Search NASA⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search NASA

Results for “Supportability”

Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 37 records · Page 2
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2025

Dual-Wavelength Simultaneous Patterning of Degradable Thermoset Supports for One-Pot Embedded 3D Printing

Vat photopolymerization (VP) techniques have enabled the fabrication of complex geometries while balancing high precision and fast processing times. 3D printed objects are traditionally built layer-by-layer with newly cured layers being structurally supported by previous ones. Fabricating unsupported features such as overhangs and arches risks misalignment and sagging, limiting the range of accessible designs. To overcome this issue, support structures are fabricated along with the primary object as temporary scaffolds that provide stability and conserve print fidelity. For VP specifically, patterning dissolvable sacrificial supports is attractive to avoid manual removal after printing. In this study, we demonstrate a base-degradable thermoset to pattern print supports in a one-pot formulation along with the primary structural material. Efficient printing is enabled using a dual-wavelength negative imaging (DWNI) DLP printer that patterns the degradable thermoset with visible light and the permanent network with UV light, which are simultaneously projected using a single digital micromirror device (DMD). Printed objects undergo thermal postprocessing to enhance the final conversion of the primary material, after which thermoset supports are degraded in a basic, aqueous solution. This approach provides a robust method for the dual-wavelength patterning of sacrificial thermoset supports, broadening the range of accessible 3D printable materials and geometries.

3D printing↗
DOE OSTI2024

Sulfur-Doped Carbon Support Boosts CO2RR Activity of Ag Electrocatalysts

For presentation at the 70th AVS International Symposium and Exhibition. In this work, we show that the activity of Ag electrocatalysts for electrochemical CO2 to CO conversion is improved when supported on sulfur-doped (S-doped) carbon materials. S-doped carbon support was created by treating the heavily sputtered, highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) in H2S at elevated temperatures, as confirmed by the S 2p X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) peak. Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) images indicated that Ag nanoparticles supported on S-doped HOPG had similar size distributions as those supported on sulfur-free (S-free) HOPG. While both catalysts reached > 90% CO Faradaic efficiency (FECO) at E = -1.3 V vs. the reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE) in the CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR), Ag catalysts supported on S-doped HOPG demonstrated 70% higher CO turnover frequency (TOFCO = 3.4 CO/atomAg/s) than those supported on S-free HOPG (TOFCO = 2.0 CO/atomAg/s). Preliminary calculations based on density functional theory (DFT) indicated a more favorable energetic pathway of CO2-to-CO at the C-S-Ag interface, tentatively consistent with experiments. These results hint at a new approach to design active and selective electrocatalysts for CO2 conversion.

Deng, Xingyi↗
DOE OSTI2024

Supports with integrated sensors for nuclear reactor steam generators, and associated systems and methods

Supports with integrated sensors for nuclear reactor steam generators, and associated systems and methods, are disclosed. A representative method for forming a nuclear-powered steam generator includes forming an instrumented support, the instrumented support including a carrier portion and a retainer portion, with at least one of the carrier portion or the retainer portion being integrally formed with a sensor via an additive manufacturing process. The method can further include coupling the sensor to a communication link, supporting a helical steam conduit on the instrumented support, and installing the helical steam conduit and the instrumented support in a nuclear reactor. The helical steam conduit is positioned along a primary flow path, which is in turn positioned to circulate a heated primary flow in thermal communication with the helical steam conduit.

Welter, Kent↗
DOE OSTI2025

Fabrication and Scale-Up of Porous Polybenzimidazole (PBI) Supports for Gas Separation Composite Membranes

Industrial gas separation often uses thin film composite (TFC) membranes comprising a porous support overlaid with a single-/multi-layer gas-selective thin film. An optimal porous support should possess high surface porosity to minimize gas transport resistance and nano-sized pores to ease pore penetration occurring during the thin film coating process. Good chemical and thermal stabilities are essential to withstand the aggressive solvents and heat required for the thin film coating and curing. However, few porous membranes satisfy all these requirements. This study presents a scalable membrane formation method of making highly porous polybenzimidazole (PBI) supports via non-solvent induced phase separation. This presentation also details the scale-up fabrication of PBI supports using a custom roll-to-roll membrane casting machine.

