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DOE OSTI2026

A Brief Survey of Data Streaming Technologies

Streaming data is data that is emitted at variable volumes in a continuous, incremental manner with the goal of low-latency processing often at a different physical location. Network infrastructure is used to facilitate the connection between data sources and sinks, and must be robust to handle the requirements of the workflow. The U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science (DOE SC) a federal agency supporting fundamental scientific research for energy and the Nation’s largest supporter of basic research in the physical sciences. DOE SC has the responsibility for operating $\mathbf{1 0}$ National Laboratories, and 28 scientific user facilities supporting advanced supercomputers, particle accelerators, large x-ray light sources, neutron scattering sources, and other specialized facilities for nanoscience and genomics. This paper investigates the state of streaming data workfows, and details some of the approaches to this challenging problem.

Kissel, Ezra↗

DOE OSTI2025

Nevada National Security Site Environmental Report 2024 with Attachment A Site Description and Summary Report

This Nevada National Security Site Environmental Report (NNSSER) summarizes actions taken in 2024 to protect the environment and the public while achieving the NNSA/NFO mission goals. It is prepared for the public and our stakeholders in hopes that it is readily understandable and usable. It is a key component in our efforts to keep the public informed of environmental conditions at the NNSS and its support facilities in Las Vegas, Nevada.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2022

LaserNetUS Collaboration Network—University of Rochester (Final Report)

LaserNetUS Collaborative Network established in 2018 is a network of high-power laser facilities supported by the Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Fusion Energy Sciences (FES) and operating effectively as a user facility. Its mission is to advance and promote intense laser science and applications by providing scientists and students with broad access to unique facilities and enabling technologies, advancing the frontiers of laser-science research, and fostering collaboration among researchers and networks from around the world. Users who submit proposals through an annual call are selected by an external and independent proposal review panel (PRP) not involving personnel from any of the facilities. Besides the Omega Laser Facility at the University of Rochester’s Laboratory for Laser Energetics (UR/LLE), the network during this project period includes high-intensity laser facilities from six other universities and three national laboratories, namely, the Colorado State University (CSU), the University of Michigan (UM), the University of Nebraska at Lincoln (UNL), The Ohio State University (OSU), Université du Québec, the University of Texas at Austin (UT Austin), Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory (SLAC) and Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), respectively. The network facilities span a wide range in laser pulse energy, pulse duration, repetition rate, and experimental diagnostic equipment enabling innovative research in a variety of exciting areas. Details of the LaserNetUS facilities, organization and committees, events, and accomplishments can be found at the network website (https://lasernetus.org/). A very important role that the LaserNetUS fulfills is the training of students and young scientists who will be key for the future development of laser-plasma science and high-power laser technology itself. The network provides these students not only with access to the most advanced instrumentation and laser facilities, but also the opportunities to interact and collaborate with students from other institutions and with a large group of experienced scientists. As the largest university-based laser users’ facility in the world, the Omega Laser Facility at the UR/LLE has served the high-energy-density physics (HEDP) and inertial fusion science community for nearly 40 years. The multi-beam multi-kJ OMEGA EP Laser System brings unique capabilities to the LaserNetUS network. The combination of high intensity and high energy in short- and long-pulse operation together with solid or gas-jet targets and externally applied magnetic fields provides users a wide domain of experimental conditions. This award provides a total of eight shot days on OMEGA EP for LaserNetUS users. During the award period of performance (June 2019–November 2021), seven teams have fully utilized the eight shot days for their unique science experiments on OMEGA EP with a total of 83 target shots. These experiments involve 13 graduate students, two undergraduate students and six postdoctoral researchers. Results have been widely disseminated at international conferences including LaserNetUS annual meeting (~20 presentations including three invited), and in peer-reviewed journal publications (three published with several manuscripts in preparation).

