course of depressurization-induced gas production from a representative HBS reveals various distinct microscopic particle migration mechanisms and the adverse impact of sand particle detachment, transport, and clogging. The numerical investigation also examines the effect of bottomhole pressure on mitigating sand production. The simulation results indicate that sand clogging near the wellbore significantly reduces permeability, decreasing gas production by at least 50%. Lastly, the efficiency of gravel packing in mitigating sand production is numerically evaluated, revealing that the structure of the porous media appears to profoundly influence the macroscopic motion behavior of sand particles and sand clogging characteristics.

discrete element method↗
DOE OSTI2024

Probing Thermal Transport in Fluidized Bed Using Modulated Photothermal Radiometry

Abstract In concentrated solar power (CSP) applications, fluidized bed is a promising approach for high heat transfer coefficient (HTC) solar receivers and heat exchangers. However, the complexity of multiphase mixing has made it difficult to characterize and analyze the heat transfer mechanism. This paper presents an experimental study on simultaneously characterizing heat transfer in both the near-wall and the bulk regions of a fluidized bed using modulated photothermal radiometry (MPR). The MPR is a non-contact frequency-domain technique using an intensity-modulated laser as the heat source and surface infrared emission as thermometry. The thermal penetration depth of the laser heating is varied by controlling its modulation frequency, and thus the measurement can resolve the near-wall and the bulk thermal resistances. With the MPR technique, we measured fluidized silica sands with a mean size of 164 μm in a vertical channel of 6 mm depth. Our results show that the near-wall thermal resistance is substantially increased with increasing gas velocity, which partially offsets the benefit of higher HTC brought by stronger particle mixing during the fluidization. We also used the MPR to quantify the improvement in particle-wall heat transfer in an inclined channel. We found that an 8° inclination towards the heat exchanging side led to a lower near-wall thermal resistance and a higher HTC at high gas velocities. This work demonstrates that the MPR technique is a useful tool to quantify the important near-wall thermal resistance from a bulk particle bed, which not only advances our understanding of heat transfer in fluidized beds, but may also contribute to the design of fluidized bed heat exchangers with higher HTC.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2020

Surface engineering to enhance heat generation and joint strength in dissimilar materials AZ31 and DP590 ultrasonic welding

A multiscale simulation approach was developed and employed to optimize the sheet surface conditions for higher interfacial temperature and joint strength in ultrasonic welding of magnesium alloy AZ31 and dual-phase steel DP590. First, a mesoscale model was used to study the relationship between friction coefficient and surface roughness, which can be modified by various engineering methods. Then a macroscopic process model was employed to study the effects of surface roughness on heat generation, indicating that a temperature increase can be achieved with rougher surfaces on two sides of both DP590 and AZ31 sheets. Samples prepared by sanding and filing, as well as grinding, were first characterized for surface roughness and then welded under ultrasonic vibration. An infrared camera was used to measure temperatures in situ for model validation. Overall, lap shear test results for the welded joint showed that the joint strength can be improved by 10~25% using filing and round grinding methods as a result of the enhanced heat generation and mechanical interlocking on the interface.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2021

Surface Roughness Effects on Heat Transfer in Additively Manufactured sCO 2 Cycle Heat Exchangers

An experimental study was performed to consider the impact of surface roughness on heat transfer and pressure drop to supercritical carbon dioxide (sCO 2 ) in additively manufactured channels. All tests were performed in the Heat Exchange and Experimental Testing (HEET) rig at the U.S. Department of Energy’s (DOE) National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL) in Morgantown, West Virginia. Four test articles were considered. The first was a hydrodynamically smooth, drawn tube. The other three were additively manufactured channels with square and rectangular cross sections, which were characterized by sand-grain roughness to hydraulic diameter ratios spanning 0.0029 to 0.0073. Friction factors were determined by measuring the tube mass flow rate and pressure drop. The tube side heat transfer coefficient was measured using the Wilson plot technique. It was found that the friction factor results were 8% greater than the Colebrook correlation. Greater deviation was observed between the heat transfer results and the correlations. The Gnielinski correlation overpredicted the experimental points by nominally 30% and the Norris correlation overpredicting the experimental points by nominally 25%. A thermal performance factor was formed from the friction factor augmentation and Nusselt number augmentation results. These results indicated a 10% improvement in heat duty for a heat exchanger constructed utilizing a tube with ϵ/D_h =0.0073 relative to a heat exchanger utilizing a smooth, conventional tube.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2026