gas separation↗
DOE OSTI2024

Towards Next-Generation Urban Decision Support Systems through AI-Powered Construction of Scientific Ontology Using Large Language Models—A Case in Optimizing Intermodal Freight Transportation

The incorporation of Artificial Intelligence (AI) models into various optimization systems is on the rise. However, addressing complex urban and environmental management challenges often demands deep expertise in domain science and informatics. This expertise is essential for deriving data and simulation-driven insights that support informed decision-making. In this context, we investigate the potential of leveraging the pre-trained Large Language Models (LLMs) to create knowledge representations for supporting operations research. By adopting ChatGPT-4 API as the reasoning core, we outline an applied workflow that encompasses natural language processing, Methontology-based prompt tuning, and Generative Pre-trained Transformer (GPT), to automate the construction of scenario-based ontologies using existing research articles and technical manuals of urban datasets and simulations. From these ontologies, knowledge graphs can be derived using widely adopted formats and protocols, guiding various tasks towards data-informed decision support. The performance of our methodology is evaluated through a comparative analysis that contrasts our AI-generated ontology with the widely recognized pizza ontology, commonly used in tutorials for popular ontology software. We conclude with a real-world case study on optimizing the complex system of multi-modal freight transportation. Our approach advances urban decision support systems by enhancing data and metadata modeling, improving data integration and simulation coupling, and guiding the development of decision support strategies and essential software components.

96 KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT AND PRESERVATION↗
DOE OSTI2025

CO 2 Oxidative Ethane Dehydrogenation on CeO 2 /SiO 2 ‐Supported NiFe 3 Catalysts

CO 2 -assisted oxidative dehydrogenation of ethane is a sustainable alternative to steam cracking for ethylene production. In this study, a series of CeO 2 on SiO 2 supported NiFe 3 catalysts were synthesized by incipient wetness impregnation and tested for oxidative dehydrogenation performance. The CeO 2 /SiO 2 supported catalysts with high weight loading of CeO 2 (50%–75%) provided higher activity than the lower CeO 2 (0%–25%) loaded catalysts (with ethylene production rates of 0.62–0.98 µmol/g cat /s and 0.19–0.3 µmol/g cat /s, respectively) while maintaining high ethylene selectivity (43%–45%). In contrast, the NiFe 3 supported on only CeO 2 also exhibited high activity (ethylene production rate of 0.71 µmol/g cat /s), but the ethylene selectivity (16%) was greatly decreased compared to the mixed system. Temperature programmed reduction, X-ray diffraction, and Raman spectroscopy all indicate the creation of a solid solution of the Fe and Ni doped into the CeO 2 crystal structure in the catalysts with high CeO 2 loading/bulk CeO 2 support. Here, the high ethylene selectivity in the high CeO 2 loading catalysts indicates that the Fe is preferentially creating the solid solution, with the decrease in selectivity observed in the CeO 2 -only supported catalyst likely resulting from CeO 2 interacting directly with Ni, creating Ni-CeO X interfaces that are known active sites for the unwanted side reaction of dry reforming.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2026

Elucidating the role of surface species in CO oxidation catalyzed by boron nitride nanotube supported transition metal oxides

Boron nitride nanotube (BNNT) is considered a highly promising catalyst support due to its outstanding thermal stability and chemical inertness. These characteristics make BNNT an attractive alternative for high-temperature applications. However, most studies to date have focused on incorporating platinum group metals (PGMs) to achieve high activity. Although BNNT-supported PGM catalysts are highly effective, their scarcity and high cost hinder widespread use in industrial processes. In this study, BNNT-supported transition metal oxides (TMO x /BNNT; TM = Fe, Co, Ni, and Cu) catalysts were investigated, and CO oxidation was applied as a model reaction to evaluate their catalytic performance. Several characterization techniques, including SEM-EDX, TEM, SXRD, H 2 -TPR, and XPS, were employed to examine their physicochemical properties. Notably, the particle size of the metal oxides differed significantly depending on the metal type. This variation is primarily attributed to the inherent metal–support interactions and the thermodynamic stability of each oxide during synthesis. These properties also affected catalytic activity, and various parameters, such as oxygen mobility and redox behavior, played important roles in determining performance. Finally, in situ DRIFTS, CO-TPSR, reaction-order analysis, and 18 O 2 isotope-labeling experiment were used to investigate the reaction mechanism. In conclusion, the findings provide insights into the design of cost-effective BNNT-supported catalysts and highlight their potential applicability in oxidation reactions.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2024