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2026

LaserNetUS: A Proposal to Advance North America’s First High Intensity Laser Research Network Final Report

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2024

Special Nuclear Material Hold-up Measurement

Facilities that process special nuclear material (SNM) generally have a variety of equipment, shielding, and nearby radiation sources, which can pose challenges when performing nondestructive analysis (NDA) within the facility, as shown in Figure 1. In this figure, the left image features two individuals performing a holdup measurement of a large duct at a posting, utilizing a detector probe attached to a yardstick to reduce some aspect of the measurement uncertainty. Note that the distance to the holdup within the pipe from the posting cannot be accounted for. The right image similarly features several individuals guiding a holdup measurement of a ducting pipe several meters overhead, by attaching a detector probe to a long handle and lining that up with a posting on the outside of the pipe. SNM processing begets SNM holdup, and this difficulty with accurate NDA can result in unaccounted accumulation of SNM holdup within a process or area. Normal SNM processing operations can accumulate holdup within filters, pumps, pipes, ducts, other equipment, and facility support systems, as demonstrated by Figure 2. It is important for deactivation and decommissioning (D&D) gloveboxes and their ancillary equipment, material accountability, criticality safety, facility operations, waste management, radiation safety, and security to accurately characterize the location, composition, and quantity of this holdup to minimize these associated risks and potential diversion pathways. Current NDA techniques for assay of holdup are expensive, time consuming, and have high uncertainty.

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗

DOE OSTI2020

Panel Session 34: US DOE Featured Site: Savannah River Operations Office: 70 Years of Service

The Savannah River Site celebrates its 70. anniversary on November 28, 2020. On this date in 1950, President Harry S. Truman requested the Dupont Company to design, build and operate what was then known as the Savannah River Plant in response to the Soviet Union's detonation of its first atomic weapon, which set the Cold War into motion. During the 1950's, six South Carolina towns were relocated for the construction of SRS and by 1953, the 310 square mile site was complete. Nearly 40,000 workers were employed t build five nuclear reactors and support facilities, two chemical separations plants, heavy water extraction plant, nuclear fuel and target fabrication facility tritium extraction facility and waste management facilities. SRS played a key role in winning the Cold War and for seven decades, SRS has been a leader within the DOE complex. Today, the site supports environmental stewardship and maintains the nation's nuclear deterrent while ensuring the safekeeping and disposal of domestic and international nuclear materials. The site continues to support the nation's nuclear defense as it explores new potential NNSA missions. SRS has a proud 70- year history and looks forward to a future of service as a national asset and strong community partner. The session was kicked off with a video message from Secretary of Energy, Dan Brouillette, who thanked employees past and current for their efforts. The video also provided an overview of the history and future of the Site. This panel provided an overview of the Savannah River Site's 70 years of service (history, challenges, opportunities, and future) presented by the SRS's Senior leadership and the local Aiken, South Carolina Mayor. Panelists with presentations: US DOE Secretary Dan Brouillette's Overview of DOE and SRS - A Legacy of 70 Years of Service (Amy Boyette); 70 Years of Service (Michael Budney); 70 Years of Service (Stuart MacVean); SRS Liquid Waste (Thomas Foster); National Nuclear Security Administration (Nicole Nelson-Jean)

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗

DOE OSTI2025

Nevada National Security Site Environmental Report 2024 - Summary Report

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2020

Sequim Bay Underwater UXO (SBU2) Prototype Demonstration Site: Field Operations Summary, 2019

The U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) has identified more than 400 underwater sites that are potentially contaminated with munitions. Many of these sites are in shallow water (0–35 m deep) where the munitions pose a threat to human health and the environmental. To address this challenge, the Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program (SERDP) and Environmental Security Technology Certification Program (ESTCP) held a workshop in 2018 to establish the requirements and framework for developing a series of underwater unexploded ordnance (UXO) Standardized Demonstration sites (“test beds”) to support the evaluation of sensors, equipment, and technologies to detect UXO. Sequim Bay in Washington State was evaluated as a potential test bed and was determined to meet initial qualifying criteria with respect to environmental setting, and operational, logistical, and facilities support provided by the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL).