Pilot Development Progress to Demonstrate Electric Thermal Energy Storage (ETES) Using Low-Cost Particles

The rapid growth of future energy demand increases the need to economically store electrical energy over durations up to several days in long-duration energy storage (LDES) applications. LDES can reduce the grid stress for improving the resilience of the grid. The integration of renewable power and storage has several significant and positive impacts including expanding the renewable energy portion of electricity generation, meeting peak-load demand, and coordinating supply and demand. Several energy storage approaches including mechanical, chemical and electrochemical methods are currently deployed or under development. However, LDES requirements pose unique challenges for scalability, energy capacity, and cost. Thermal energy storage (TES) has the ability to store a large capacity of energy with improved site flexibility compared to incumbent LDES technologies (i.e., pumped hydro) and has attracted significant interest. Our development in TES technology using solid particles as the storage medium has shown feasibility and potential in serving LDES purposes. Particle TES has various advantages over commercialized molten nitrate salt TES and has emerged as a promising storage technology originating from Generation 3 concentrating solar power (CSP) development. Stable, inexpensive silica sand produced in the Midwestern U.S. was identified as a suitable storage medium and has been validated through lab heating and cycling tests. We have successfully developed particle TES for bidirectional electric energy storage to broaden the applications for TES beyond CSP technologies and into standalone electric-thermal energy storage (ETES) systems. Key component designs and performance were verified with prototype testing and model simulations. The ETES system uses high-temperature, low-cost particle thermal energy storage coupled with a unique pressurized fluidized bed heat exchanger that supports a high-efficiency, air-Brayton combined power cycle. At times of low energy demand or high renewable production, an electric particle heater heats large quantities of solid particles to high temperatures in excess of 1100 degrees C. The particles are stored in internally insulated silos. At times of high electricity demand, the hot particles are gravity-fed through the heat exchanger where stored thermal energy is transferred to the power cycle working fluid to drive the gas turbine power generation system, thereby converting the thermal energy back into electricity for the grid. The cold particles leaving the heat exchanger are returned to the storage silos by a well-insulated particle conveyor. This ETES technology using particle TES can be sited anywhere and is predicted to be economic and efficient. Moreover, this ETES technology could be co-located with a retired coal or gas plant to leverage existing power generation and grid infrastructure. Our work has focused on the development of each of the key components (e.g., the electric particle heater, particle storage silos, and the particle-to-gas pressurized fluidized bed heat exchanger) through conceptual designs, prototype testing, and computational modeling. These developments demonstrate technological feasibility and are an important step towards the next phase of development of this promising LDES technology. This presentation will show the progress in developing a pilot demonstration of the ETES system on a commercially relevant scale.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2022

Investigation of Gas Turbine Internal Cooling Using Supercritical CO 2 —Effect of Surface Roughness and Channel Aspect Ratio

In this paper, an experimental and numerical investigation of internal cooling channels with rib turbulators is presented with sCO 2 as the working fluid at process conditions (pressure-20.7 MPa and temperature up to 150 °C). The effect of channel aspect ratio up to 2:1 on thermal-hydraulic performance is explored in additively manufactured rectangular channels and square channels, both with and without 60 deg ribs on the top and bottom sides. The Wilson-plot method is employed to experimentally measure channel-averaged Nusselt number over a Reynolds number range up to 370,000. The friction factor is calculated from pressure drop and mass flow rate and additionally, the overall thermal performance factor (TPF) is reported. A companion computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation is performed for the rib turbulated cooling configurations reported in the experiments using the Reynolds average Navier–Stokes-based turbulence model. The objective of the numerical study is to gain insight into the local heat transfer augmentation in the ribbed channels as a result of varying the aspect ratio, channel configuration (square versus rectangular), operating conditions (Reynolds number) and the surface roughness, an inherent outcome of the additive manufacturing process. Surface roughness is simulated using sand grain roughness height (K S ) calculated from the experimental data, and a comparison is presented with the corresponding channel configuration with varying surface roughness heights starting from smooth surfaces (K S = 0). Experimental results indicate that the heat transfer augmentation is negligible in the rectangular channels with ribs on the long side compared to the square channel. However, it is enhanced by 60% in comparison to placing ribs on the shorter side. The TPF remains constant at around 1 for the entire range of Reynolds numbers consistent with prior work at the National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL). Here, the simulation results highlight that increased surface roughness can have a favorable considerable influence on Nusselt number and overall thermal performance enhancement.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2020