SDSS-IV MaNGA: stellar rotational support in disc galaxies versus central surface density and stellar population age

ABSTRACT We investigate how the stellar rotational support changes as a function of spatially resolved stellar population age ($D_n4000$) and relative central stellar surface density ($\Delta \Sigma _1$) for MaNGA isolated/central disc galaxies. We find that the galaxy rotational support indicator $\lambda _{R_\mathrm{e}}$ varies smoothly as a function of $\Delta \Sigma _1$ and $D_n4000$. $D_n4000$ versus $\Delta \Sigma _1$ follows a ‘J-shape’, with $\lambda _{R_\mathrm{e}}$ contributing to the scatters. In this ‘J-shaped’ pattern rotational support increases with central $D_n4000$ when $\Delta \Sigma _1$ is low but decreases with $\Delta \Sigma _1$ when $\Delta \Sigma _1$ is high. Restricting attention to low-$\Delta \Sigma _1$ (i.e. large-radius) galaxies, we suggest that the trend of increasing rotational support with $D_n4000$ for these objects is produced by a mix of two different processes, a primary trend characterized by growth in $\lambda _{R_\mathrm{e}}$ along with mass through gas accretion, on top of which disturbance episodes are overlaid, which reduce rotational support and trigger increased star formation. An additional finding is that star-forming galaxies with low $\Delta \Sigma _1$ have relatively larger radii than galaxies with higher $\Delta \Sigma _1$ at fixed stellar mass. Assuming that these relative radii rankings are preserved while galaxies are star forming then implies clear evolutionary paths in central $D_n4000$ versus $\Delta \Sigma _1$. The paper closes with comments on the implications that these paths have for the evolution of pseudo-bulges versus classical bulges. The utility of using $\rm D_n4000$–$\Delta \Sigma _1$ to study $\lambda _{R_\mathrm{e}}$ reinforces the notion that galaxy kinematics correlate both with structure and with stellar-population state, and indicates the importance of a multidimensional description for understanding bulge and galaxy evolution.

Wang, Xiaohan (ORCID:0009000283121002)↗
DOE OSTI2026

Purpose, Design, and Analysis of the NSTX-U Centerstack Casing Lateral Support Shims

The National Spherical Torus Experiment Upgrade (NSTX-U) centerstack casing surrounds the central magnet core of NSTXU. It provides the inner vacuum boundary of the plasma chamber and supports the radially inboard plasma facing components lining the plasma chamber. The casing is supported like a cantilever, fixed at the lower flange by a connection to the TF Bundle through a G-10 ring. It is flexibly supported at the top by bellows, and insulated shims intended to react the largest part of the inventory of the disruption loads at the upper support, thereby protecting the upper and lower connections from excessive loads. A large part of the qualification of the casing and tiles requires addressing and quantifying disruption loads. These have been estimated based on extensions of the behavior of NSTX during its run period roughly 15 years ago. Structural qualification of the Upgrade used these estimates of the loading as input to calculations to demonstrate adequacy for a “most probable” disruption. The estimates are included in a requirements document to guide conservative design of all components loaded by disruptions. However, the changes made for the upgrade made the extrapolation of disruption behavior uncertain. Disruptions include axisymmetric loading from axisymmetric currents induced in the vessel shells. In addition, more complex currents called Halo currents are a result of plasma poloidal currents impinging on the casing. The halo currents add another layer of uncertain behavior and net lateral loading to the casing. As a result, NSTX-U is equipped with a number of instruments intended to assess the nature and severity of disruptions. The casing shims are required for lateral support of the casing, but these have also been converted to load cells to provide another measure of the magnitude of symmetric and asymmetric loading. Some of the logic in the development of the requirements document are presented. Electromagnetic analysis of axisymmetric and halo loading is described. Global simulations of the casing transient dynamic response, and local analysis and testing of the shim/load cell are included. The shim load cells and other instrumentation will be an important guide in planning NSTX-U experiments beyond its next run period expected in late 2026 or early 2027.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2024