45 MILITARY TECHNOLOGY, WEAPONRY, AND NATIONAL DEF↗

DOE OSTI2020

Panel Session 57: US Nuclear Power Plant Waste Management - US LLW Disposal Issues

This panel focused on senior utility managers discussing specific disposal site issues with the disposal site operators. Representatives from each of the operating commercial disposal sites began by presenting an update of their facility, license, and waste acceptance criteria (WAC) followed by a panel discussion in response to audience questions. Panelists with presentations: Current and Emerging US NRC Regulatory Topics (Joe Weismann); WCS Update (Dan Burns); EnergySolutions Clive Facility Support for US LLW Disposal Issues (Vern C. Rogers)

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗

DOE OSTI2024

Mitigation for Removal of Building 01-103 in the Area 1 Subdock, Nevada National Security Site, Nye County, Nevada

Building 01-103, the Drill Bit Repair Building was originally recorded as SHPO Resource No. B18848 in 2020 during an architectural survey of the Area 1 Subdock (Collins et al. 2022). It was recommended individually eligible for listing in the NRHP under Criteria A and C and contributing to the significance of the Area 1 Subdock Historic District. The SHPO concurred with these determinations in a letter dated April 29, 2022 (Reed 2022). The Drill Bit Repair Building retains all seven aspects of integrity. The location, materials, workmanship, feeling, and association have not changed since its original construction. The design was modified slightly in 1996 with the addition of a removable and non-destructive chain-link fence. Nearby buildings 01-101 and 01-102 were removed (Collins and Menocal 2020) but the other buildings and storage yards remain. Therefore, the integrity of setting has been changed, but not to the degree that the building no longer conveys its significance (see Figures 4 and 5 for comparison). Building 01-103 was constructed in 1985 to coincide with the relocation of the Area 3 Subdock to Area 1. The design for the new Subdock provided a centralized cluster of buildings surrounded by two large storage yards. The buildings included administrative and engineering office space, warehouses, a radiograph building, and Building 01-103 as the drill bit maintenance and repair building, among others. The Drill Bit Repair Building was critical to the success of underground nuclear testing and is eligible under Criterion A for its contribution to broad patterns of history by maintaining specially designed equipment for underground nuclear testing at the NNSS. It is also eligible under Criterion C as it is the only recorded example of a facility built specifically for the maintenance of big-hole drill bits on the NNSS. As it retains both significance and integrity, it remains individually eligible under Criteria A and C. In addition to its individual significance, the Drill Bit Repair Building also contributes to the significance of the Area 1 Subdock Historic District as a representative of a big-hole drilling support facility necessary for underground nuclear testing. The building and the equipment therein were designed specifically for testing at the NNSS, where much of the early technology and methods for big-hole drilling were developed. Its removal will result in not only the demolition of a contributing element but also a change in the physical features of the district’s setting that contribute to its historic significance. The change in setting will diminish the district’s integrity. However, the district still contains numerous examples of other buildings constructed for the purpose of supporting big-hole drilling and remains eligible under Criteria A and C.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2023

Finding of Adverse Effect and Proposed Mitigation for the Demolition of Building 23-530, Mercury, Area 23, Nevada National Security Site, Nye County, Nevada

The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), National Nuclear Security Administration Nevada Field Office (NNSA/NFO) plans to demolish Building 23-530 in Mercury (Nevada State Historic Preservation Office [SHPO] Resource No. B15270), which is on the Nevada National Security Site (NNSS) in Nye County, Nevada. The purpose of the undertaking is related to the modernization of Mercury for future mission needs. The NNSA/NFO will implement this undertaking in accordance with the Programmatic Agreement Between the National Nuclear Security Administration Nevada Field Office and the Nevada State Historic Preservation Officer Regarding Modernization and Operational Maintenance of the Nevada National Security Site, at Mercury in Nye County, Nevada, hereafter referred to as the Mercury PA. Building 23-530, a dormitory called Freedom Hall, was constructed in Mercury in 1982 and served as a support facility for nuclear testing for the last decade of the Cold War. The town of Mercury and the immediate surrounding area have been determined eligible for listing in the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) as the Mercury Historic District (MHD, SHPO Resource No. D230) under Criteria A and C for their importance in supporting nuclear testing and scientific research from 1951 through 1992 (Reed 2019). Building 23-530 was identified as a contributing element to the MHD in a 2018 architectural survey of the district (Reno et al. 2018) and recorded on a Nevada Architectural Resource Assessment (ARA) form (Reno et al. 2017). Building 23-530 was also identified in Appendix C of the Mercury PA as a Category II contributing element. Category II properties are those that have several representatives in the MHD but may possess different engineering or architectural characteristics that distinguish them from other classes of similar elements. Building 23-530 is a historic property for the purposes of compliance with Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA) and subject to the stipulations of the Mercury PA. The purpose of this letter report is to submit documentation related to the mitigation of the demolition of Building 23-530 (Nevada State Historic Preservation Office [SHPO] Resource No. B15270) in the Mercury Historic District (MHD, SHPO Resource No. D230) at the Nevada National Security Site (NNSS) in Nye County, Nevada. The dormitory is considered contributing to the significance of the district both for its historic importance in relation to nuclear testing under Criterion A and as a part of the distinctive design and construction of the district under Criterion C. This submission is intended to comply with the stipulations in the Programmatic Agreement between the National Nuclear Security Administration Nevada Field Office and the Nevada State Historic Preservation Officer Regarding Modernization and Operational Maintenance of the Nevada National Security Site, at Mercury in Nye County, Nevada, hereafter referred to as the Mercury PA.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2022