Bridging particle and reactor scales in the simulation of biomass fast pyrolysis by coupling particle resolved simulation and coarse grained CFD-DEM

Efficient utilization of biomass is challenging due to the complexity of the feedstock at molecular, particle, and reactor scales. Direct coupling of particle scale model and reactor scale simulation is computationally infeasible. In this work, the results from a particle resolved simulation were used to calibrate the heat transfer and reaction kinetics of particles. A hybrid drag model was used to consider the different fluidization properties of sands and biomass particles. The computation cost was reduced using a coarse-grained Discrete Element Method (DEM). The simulated conversion rate, char yield, tar yield, and pyrolysis gas yield compare well with experiment. The residence time and axial distributions of biomass were also analyzed. This novel multi-scale method provides an efficient and accurate tool for the modeling of biomass pyrolysis reactors.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2023

Pyrolysis of Oils from Unconventional Resources

In this study, oils from various sources were subjected to pyrolysis conditions; that is, without oxidizer, as the samples were heated to 500 °C, and held at that temperature. The oils studied included: (1) heavy oil from Grassy Creek, Missouri; (2) oil from tar sands of Asphalt Ridge in Utah; (3) mid-continent oil shales of three formations (two of Chattanooga formation, Pennsylvanian (age) formation, and Woodford formation); and (4) a Colorado Piceance Basin shale. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) with either gas chromatography (GC) or mass spectrometry (MS) were used to quantify the produced gases evolved in the tests. Purge gases of helium, argon, and humid carbon dioxide were utilized. Larger scale pyrolysis tests were conducted in a tube furnace coupled to a MS and a GC. The results consistently showed that pyrolysis occurred between 300 °C and 500 °C, with the majority of gases being mainly hydrogen and light alkanes. This behavior was essentially consistent, regardless of the oil source.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2021

Physicochemical Gas–Solid Sorption Properties of Geologic Materials Using Inverse Gas Chromatography

The goal of this study was to determine the physicochemical properties of a variety of geologic materials using inverse gas chromatography (IGC) by varying probe gas selection, temperature, carrier gas flow rate, and humidity. This is accomplished by measuring the level of interaction between the materials of interest and known probe gases. Identifying a material’s physicochemical characteristics can help provide a better understanding of the transport of gaseous compounds in different geologic materials or between different geological layers under various conditions. Our research in this study focused on measuring the enthalpy (heat) of adsorption, Henry’s constant, and diffusion coefficients of a suite of geologic materials, including two soil types (sandy clay-loam and loam), quartz sand, salt, and bentonite clay, with various particle sizes. The reproducibility of IGC measurements for geologic materials, which are inherently heterogeneous, was also assessed in comparison to the reproducibility for more homogeneous synthetic materials. This involved determining the variability of physicochemical measurements obtained from different IGC approaches, instruments, and researchers. For the investigated IGC-determined parameters, the need for standardization became apparent, including the need for application-relevant reference materials. The inherent physical and chemical heterogeneities of soil and many geologic materials can make the prediction of sorption properties difficult. Characterizing the properties of individual organic and inorganic components can help elucidate the primary factors influencing sorption interactions in more complex mixtures. This research examined the capabilities and potential challenges of characterizing the gas sorption properties of geologic materials using IGC.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2022

Preliminary design of a helium cryogenic system for SAND detector at LBNF-DUNE near site

The Long-Baseline Neutrino Facility (LBNF) is providing a helium cryogenic system to support the superconducting solenoid magnet of the System for on-Axis Neutrino Detection (SAND) for the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) Near Site at Fermilab in Batavia, IL. The design started in 2020 and construction is set to begin in the mid 2020‘s.The helium cryogenic system primarily consists of a helium refrigerator system, distribution valve boxes, vacuum-jacketed helium and nitrogen transfer lines, warm gaseous helium transfer system, instruments and control system, and gaseous helium storage tanks. It is designed to provide supercritical helium at around 3 bara and 5 K with expansion from 3 to 1.2 bara in the SAND cryostat and 70K forced cold gas helium to cool the thermal shields of the SAND cryostat. The SAND superconductive magnet is indirectly cooled through a liquid helium thermosiphon cycle. A pair of 3 kA leads is cooled by the gas helium vaporized from the liquid helium reservoir in the cryostat turret. The helium system will share the liquid nitrogen tank and liquid nitrogen phase separator with the Near Site Liquid Argon system. The helium recycle compressor system, GHe tanks and LN2 tank will be located on the Surface. The cryogenic facilities including refrigerator cold box, valve boxes and LN2 phase separator will be located on the shaft cryo-mezzanine in the underground cavern. The shaft connecting surface and cavern is more than 60 meter deep. The helium vacuum-jacketed transfer line between the cold box and the SAND magnet is more than 50 meter long. This paper presents the preliminary design of the helium cryogenic system including the design scheme, process flow diagram, heat load estimates, layout plan and so on.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2024

