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Analysis of Fluorine Addition to the Vanguard First Stage
Addition of liquid fluorine to liquid oxygen in Vanguard first stage oxygen-hydrocarbon rocket engine
Project Vanguard Magnetic-Field Instrumentation and Measurements
The Vanguard III Satellite, 1959 Eta, placed in orbit on September 18, 1959, contained a proton precessional magnetometer for magnetic-field studies of exceptional accuracy. Throughout the 85 days of battery life, the instrumentation functioned according to plan. Measurements of the absolute total field were obtained in the meridian belts of Minitrack stations at altitudes 510 to 3750 kilometers and at latitudes +/- 33.4 degrees. Surface magnetic observatories were operated at eight of the Minitrack stations to furnish correlative information. This paper reviews briefly the instrumentation employed in these experiments, and the data collection and reduction procedures. Emphasis is given to results from a preliminary analysis. Specifically, this analysis bears on the accuracy of computed fields, the stability of the earth's field in space, the Capetown anomaly, and magnetic-storm effects.
Catalogue of satellite observations no. c-34
Observations of satellites - explorer i and vii, vanguard i, ii, and iii, and transit ib
CATALOG OF PRECISELY REDUCED OBSERVATIONS, NO. P-5
Catalog of precisely reduced observations of vanguard ii
SATELLITE ORBITAL DATA
Satellite orbital data for explorer i, vii, viii, ix and vanguard ii and iii - orbital elements
Prime Minitrack and Baker-Nunn of Satellite 1959 alpha 1 /Vanguard II/
Prime Minitrack and Baker-Nunn orbits of Satellite 1959 alpha sub 1 /Vanguard II/
THE ORBITS OF THE SATELLITES 1959 ALPHA 1 AND 1959 ALPHA 2 AND THE PERTURBATIONS ON THE PERIGEE DISTANCE OF 1959 ALPHA 1
Orbits of vanguard ii and vanguard ii rocket
United States Space Explorations 1958
The film describes preparation and launch of five satellites and two space probes during 1958. On January 31, a Jupiter vehicle launched Explorer I into space. Data from this satellite was used to identify the van Allen radiation belts. On March 17, a Vanguard I rocket launched an Earth satellite with solar batteries. Data from the mission was used to determine that the Earth is slightly pear-shaped. On March 26, Explorer III was launched to further study the van Allen belts, micrometeoroid impacts, and internal and external temperatures. Explorer IV, launched on July 26, was intended to study radiation and temperature data. A lunar probe, ABLE I, was intended to measure radiation, magnetic fields of Earth and the Moon, density of micrometeoric matter, and internal temperatures. A four-stage rocket was used in the launch. However, a turbo-pump failed and the liquid oxygen pump stopped, resulting in a failed mission. On October 10, Pioneer I was launched by an ABLE vehicle. First and second stage velocity was less than desired and the probe did not leave Earth orbit. Attempts to attain escape velocity were unsuccessful. On December, a Jupiter boost vehicle was used to launch Juno II, with Pioneer III as the payload. Escape velocity was reached and Pioneer III left Earth's atmosphere. Failed launches, such as those of Vanguard boost vehicles and several Explorer satellites, also added to scientific knowledge.
VANGUARD 3 MAGNETIC-FIELD OBSERVATIONS
Analysis of earth magnetic field data obtained from scalar proton magnetometer contained on vanguard 3
Continuous loop recorders.
Continuous loop magnetic tape recorders used in Vanguard, Tiros and Nimbus satellites
Magnetic space-based field measurements
Because the near Earth magnetic field is a complex combination of fields from outside the Earth of fields from its core and of fields from its crust, measurements from space prove to be the only practical way to obtain timely, global surveys. Due to difficulty in making accurate vector measurements, early satellites such as Sputnik and Vanguard measured only the magnitude survey. The attitude accuracy was 20 arc sec. Both the Earth's core fields and the fields arising from its crust were mapped from satellite data. The standard model of the core consists of a scalar potential represented by a spherical harmonics series. Models of the crustal field are relatively new. Mathematical representation is achieved in localized areas by arrays of dipoles appropriately located in the Earth's crust. Measurements of the Earth's field are used in navigation, to map charged particles in the magnetosphere, to study fluid properties in the Earth's core, to infer conductivity of the upper mantels, and to delineate regional scale geological features.