Report Series: Finding of Effect and Mitigation Documentation for Building 23-153, Mercury, Area 23, Nevada National Security Site, Nye County, Nevada

Finding of Effect: The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), National Nuclear Security Administration Nevada Field Office (NNSA/NFO) plans to demolish Building 23-153, the Mechanical Calibration Laboratory (Calibration Lab), in Mercury (Nevada State Historic Preservation Office [SHPO] Resource No. B15271), which is on the Nevada National Security Site (NNSS) in Nye County, Nevada. The purpose of the undertaking is related to the modernization of Mercury for future mission needs. The NNSA/NFO will implement this undertaking in accordance with the Programmatic Agreement between the National Nuclear Security Administration Nevada Field Office and the Nevada State Historic Preservation Officer Regarding Modernization and Operational Maintenance of the Nevada National Security Site, at Mercury in Nye County, Nevada, hereafter referred to as the Mercury PA. Building 23-153 was constructed in Mercury in 1982 as the Mechanical Calibration Laboratory and served as a support facility for nuclear testing throughout the last decade of the Cold War. The town of Mercury and the immediate surrounding area have been formally determined eligible for listing in the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) as the Mercury Historic District (MHD, SHPO Resource No. D230) under Criteria A and C for their importance in supporting nuclear testing and scientific research from 1951 through 1992. Building 23-153 was identified as a contributing element to the MHD in a 2018 architectural survey of the district (Reno et al. 2018) and recorded on a Nevada Architectural Resource Assessment (ARA) form (Reno et al. 2017). Building 23-153 was also identified in Appendix C of the Mercury PA as a Category II contributing element. Category II properties are those that have several representatives in the MHD but may possess different engineering or architectural characteristics that distinguish them from other classes of similar elements. Building 23-153 is a historic property for the purposes of compliance with Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA) and subject to the stipulations of the Mercury PA. Mitigation: The purpose of this letter report is to submit documentation related to the mitigation of the demolition of Building 23-153, the Mechanical Calibration Laboratory (Calibration Lab, Nevada State Historic Preservation Office [SHPO] Resource No. B15271), in the Mercury Historic District (MHD, SHPO Resource No. D230) at the Nevada National Security Site (NNSS) in Nye County, Nevada. The Calibration Lab is considered contributing to the significance of the district both for its historic importance in relation to nuclear testing under Criterion A and as a part of the distinctive design and construction of the district under Criterion C. This submission is intended to comply with the stipulations in the Programmatic Agreement between the National Nuclear Security Administration Nevada Field Office and the Nevada State Historic Preservation Officer Regarding Modernization and Operational Maintenance of the Nevada National Security Site, at Mercury in Nye County, Nevada, hereafter referred to as the Mercury PA.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2025

Development of a Target Rod Rabbit Holder Facility in the Large Removable Beryllium Position

A new facility, the removable beryllium-target rod rabbit holder facility (RB*-TRRH), was designed and fielded in the large removable beryllium (RB*) position in the High Flux Isotope Reactor (HFIR). This facility supports three shortened target rod rabbit holders (sTRRHs), which allow for the irradiation of six axially stacked rabbit capsules per sTRRH. This will allow for the simultaneous irradiation of 18 rabbit capsules in the RB* position and will provide an alternative location for low-cost rabbit capsules to be irradiated in HFIR. The first capsules inserted into this facility are 18 perforated capsules that contain representative steel specimens of interest to the calandria of Canada deuterium uranium (CANDU) reactors as part of a lifetime extension program with Canadian Nuclear Laboratories (CNL).