Achieving Metallurgical Bonding in Aluminum/Steel Bimetallic Castings

Abstract Aluminum castings are increasingly being used in automotive powertrain and structural applications for vehicle lightweighting. Cast aluminum parts often need to be machined and joined to steel components in multi-material systems. Bimetallic components produced by casting aluminum over steel substrate are advantageous due to the elimination of machining and traditional dissimilar material joining processes. However, forming a strong metallurgical bonding during overcasting process has been challenging. In this paper, the effects of processing conditions such as substrate surface preparation, pre-heating temperature, melt conditions as well as casting design were studied by investigating the bimetallic interfaces for aluminum A319 casting alloy and a high alloy steel substrate in a sand-casting process. Zn and Al-based substrate coatings were evaluated. The experimental results suggest a metallurgical bond between aluminum and steel can be formed during the sand-casting process via high temperature diffusion with or without coatings. Al-based substrate coating prior to overcasting results in the formation of a continuous layer of intermetallics at the bimetallic interface, with large Al–Si–Fe intermetallics penetrating the cast aluminum.

Moodispaw, Michael P. (ORCID:0000000267635882)↗
DOE OSTI2022

Transfer hydrogenation of heavy hydrocarbons with hydrogen-donor solvents

Processes for treating highly viscous hydrocarbons, such as bitumen from oil sands or petroleum residues, with hydrogen-donor solvents are described. The hydrogen-donor solvent is prepared. A mixture of the hydrocarbon and the hydrogen-donor solvent is heated, and the product is cooled to produce a low viscosity and mildly upgraded hydrocarbon. The hydrogen-donor solvent can be modified to improve its solvent usefulness.

Chauhan, Satya P.↗
DOE OSTI2020

Generic Post-Closure Safety Assessment for Deep Borehole Disposal of Heat-Generating Waste - 20451

The deep borehole disposal (DBD) concept for high-activity waste consists of drilling a large-diameter borehole into crystalline basement rock to a depth of about 5,000 m, placing waste packages in the lower portion of the borehole - the waste emplacement zone - and sealing and plugging the upper portion of the borehole with a combination of bentonite, cement plugs, and sand or crushed rock ballast. The waste emplacement zone is several times deeper than typical mined repositories and is well below the typical maximum depth of fresh groundwater resources. Recent work describes a generic reference case for deep borehole disposal of Cs and Sr capsules stored at the Hanford Site. Two scenarios are described: an undisturbed (nominal) scenario, and disturbed scenario, in which a waste package is stuck adjacent to a transmissive fracture zone in crystalline basement. Simulations of the processes affecting radionuclide release and transport in the two scenarios provide the basis for quantitative post-closure performance assessment (PA) of the reference case. This paper presents a probabilistic PA of the stuck waste package scenario, i.e. uncertainties affecting radionuclide mobilization and transport are propagated through 200 realizations of a predictive model to quantify uncertainties in predicted radionuclide concentrations within the borehole and the fracture zone. Simulations predict no radionuclide transport in the borehole to distances greater than 100 m above the stuck waste package. An assumed lateral pressure gradient results in predictions of limited radionuclide transport in the fracture zone at a lateral distance of 200 m from the stuck waste package. These results complement previous results for the nominal scenario and contribute to the development of a generic safety case for DBD. (authors)

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗
DOE OSTI2020

High-Resolution Measurement of Soil Thermal Properties and Moisture Content Using a Novel Heated Fiber Optics Approach

