Stellar photometric data for six different photocathode materials and the silicon detector.
Photodetector responses to radiant energy from many stars tabulated for various photocathode materials and silicon detector
Forbes, F. F.↗
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Silicon Detector Studies with an Interferometric Thickness Mapper
Cosmic ray isotopic composition studies aboard satellites are normally based on energy detection measurements which require a precise knowledge of matter thickness particle penetration. A laser- interferometer system has been developed to precisely map the thick- ness variations of large-area silicon detectors. Design, operation, and the data processing to derive thickness maps is described.
Cosmic Rays Silicon Detectors Interferometry Satel↗
MeV Gamma Ray Detection Algorithms for Stacked Silicon Detectors
By making use of the signature of a gamma ray event as it appears in N = 5 to 20 lithium-drifted silicon detectors and applying smart selection algorithms, gamma rays in the energy range of 1 to 8 MeV can be detected with good efficiency and selectivity. Examples of the types of algorithms used for different energy regions include the simple sum mode, the sum-coincidence mode used in segmented detectors, unique variations on sum-coincidence for an N-dimensional vector event, and a new and extremely useful mode for double escape peak spectroscopy at pair-production energies. The latter algorithm yields a spectrum similar to that of the pair spectrometer, but without the need of the dual external segments for double escape coincidence, and without the large loss in efficiency of double escape events. Background events due to Compton scattering are largely suppressed. Monte Carlo calculations were used to model the gamma ray interactions in the silicon, in order to enable testing of a wide array of different algorithms on the event N-vectors for a large-N stack.
McMurray, Robert E. Jr.↗
The response of covered silicon detectors to monoenergetic gamma rays
Measurements were made of the efficiency in detecting gamma rays of a 0.3-mm, a 3-mm, and a 5-mm silicon detector covered with different absorbers. Calibrated sources covering the range from 279 KeV to 2.75 MeV were used. The need for the absorbers in order to obtain meaningful results, and their contribution to detector response at electron biases from 50 to 200 KeV, are discussed in detail. It is shown that the results are independent of the atomic number of the absorber. In addition, the role of the absorber in increasing the efficiency with increasing photon energy for low bias setting is demonstrated for the 0.3-mm crystal. Qualitative explanations are given for the shapes of all curves of efficiency versus energy at each bias.
Reier, M.↗
The response of covered silicon detectors to monoenergetic gamma rays.
Measurements have been made of the efficiency in detecting gamma rays of a 0.3-mm-, 3-mm-, and 5-mm-thick silicon detector covered with different absorbers. Calibrated sources over the range from 279 keV to 2.75 MeV were used. The need for the absorbers to obtain meaningful results and their contribution to the response of the detectors at electron biases from 50 to 200 keV are discussed in detail. It is shown that the results are virtually independent of the atomic number of the absorber. In addition, the role of the absorber in increasing the efficiency with increasing photon energy for low bias settings is demonstrated for the 0.3-mm crystal. Qualitative explanations are given for the shapes of all curves of efficiency versus energy at each bias.
Reier, M.↗
Pion studies with silicon detectors.
Most probable energy loss in silicon for pions with energies from 365 to 50 mev, examining pion beam behavior through different absorption material thicknesses
MUON↗
Comparisons of LET distributions measured in low-earth orbit using tissue-equivalent proportional counters and the position-sensitive silicon-detector telescope (RRMD-III)
Determinations of the LET distribution, phi(L), of charged particles within a spacecraft in low-Earth orbit have been made. One method used a cylindrical tissue-equivalent proportional counter (TEPC), with the assumption that for each measured event, lineal energy, y, is equal to LET and thus phi(L) = phi(y). The other was based on the direct measurement of LETs for individual particles using a charged-particle telescope consisting of position-sensitive silicon detectors called RRMD-III. There were differences of up to a factor of 10 between estimates of phi(L) using the two methods on the same mission. This caused estimates of quality factor to vary by a factor of two between the two methods.
Flight Experiment↗
A 16 x 16 element extrinsic silicon detector array
Two bismuth-doped silicon accumulation-mode charge-injection device (AMCID) infrared detector arrays are studied. The geometry and composition of the arrays, and a description of the cold and warm electronics components of the system are described. Instructions for setting up and operating the array system, plus results of a functional test, are included.