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗

DOE OSTI2021

Requirements Documents for the Large Mechanical Parts Precision Cleaner (LMPPC) in the Optics Assembly Building (OAB)

The National Ignition Facility (NIF) is the world's largest energetic laser whose missions include sresearch in inertial confinement fusion, experiments for the Stockpile Stewardship, and other high fluence laser research. Due to the high fluence of lasers, extreme environmental conditions, and radiation presence, all mechanical parts (metal, plastic, etc.) installed on NIF must be precision cleaned. Precision cleaned parts are also required in supporting facilities like the Optics Processing Facility (OPF). Small debris inside the laser beams or on optics can cause optic damage, interfere with diagnostics, and interfere with experiments.

42 ENGINEERING↗

DOE OSTI2023

TRACER-Coastal Urban Boundary-Layer Interactions with Convection (TRACER-CUBIC) Field Campaign Report

To better understand the complicated web of processes governing convective cloud life cycle and aerosol-convection interactions, the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE)’s Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) user facility supported deployment of a variety of advanced atmospheric measurement systems to the greater Houston, Texas, area from 1 October 2021 to 30 September 2022 as part of the Tracking Aerosol Convection Interactions Experiment (TRACER). Houston was selected as a study area because isolated convection and a variety of aerosol conditions are common in this region. This one-year ARM Mobile Facility (AMF) deployment featured a four-month intensive operational period (IOP) during summer 2022 (1 June–30 September). The ARM instrumentation was deployed at three sites along an east-west transect from La Porte, Texas to an ancillary site in a less-polluted rural region southwest of downtown Houston (Figure 1). At the La Porte Site, which is located near the Houston ship channel in an area that experiences significant pollution, the first ARM Mobile Facility (AMF1) was deployed. During the IOP, the ARM tethered balloon system (TBS) operated at the ancillary site. The second-generation C-Band Scanning ARM Precipitation Radar (CSAPR) operated near Pearland, Texas, roughly halfway between the Laporte and ancillary sites. As part of the TRACER- Coastal Urban Boundary-Layer Interactions with Convection (CUBIC) project, three boundary-layer profiling systems) were deployed along a north-south transect spanning from the University of Houston Coastal Center to the Aldine site north of downtown Houston (also blue dot in Figure 1) during the TRACER IOP. These systems included the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) National Severe Storms Laboratory CLAMPS2 (C2), which was deployed at the UHCC, the University of Wisconsin SPARC, which was deployed at the ARM CSAPR site near Pearland (orange diamond in middle of map in Figure 1), and the University of Oklahoma CLAMPS1 (C1), which was deployed at Aldine. These three systems have been successfully operated in various field campaigns, providing data sets that collectively offer new insights into atmospheric-boundary-layer (ABL) processes, sea-breeze (SB) circulations, and convection initiation (CI). For the TRACER IOP window, these systems ran continuously between 1 June and 26 September, 2022. Due to commitments to NOAA projects, the Doppler lidar at the UHCC site was not available until 24 June 2022. The CLAMPS and SPARC profiling systems are self-contained platforms that have benefited from several years of development and deployment. Instruments and data processing were maintained remotely, which made the 4-month deployment for the TRACER-CUBIC IOP period possible. The same basic instrument configuration comprises each system: a scanning Doppler wind lidar for flow characterization and passive profiler(s) for characterizing planetary-boundary-layer (PBL) thermodynamic properties. Each platform includes a Halo Streamline Doppler wind lidar, an Atmospheric Emitted Radiance Interferometer (AERI), and a surface meteorology station. CLAMPS1 and CLAMPS2 each also include a microwave radiometer (MWR, Figure 1d). The TRACER-CUBIC hypotheses included (i) Interactions of SB and urban circulations and how they affect the PBL structure in the Houston environment, causing spatially (horizontally and vertically) and temporally highly variable flow patterns, (ii) heat, moisture, and aerosol transport and mixing depend on these flow dynamics, and (iii) an improved understanding of the flow patterns and PBL structure are critical for investigating the processes leading to CI. To test these hypotheses, the project aimed at (i) characterizing SB circulations and their impacts on the diurnal evolution of the structure of the ABL, (ii) studying the evolution of Houston’s complex urban boundary layer, and (iii) identifying effects of urban-induced circulations on pre-convective environments. TRACER-CUBIC observations generally provide good coverage during the summer IOP. Initial screening of the data indicates a good number of cases with bay-breeze (BB) and/or SB signatures, local CI, and interesting boundary-layer features such as strong nocturnal low-level jets (LLJs, Table 1). The numbers listed in rows 3-5 in this table will be further updated as part of ongoing in-depth analyses and systematic identification of local circulations and CI events. More detailed information about the data availability and quality for each instrument is provided in the “readme” files that were submitted to the ARM Data Center along with each archived data sets. These “readme” files also provide instrument descriptions, information about the data collection and processing procedures, data formats, and any additional information relevant for further data analysis.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2020