Predicting Adhesion Energies of Metal Nanoparticles to Support Surfaces, Which Determines Metal Chemical Potential versus Particle Size and Thus Catalyst Performance

Improved catalysts and electrocatalysts composed of transition metal nanoparticles dispersed on high-area supports are essential for energy and environmental technologies. The chemical potential of the metal atoms in these supported nanoparticles is an important descriptor that correlates with both their catalytic activity and deactivation rate. This descriptor (μ M ) is predictably determined by the particle size and the adhesion energy per unit area at the metal/support interface (E adh ). We show here that the adhesion energies for different metals on a given support scale linearly with a simple property of the metal: for oxides, it is proportional to the metal oxophilicity, and for the carbon support, it increases linearly with metal carbophilicity (both divided by the area per metal atom). Furthermore, these relationships allow predicting E adh for other metal/support combinations, thus allowing estimation of μ M versus particle size and thereby better structure-based predictions of catalysts’ performance, which can aid in designing improved catalysts.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2025

Dynamic Metal–Support Interaction Dictates Cu Nanoparticle Sintering on Al 2 O 3 Surfaces

Nanoparticle sintering remains a critical challenge in heterogeneous catalysis. In this work, we present a unified deep potential (DP) model based on the Perdew–Burke–Ernzerhof approximation of density functional theory for Cu nanoparticles on three Al 2 O 3 surfaces (γ-Al 2 O 3 (100), γ-Al 2 O 3 (110), and α-Al 2 O 3 (0001)). Using DP-accelerated simulations, we reveal that the nanoparticle size-mobility relationship strongly depends on the supporting surface. The diffusion of nanoparticles on the two γ-Al 2 O 3 surfaces is almost independent of the size of the nanoparticle, while the diffusion on α-Al 2 O 3 (0001) decreases rapidly with increasing size. Interestingly, nanoparticles with fewer than 55 atoms diffuse several times faster on α-Al 2 O 3 (0001) than on γ-Al 2 O 3 (100) at 800 K while expected to be more sluggish based on their larger binding energy at 0 K. The diffusion on α-Al 2 O 3 (0001) is facilitated by dynamic metal–support interaction (MSI), where Al atoms move out of the surface plane to optimize contact with the nanoparticle and relax back to the plane as the nanoparticle moves away. In contrast, the MSI on γ-Al 2 O 3 (100) and on γ-Al 2 O 3 (110) is dominated by more stable and directional Cu–O bonds, consistent with the limited diffusion observed on these surfaces. Our extended MD simulations provide insight into the sintering processes, showing that the dispersity of the nanoparticles strongly influences the coalescence driven by nanoparticle diffusion. We observed that the coalescence of Cu 13 nanoparticles on α-Al 2 O 3 (0001) can occur in a short time (10 ns) at 800 K even with an initial internanoparticle distance increased to 3 nm, while the coalescence on the two γ-Al 2 O 3 surfaces are inhibited significantly by increasing the initial internanoparticle distance. These findings demonstrate that the dynamics of the supporting surface is crucial to understanding the sintering mechanism and offer guidance for designing sinter-resistant catalysts by engineering the support morphology.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2025

Enhancing Metal‐Support Interactions of Ru Catalysts via Relaxation of Oxygen Vacancies for Hydrogen Production