Development of the Lunar and Solar Perturbations in the Motion of an Artificial Satellite
Problems relating to the influence of lunar and solar perturbations on the motion of artificial satellites are analyzed by an extension of Cayley's development of the perturbative function in the lunar theory. In addition, the results are modified for incorporation into the Hansen-type theory used by the NASA Space Computing Center. The theory is applied to the orbits of the Vanguard I and Explorer VI satellites, and the results of detailed computations for these satellites are given together with a physical description of the perturbations in terms of resonance effects.
The Explorer Rocket Research Program
Since September of 1956, nine Jupiter-C missiles have been launched from the firing pad at Cape Canaveral. The first Jupiter-C firing tested the propulsion system, air frame, and guidance components of the missile, and the second and third firings tested a model of the Jupiter nose cone under realistic re-entry conditions. The remaining six Jupiter-C missiles were used as the launching vehicles for EXPLORER satellites I through VI (Fig. 1). Of the six satellite firings, EXPLORERs I, III, and IV achieved satisfactory orbits. The Jupiter-C missile was designed and developed as a joint program under the technical direction of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory and the Army Ballistic Missile Agency. The Jet Propulsion Laboratory developed the three high-speed stages, and the Army Ballistic Missile Agency handled the development, construction, and operation of the first-stage booster rocket and the guidance system. Many other organizations have contributed to the success of the EXPLORER satellite program, most notably the State University of Iowa, the Air Force Cambridge Research Center, and the satellite tracking teams of the Vanguard organization.
Vanguard/PLACE experiment system design and test plan
A system design and test plan are described for operational evaluation of the NASA-Goddard position location and aircraft communications equipment (PLACE), at C band (4/6GHz), using NASA's ship, the USNS Vanguard, and the ATS 3 and ATS 5 synchronous satellites. The Sea Test phase, extending from March 29, 1973 to April 15, 1973 was successfully completed; the principal objectives of the experiment were achieved. Typical PLACE-computed, position-location data is shown for the Vanguard. Position location and voice-quality measurements were excellent; ship position was determined within 2 nmi; high-quality, 2-way voice transmissions resulted as determined from audience participation, intelligibility and articulation-index analysis. A C band/L band satellite trilateration experiment is discussed.
Vanguard/PLACE experiment system design and test plan
A system design and test plan are described for operational evaluation of the NASA-Goddard position location and aircraft communications equipment (PLACE), at C-band (4/6 GHz), using NASA's ship, the USNS Vanguard, and the ATS-3 and ATS-5 synchronous satellites. The sea test phase, extending from Mar. 29, 1973 to Apr. 15, 1973 has been successfully completed; the principal objectives of the experiment were achieved. Typical PLACE-computed, position-location data are shown for the Vanguard. Position location and voice-quality measurements were excellent; ship position was determined within 2 n mi; high-quality, 2-way voice transmissions resulted as determined from audience participation, intelligibility and articulation-index analysis. A C-band/L-band satellite trilateration experiment is discussed.
The World Magnetic Survey
The mathematical and graphical description of the earth's main field has been, and is, a "data limited" problem. The World Magnetic Survey (WMS) is an endeavor to minimize this limitation by rapidly and comprehensively blanketing the earth with magnetic field measurements. Satellite surveys, which will play a key role in the W MS, are the principal topic of this paper. Existing magnetic field descriptions, the expected results from new surveys, and the methods of obtaining these results with the POGO satellite are emphasized. It is anticipated on the basis of extrapolation from Vanguard 3 results and other considerations that a factor of 10 improvement will be obtained. This means that the average errors of 1 to 3 percent now present in field charts and spherical harmonic descriptions should be reduced to 0.1 to 0.3 percent as a result of the survey.
Vanguard/PLACE experiment system design and test plan
The design, development, and testing of the NASA-GFSC Position Location and Aircraft Communications Equipment (PLACE) at C band frequency are discussed. The equipment was installed on the USNS Vanguard. The tests involved a sea test to evalute the position-location, 2-way voice, and 2-way data communications capability of PLACE and a trilateration test to position-fix the ATS-5 satellite using the PLACE system.