Source record↗
Silicon Detector System for Cross Section Measurements
In order to estimate the radiation shielding effectiveness of materials it is necessary to know cosmic ray particles are broken up as they pass though these materials. The breakup of cosmic ray particles is characterized by the nuclear fragmentation cross sections, i.e. an effective geometrical cross section assigned to each target nucleus that represents its apparent size for fragmenting the incident particle. The values of these cross sections depend on the details of nuclear physics and cannot be calculated from first principles owing to the many-body nature of the interactions. The only way to determine them is to measure them. Once a sufficient number of cross sections have been measured, the systematic nature of the interactions allows other cross-sections to be estimated. The number of cross sections that contribute to the estimation of shielding effectiveness is very large 10,000. Fortunately most make minor contributions. These can be estimated from nuclear systematics. Only those who's uncertainties make significant contributions to the error in the shielding effectiveness estimations need to be measured. In the past it has proven difficult to measure light fragment production cross sections from the interactions of heavy cosmic rays owing to the size of the detectors used. We have developed a highly pixilated silicon (Si) detector system that can individually identify these light fragments while making efficient use of costly accelerator time. This system is an outgrowth of detector technology developed under a CDDF and a Code S sponsored cosmic ray experiment.
Source record↗
Field Funneling and Range Straggling in Silicon Detectors
Magnitudes of field funneling and range straggling determined in silicon-surface-barrier (Schottky-barrier) charged-particle detectors (SSBD's) through meaurement of charges collected from alpha-particle tracks. Method used extended to straightforward measurement of charge collection from heavy-ion tracks in these and other semiconductor devices. Such measurements used to assess single-event upsets in integratedcircuit chips, with view toward making them resistant to radiation. Field funneling and range straggling measured with electronic system in which charge collected from individual ions measured and recorded by multichannel analyzer.
Zoutendyk, J. A.↗
Accelerator Tests of Large Area Silicon Detectors for the Advanced Composition Explorer (ACE) Mission
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cosmic rays solar isotope spectrometer SIS cosmic ↗
Silicon Detectors For Helium Liquid And Vapor
Simple electrical-resistance devices made of silicon indicate whether helium liquid or helium vapor present. Devices designed primarily for use in outer space, were tested and found to operate in normal Earth gravity. Silicon cubes supported by stainless-steel wires and strips. Voltage across each cube at fixed current indicates whether immersed in helium liquid or vapor. Liquid cools more than vapor does, resulting in greater electrical resistance. Such helium-liquid/vapor detectors incorporated into ducts or containers of laboratory equipment, and used to infer locations of liquid/vapor interfaces in order to measure quantities of liquid and vapor or to control refill operations.
Di Pirro, M. J.↗
Heavy-particle studies with silicon detectors.
Li drifted Si detector for measuring heavy particle energy and energy loss distributions in radiobiology applications
Raju, M. R.↗
Silicon detectors aboard Surveyor V.
Conventional and Li-drifted Si charged particle detectors for alpha scattering experiment aboard Surveyor 5 noting operating characteristics, performance and electrical stability
Kristoff, J. J.↗
Lithium-drifted silicon detectors as low-energy photon spectrometers
Fabrication and testing of lithium-drifted detectors as low energy photon spectrometers
Beck, S. M.↗
The analytically determined response of silicon detectors to a polyenergetic neutron beam.
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Taherzadeh, M.↗
Characterization of IRAS doped silicon detectors
Data are presented from a range of operating conditions which include background photo flux, operating temperature, and frequency. Each detector is equipped with a load resistor, a cryogenic field effect transistor preamplifier, and a temperature sensor. Data are also presented of detector signal, noise spectra, noise equivalent power, and spectral response.
Source record↗
Return stroke velocities and currents using a solid state silicon detector system
A small, portable device has been developed to measure return stroke velocities. With the device, velocities from 135 strokes that consist of 92 natural return strokes and 43 triggered return strokes have been analyzed. The average return stroke velocity for longer channels, greater than 500 meters, is 1.2 + or - 0.3 x 10 to the 8th m/s for both natural and triggered return strokes. For shorter channel lengths, less than 500 m, natural lightning has a statistically higher average return stroke velocity of 1.9 + or - 0.7 x 10 to the 8th m/s than triggered lightning with an average return stroke velocity of 1.4 + or - 0.4 x 10 to the 8th m/s. Using the transmission line model of the return stroke, natural lightning has a peak current distribution that is log-normal with a median value of 19 kA. Return stroke velocities and currents were determined for two distant single stroke natural positive cloud-to-ground flashes. The velocities were 1.0 and 1.7 x 10 to the 8th ms/s while the estimated peak current for each positive flash was over 125 kA.
Mach, Douglas M.↗