The stability of Ru-based catalysts under harsh electrochemical conditions is a critical challenge limiting their practical application in energy conversion systems. In this study, Ru catalysts supported on ZrO 2-x , CeO 2-x , and ZrCeO 2-x are synthesized via pyrolysis of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) and systematically evaluated to elucidate the role of support interactions on catalytic performance and durability. Advanced characterization techniques, including HR-TEM, XRD, XPS, and EXAFS, revealed that Ru-ZrCeO 2-x exhibited superior structural stability compared to Ru-ZrO 2-x and Ru-CeO 2-x , particularly under high-potential sweep (HPS) conditions. The incorporation of Ce into ZrO 2-x is shown to stabilize oxygen vacancies and enhance the interaction between Ru catalyst and the support, thereby mitigating catalyst degradation. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations further confirmed that Ce doping decreases formation energy of the oxygen vacancy, providing a thermodynamically favorable environment for Ru stabilization. This work demonstrates the promise of ZrCeO 2-x as a robust support material for Ru-based catalysts, advancing their potential for durable and efficient energy applications.

hydrogen evolution reaction↗
DOE OSTI2026

pH‐Mediated Strong Metal‐Support Interaction Construction Through Dynamic Fermi Level Tuning

The metal–support interface is central to governing catalytic transformations. While strong metal–support interaction (SMSI) is an established strategy to tailor the morphology and electronic properties of supported metal catalysts, the role of interfacial charge redistribution in SMSI formation remains poorly understood and rarely leveraged. Here, in this study, we report a dual-stimuli approach that combines pH modulation with ultrasonication to mediate SMSI construction in aqueous solution through dynamic Fermi level tuning. By leveraging in situ pH-driven charge redistribution at the metal–support interface, we achieve controllable SMSI encapsulation of metal nanoparticles, as verified by electrochemical analysis, work function measurements, and x-ray-based techniques. The resulting catalysts exhibit tunable SMSI features and deliver enhanced activity and selectivity in hydrogenation reactions. This work establishes a facile strategy to modulate catalyst structure and electronic properties by exploiting Fermi level variation as a driving force, thereby advancing rational SMSI design and catalytic performance across diverse environments.

77 NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2024

Influence of support on Rh-Co bimetallic catalysts for ethylene hydroformylation

Bimetallic Rh- and Co-based catalysts are promising materials for the heterogenous ethylene hydroformylation reaction. Here, in this study, the influence of a mesoporous silica (SBA-15) support on Rh and Co bimetallic interactions was investigated through a comparison with silica gel and alumina supports. The bimetallic catalyst supported on mesoporous silica (RhCo 3 /SBA-15) showed the best C 3 oxygenate yield among the three bimetallic catalysts. In-situ vibrational studies suggested moderate binding of the gem-dicarbonyl and Rh(CO)(C 2 H 4 ) intermediates due to this bimetallic interaction that led to improved hydroformylation performance. Kinetic studies revealed a lower hydroformylation barrier for the bimetallic compared to a Rh monometallic catalyst, and in-situ X-ray absorption spectroscopy investigations showed clear Rh-Co alloy formation on RhCo 3 /SBA-15. The bimetallic enhancement effect from the interaction with the mesoporous silica support shown here can be further optimized to design olefin hydroformylation catalysts.

58 GEOSCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2024

Laser-engraved defects in TiO 2 support: Enhancing reducibility and redox capability of Pt/TiO 2 catalyst for reactive and selective hydrogenation

Titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ) has been studied as catalyst or catalyst support in catalysis. Its synthesis or modification approach controls the structural, optical, and electronic properties. Here, in this work, we applied laser engraving to the anatase TiO 2 and studied the consequent changes in its structure and property as well as the properties of TiO 2 supported platinum (i.e., Pt/TiO 2 ) catalyst. The laser engraving enlarged the particle size, formed rutile phase and created defects (i.e., oxygen vacancy (O v ) and Ti 3+ ) in anatase TiO 2 . This induced band gap change and enhanced visible light absorption. The defects created by laser engraving are stable and more reducible than those existed in the pristine TiO 2 . The defective TiO 2 is structurally stable and has great redox properties. The metal-support interaction in the Pt/defective TiO 2 catalyst is stronger than that of the pristine Pt/TiO 2 catalyst, which enabled higher reactivity and selectivity in hydrogenation of 3-nitrostyrene and furfuryl alcohol. Laser-engraved TiO 2 has been rarely studied for thermal catalysis. This work provides basic understanding of material properties and catalysis application of laser-engraved catalyst supports and catalysts in field of thermal catalysis.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2024