Y-12 Groundwater Protection Program Monitoring Well Inspection and Maintenance Plan

This plan describes the systematic approach for: inspecting the physical condition of monitoring wells at Y-12, determining maintenance needs that extend the life of a well, and identifying those wells that no longer meet acceptable monitoring well design or well construction standards and require plugging and abandonment. The inspection and maintenance of groundwater monitoring wells is one of the primary management strategies of the Y-12 Groundwater Protection Program (GWPP) Management Plan, that is, the “proactive stewardship of the extensive monitoring well network at Y-12" (Consolidated Nuclear Security, L.L.C. [CNS], 2018). Effective stewardship, and a program of routine inspections of the physical condition of each monitoring well, ensures that representative water-quality samples and hydrologic data are obtained from the well network and protects the subsurface environment. In accordance with the Y-12 GWPP Monitoring Optimization Plan (MOP) for Groundwater Monitoring Wells at the Y-12 National Security Complex, Oak Ridge, Tennessee (CNS, 2017), the status designation (active or inactive) for each well determines the scope and extent of well inspections and maintenance activities. This plan, in conjunction with the above document, formalizes the GWPP approach to focus available resources on monitoring wells which provide the most useful data, and for that reason the GWPP inspects and performs maintenance on the wells sampled by the GWPP. This plan applies to groundwater monitoring wells installed at Y-12 and the related waste management facilities located within the three hydrogeologic regimes: (1) the Bear Creek Hydrogeologic Regime (Bear Creek Regime), (2) the Upper East Fork Poplar Creek Hydrogeologic Regime (East Fork Regime), and (3) the Chestnut Ridge Hydrogeologic Regime (Chestnut Ridge Regime). The Bear Creek Regime encompasses the section of Bear Creek Valley (BCV) immediately west of Y-12. The East Fork Regime encompasses most of the Y-12 process, operations, and support facilities in BCV west of Scarboro Road. The Chestnut Ridge Regime is directly south of Y-12 and encompasses a section of Chestnut Ridge that is bounded to the west by a surface drainage feature (Dunaway Branch, located immediately west of Industrial Landfill II) and by Scarboro Road to the east. The GWPP maintains an extensive database of geographic and construction details and related information for the monitoring wells in each hydrogeologic regime in the Updated Subsurface Database for Bear Creek Valley, Chestnut Ridge, and Parts of Bethel Valley on the U.S. DOE Oak Ridge Reservation (CNS, 2019). A detailed description of the hydrogeologic framework at Y-12 can be found in the GWPP Management Plan (CNS, 2018).