Hydrological parameters are scale dependent. Efficient monitoring techniques capable of measuring hydrological parameters, such as soil moisture content (θ), over a wide range of spatial scales are essential for understanding the complexity of water and energy movement across the landscape. Techniques to measure θ over spatial scales in the range from centimeters to thousands of meters, however, are sorely lacking. Recent improvements in the distributed temperature sensing (DTS) technology supported the development of novel techniques to fill that gap. However, improvements in the accuracy and applicability of DTS techniques are still needed. This study investigates the possibility of improving the accuracy of the fiber optics dual-probe heat-pulse (FO-DPHP) DTS technique by using a new design to maintain the spacing between the FO-DPHP probes and by introducing a novel data interpretation approach. The accuracy of the novel FO-DPHP design was tested at different θ in a sand column experiment. The FO-DPHP measurements obtained using traditional and novel data interpretation approaches were compared against independent measurements from several calibrated soil water content (EC5) sensors. Monte-Carlo analyses were also performed to assess the impact of DTS measurement errors on the accuracy achieved using the data interpretation approaches. The novel design and data interpretation approach allowed for accurate measurements of soil thermal properties and θ without the need to perform a hard-to-achieve soil-specific calibration. Measured θ had mean errors and standard deviations <0.03 and <0.01 m 3 m -3 , respectively, for moisture conditions ranging from dry to near saturation. The standard deviation in the measured heat capacity was <0.01 MJ m -3 K -1 .

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2023

Characterization of solid particle candidates for application in thermal energy storage and concentrating solar power systems

Thermal energy storage (TES) enables concentrating solar power to remain competitive in the renewable energy mix by firming up intermittent solar resource and providing grid services such as load shifting. Free from siting constraints, stand-alone TES systems show promise as a low-cost alternative to traditional pumped-storage hydropower or compressed air energy storage. At the core of all TES technologies is a storage medium, the selection of which governs many aspects of system design and operation. Although the majority of commercial installations utilize molten salts, solid particles can demonstrate stability over wider temperature ranges. This amounts to increased energy storage densities and corresponding reductions in system cost which is essential in achieving low-cost energy storage. In this work, eight solid particle candidates are systematically identified and screened for application in a specific particle-TES system. The five most promising candidates (CARBO CP and HSP, calcined flint clay (CFC), brown fused alumina (BFA), and silica sand) are further characterized by size and morphology for fluidization suitability, flowability for particle transport, and thermal stability. Calcined flint clay and brown fused alumina are eventually down-selected due to thermal instability at the target operational temperature of 1200 °C. Although the physical characteristics of CARBO outperform silica sand in all categories examined, the marginal performance gains are considered insufficient to justify the additional media cost so silica sand is selected as the leading candidate. Within the silica sand (α-quartz) space, the high end of Geldart Group B particles is identified to satisfy the target fluidization regime for the application of interest without compromising particle flowability. Here, in focused testing, Silica 460 is shown to exhibit sufficient stability through long-duration (500-hour) thermal and cyclic testing (1200 °C), 10-hour testing at 1400 °C, and in contact with candidate refractory containment materials. Finally, an average heat capacity of 1.1 J/g∙ °C is measured over 300-1200 °C with a quartz inversion enthalpy (ΔH α-β ) of 10.7J/g.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2021

PREPARATION OF CLAY-COATED GLASS SURFACES FOR MICROFLUIDICS-BASED STUDY ON CLAY-FLUID INTERACTIONS

Unique characteristics of clay, even though make any clay abundant shales a good source of adsorbed gas, make them equally difficult to produce. The clay-water interaction can cause significant swelling and fines migration in the shale formation, both of which can significantly impair the overall hydrocarbon recovery from shale. Geomaterial micromodels, developed by functionalizing traditional glass or PDMS surface with geomaterials (e.g., calcite, quartz, clay) can represent the physico-chemical properties of the natural porous media and have been used during the last few years to understand and evaluate the solid-fluid physicochemical interactions. This study focuses on developing a clay-coated geomaterial surface and investigates the effect of base fluid's salinity on clay adsorption to the glass surface. Glass capillary tubes and straight channel borosilicate glass micromodels are coated with Illite clay minerals to represent the pore-scale clay chemistry of Caney Shale, a Mississippian unconventional play in Southern Oklahoma, USA. 10 wt.% of Illite clay slurries made with brines of four different salinities are used to coat the glass-capillary tubes to understand the effect of salinity in clay adsorption on the glass surface and overall coating quality. To achieve a stable coating and evaluate the impact of heat treatment on coating's stability, straight channel glass flow cells coated with Illite clay are heat-treated at low (25 °C) and high temperature (125 °C). Dynamic flooding tests were carried out with brines on the coated surface to evaluate the stability of the coating. The experiments' outcome indicated a strong relationship between the brine's salinity and the adsorption of clay particles on the glass surface. An increase in brine concentration resulted in improved adsorption of clay particles on the glass surface. Experiments involving heat treating the glass surface following the coating demonstrated significant improvement in the stability of the coating.

02 PETROLEUM↗