Spectroscopic Insight on Neodymium Solvation in Lithium Borohydride-Supported Electrolyte

Borohydride-based electrolytes have recently emerged as promising media for the electrodeposition of electropositive metals, including rare earth (RE) elements. While the presence of supporting alkali metal cations and RE counteranions provides essential electrochemical conductivity for achieving fast metal electrodeposition, interactions between the host ligand and solvated neodymium (Nd) complexes remain unclear. This study provides insights into the coordination structure of a concentrated and directly solvated Nd salt in a lithium borohydride-supported electrolyte. Our spectroscopic results indicate that the RE coordination environment is significantly influenced by the solvation mechanism, which can vary between metathesis and complexation pathways, primarily dictated by stoichiometric factors. Under dilute conditions, nearly complete metathesis of anions leads to a high coordination number for the host ligand (borohydride), consistent with the previously reported solvated Nd speciation in chlorine-free electrolytes. In contrast, concentrated dissolution of the Nd salt in the supported electrolyte is dominated by a complexation pathway featuring a Li-ion-paired complex with a low coordination number of the host ligand. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations indicated that the observed blue shift in the borohydride vibration was the result of an increase in electron density drawn into the terminal B–H interbond region from the hydride as the coordination changed from Li to Nd. In conjunction with DFT results, vibrational analyses allowed correlation of the experimental shifts associated with changes in Nd ligation and coordination spheres, further consolidating the prevalence of highly chloride-coordinated species under concentrated conditions. In conclusion, the outcomes of this work illuminate the distinctive and heterogeneous coordination structures that the electroactive RE species can adopt at high concentrations in lithium borohydride-supported electrolytes, as a key step to comprehend the reported metal electrodeposition performance in these media.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2025

Implementation of Advanced Grid Support Functionalities by Smart Operation of Residential Loads with low Cost Converter Interface

This paper investigates a grid-supportive load concept for small-scale residential appliances, focusing on a residential refrigerator. Power consumption is adjusted based on grid conditions to achieve IEEE-1547 grid support functions. Two key aspects are presented: a low-cost refrigerator converter with Lyapunov energy function-based local controllers for speed control, and the impact on a standard microgrid system, demonstrating advanced grid support from the load side. This method enhances grid resilience and reliability and can be extended to other residential loads. The study contributes to efficient and robust grid-supportive load management systems, showing promising performance. This approach has the potential to improve overall grid stability and can be adapted for various types of residential appliances. The modeling and simulations in MATLAB/Simulink and PLECS confirm the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed solution. Future work will explore real-world implementation and scalability of this concept for broader applications.

grid supportive loads (GSL)↗
DOE OSTI2025

Current understanding of Oxidative Coupling of Methane (OCM) reaction over supported Mn-Na 2 WO 4 catalysts

This perspective reviews the current understanding of the Oxidative Coupling of Methane (OCM) reaction over the supported Mn-Na 2 WO 4 /SiO 2 catalyst, with a focus on recent insights gained from state-of-the-art in-situ and operando spectroscopic characterization and chemical probe experiments under controlled environments. The supported Mn-Na 2 WO 4 /SiO 2 catalyst exhibits dynamic structural changes during the OCM reaction, involving multiple reactive lattice and adsorbed oxygen species, each associated with different oxide phases. These oxygen species play distinct roles in various steps of the OCM mechanism. The catalytic active sites for activation of CH 4 are associated with isolated surface Na-WO x sites on the SiO 2 support and the role of surface MnO x sites on SiO 2 is to oxidatively dehydrogenate C 2 H 6 to C 2 H 4 . Furthermore, this paper provides a detailed discussion of these roles and also introduces new experimental data from Temporal Analysis of Products (TAP) studies to clarify the ongoing debate in the literature regarding the contributions of lattice versus adsorbed oxygen species in OCM reaction product formation. Additionally, recommendations are offered for optimizing the performance of supported Mn-Na 2 WO 4 /SiO 2 catalysts to enhance CH 4 activation and C 2 product selectivity.

03 - NATURAL GAS↗