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2022

Report Series: Finding of Effect and Mitigation Documentation for Building 23-W10, Mercury, Area 23, Nevada National Security Site, Nye County, Nevada

Finding of Effect: The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), National Nuclear Security Administration Nevada Field Office (NNSA/NFO) plans to demolish Building 23-W10 in Mercury (Nevada State Historic Preservation Office [SHPO] Resource No. B15228), which is on the Nevada National Security Site (NNSS) in Nye County, Nevada (Figure 1). The purpose of the undertaking is related to the modernization of Mercury for future mission needs. The NNSA/NFO will implement this undertaking in accordance with the Programmatic Agreement between the National Nuclear Security Administration Nevada Field Office and the Nevada State Historic Preservation Officer Regarding Modernization and Operational Maintenance of the Nevada National Security Site, at Mercury in Nye County, Nevada, hereafter referred to as the Mercury PA. Building 23-W10, a supply warehouse, was installed in Mercury in 1962 (NNSS GIS Database) and served as a support facility for nuclear testing throughout much of the Cold War. It was likely produced during World War II (WWII) and previously installed at Camp Desert Rock. The town of Mercury and the immediate surrounding area have been formally determined eligible for listing in the National Register of Historic Places (National Register, NRHP) as the Mercury Historic District (MHD, SHPO Resource #D230) under Criteria A and C for their importance in supporting nuclear testing and scientific research from 1951 through 1992. Building 23-W10 was identified as a contributing element to the MHD in a 2018 architectural survey of the district (Reno et al. 2018) and recorded on a Nevada Architectural Resource Assessment (ARA) form (Reno et al. 2017). Building 23-W10 was also identified in Appendix C of the Mercury PA as a Category II contributing element. Category II properties are those that have several representatives in the MHD, such as warehouses, but may possess different engineering or architectural characteristics that distinguish them from other classes of similar elements. Building 23-W10 is a historic property for the purposes of compliance with Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA) and subject to the stipulations of the Mercury PA. Mitigation: The purpose of this letter report is to support the mitigation of the demolition of Building 23-W10 (Nevada State Historic Preservation Office [SHPO] Resource No. B15228) in the Mercury Historic District (MHD, SHPO Resource #D230) at the Nevada National Security Site (NNSS) in Nye County, Nevada. The warehouse is considered contributing to the significance of the district both for its historic importance in relation to nuclear testing under Criterion A and as a part of the distinctive design and construction of the district under Criterion C. This submission is intended to comply with the stipulations in the Programmatic Agreement between the National Nuclear Security Administration Nevada Field Office and the Nevada State Historic Preservation Officer Regarding Modernization and Operational Maintenance of the Nevada National Security Site, at Mercury in Nye County, Nevada, hereafter referred to as the Mercury PA.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2024

Molten Salt Loop Operational Experience and Test Campaigns in FY24

The Facility to Alleviate Salt Technology Risks (FASTR) at the US Department of Energy (DOE) Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) was developed to demonstrate technology for high-temperature chloride salt systems (Figure 1). FASTR is primarily constructed using alloy C-276 and is designed to operate at temperatures of up to 725°C. The facility is loaded with 250 kg of NaCl-KCl-MgCl 2 salt. This salt provides a relevant test environment for de-risking technology while avoiding the costs and hazards associated with beryllium-based or uranium-bearing salts. The facility’s major components include a centrifugal pump for salt circulation, an air-based heat exchanger to reject heat, a suite of instrumentation, and trace heating to prevent salt freezing. The salt was purified in 2020 and 2022, and the pumped loop first operated in December 2022. FASTR is a unique US capability for high-temperature molten halide salt testing. FASTR’s scale, co located purification system, and relatively large power (465 kW) differentiates it from other testing systems. Furthermore, access to the DOE-supported facility and efficient communication of results— which are generally disseminated publicly—distinguish FASTR as being broadly significant throughout the molten salt reactor community. FASTR is similar to ORNL’s Liquid Salt Test Loop (LSTL), although FASTR contains chloride-based salt instead of the fluoride-based salt (LiF-NaF-KF) found in LSTL. Furthermore, FASTR is approximately 2× larger than LSTL in terms of pipe size and length, power, salt volume, flow rate, and number of thermocouples. The LSTL first operated in 2016. At the end of FY23, there was a suspected gas leak in the LSTL that halted operation. At the start of FY24, a leak in the LSTL pump’s tank gas space was confirmed. Because the gas-space leak prevented operation of LSTL, FY24 efforts were focused on operation of FASTR. This report summarizes the progress made during FY24 in support of the DOE Office of Nuclear Energy (DOE-NE) work package, AT-24OR070202 Salt Loop and Capability for Testing Sensors and Off Gas Components.

21 SPECIFIC NUCLEAR REACTORS AND ASSOCIATED PLANTS↗