Autonomous Operations for Advanced Reactors Utilizing Supervisory Control
Automation is a critical tenet of reactor plant operations as reliance on nuclear energy increases. Nuclear power plants require a large workforce which does not scale with output; that is, the cost per megawatt increases as reactor output becomes smaller. The economic viability of advanced reactors, particularly small modular reactors (SMRs) and microreactors, requires a significantly reduced onsite workforce. The logical solution is establishing a systematic process of elimination of reliance on human operators, and to the extent possible, replacing these actions with automated functions. In this paper, we propose a method for such transformation to establish a robust technical basis to enable transition to autonomy. Our method is based on finite state automata (FSA)—also known as finite state machines (FSMs). Relying on this method allows us to exploit the rich set of mathematical proofs available in the field of regular languages. FSA are one of the mathematical tools to model discrete event systems (DES). These properties are applied to produce an automated startup controller for the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Research Reactor (MITR). The startup procedure is captured in terms of discrete changes from one state to another while an independent supervisory control system directs the sequence of states and alerts a human in the event of an abnormal operation. First, the design and behavior of the MITR rod control system were modeled in Simulink. Then, the startup procedure was applied to the rod control system and the DES performed a startup by procedurally withdrawing rods to the subcritical position. The simulation also stops rod motion in response to an uncontrollable event and restarts rod motion once the event has been cleared.