Residential wood heat in the US: Results of a survey investigating user behavior and operation of wood heating appliances
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Kilkenny, Kiernan (ORCID:0009000653426373)↗
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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.
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Equity implications of market structure and appliance energy efficiency regulation
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29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗
Are consumers attentive to local energy costs? Evidence from the appliance market
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Houde, Sébastien↗
Smart Phone Application to Compute Annual Solar Production of One Panel of a Plug-and-Play Solar Appliance (Cooperative Research and Development Final Report, CRADA Number CRD-19-00832)
The primary goal of the project is to develop a smart phone application (App) that will be available in both the Apple App Store and the Android store that displays results from the NREL's photovoltaic application, PVWatts Calculator, an application that estimates the energy production and cost of energy of grid-connected PV energy systems, and that will provide quick-response changes based on the orientation of the smart phone by the end user.
14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
Connected Loads – Grid Connected Appliances: Commercial Refrigeration System Fault Detection and Diagnostics
As one of the most energy-intensive end-uses in the commercial buildings sector, supermarkets consume around 50 kWh/ft 2 (or 537.6 kWh/m 2 ) of electricity annually, or more than 2 million kWh of electricity per year for a typical store. The biggest consumer of energy in a supermarket is its refrigeration system, which accounts for 40–60% of its total electricity usage and is equivalent to about 2–3% of the total energy consumed by commercial buildings in United States, or around 0.5 quadrillion Btu (or 0.53 quadrillion KJ). Also, the supermarket refrigeration system is one of the biggest consumers of refrigerants. Current supermarket refrigeration systems rely on high global warming potential hydrofluorocarbon refrigerants. Reducing refrigerant usage or using environment friendly alternatives can result in significant climate benefits. Transcritical CO2 refrigeration systems have attracted more attention in recent years because of their zero-carbon emission advantages compared with traditional refrigerants. These systems are widely used in commercial buildings such as supermarkets. The refrigeration system can also be adapted to handle flexible building loads and be integrated into grid response transactive control to balance the supply and demand of the electric grid. Even minor improvements in the efficiency and operational reliability of supermarket refrigeration systems can create significant value in terms of saving energy, improving food quality, protecting the environment, reducing carbon footprint, and enhancing electric grid resilience.
32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗
South Africa’s Appliance Energy Efficiency Standards and Labeling Program
Electricity consumption in South Africa comes with a hefty environmental cost to the society. For every kilowatt-hour (kWh) produced, 1 kilogram (kg) of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) is emitted, 1.4 liters of water are used, and 0.37 grams of particulate emissions are released in the atmosphere. These environmental implications result from the large share of electricity produced from coal (91 percent in 2015). While planned new capacity will ramp up renewable energy, the integrated resource plan for the country still projects the share of col to be 64 percent in 2030. Energy savings provide environmental benefits as well as economic benefits. Energy efficiency standards and labeling (S&L) programs are a policy measure proven to save energy. Such programs have been implemented in many countries to remove inefficient technologies and transform markets to more efficient technologies. In this study, we describe the methodology, assumptions and results of a stock turnover modeling tool that estimates the energy savings achievable by South Africa’s S&L program in the residential sector. We show that if regulations are passed in 2020 and effective in 2021 for 10 major end-use adopting international standards best practices, 6 terawatt-hours (TWh) will be saved in 2030 and 9.5 TWh will be saved in 2040, representing a CO 2 mitigation of 3.7 megatonnes (Mt) in 2030 and 5.8 Mt in 2040, which will contribute to the South African government’s international engagement in fighting against climate change through its National Determined Contribution (NDC). Additional environmental benefits include saving of 6.5 billion liters of water in 2030, representing approximately 100 liters per capita in 2030. Air quality will also improve, as 4 kilotons (kt) of particulate emissions will be avoided, as well as 4.3 Mt of sulfur oxides (SOx) and 23 kt of nitrogen oxides (NOx) in 2030.
32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗
Connected Loads – Grid Connected Appliances: Deployment IoT Solution for Fault Detection and Diagnostics
As one of the most energy-intensive end-uses in the commercial buildings sector, supermarkets consume around 50 kWh/ft 2 ( or 537.6 kWh/m 2 ) of electricity annually, or more than 2 million kWh of electricity per year for a typical store. The biggest consumer of energy in a supermarket is its refrigeration system, which accounts for 40–60% of its total electricity usage and is equivalent to about 2–3% of the total energy consumed by commercial buildings in United States, or around 0.5 quadrillion Btu (or 0.53 quadrillion KJ). Also, the supermarket refrigeration system is one of the biggest consumers of refrigerants. Current supermarket refrigeration systems rely on high global warming potential hydrofluorocarbon refrigerants. Reducing refrigerant usage or using environment friendly alternatives can result in significant climate benefits. Transcritical CO2 refrigeration systems have attracted more attention in recent years because of their zero-carbon emission advantages compared with traditional refrigerants. These systems are widely used in commercial buildings such as supermarkets. The refrigeration system can also be adapted to handle flexible building loads and be integrated into grid response transactive control to balance the supply and demand of the electric grid. Even minor improvements in the efficiency and operational reliability of supermarket refrigeration systems can create significant value in terms of saving energy, improving food quality, protecting the environment, reducing carbon footprint, and enhancing electric grid resilience. For decarbonization, the new administration has set a target to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 50– 52% by 2030 and targeting a carbon-neutral economy by 2050. For electrification, the goal is to achieve 100% clean electricity by 2035. Such decarbonization and electrification in the building sector require that energy consumption in buildings be reduced significantly. Therefore, the building sector must continuously adopt new technologies to achieve its energy and carbon emission goals. One of the most fundamental technologies is the Internet of Things (IoT). IoT has proven to be an effective solution for the building domain, including building information/energy modeling, smart buildings, etc. Although much progress has been made in the development of IoT-based building energy systems, there is still a lack of reliable, scalable, and affordable IoT-based automated fault and degradation diagnostics (AFDDs) solutions. Such solutions would enable deployment of advanced algorithms into real systems to archive the projected energy benefits. This study reviews existing IoT solutions developed for building energy– related application and developed a simple but effective AFDD IoT deployment solution, including developing a suitable IoT architecture and conducting easy and scalable deployment by leveraging a common cloud-based IoT service.
32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗
Easy Install Heat Pump Integrated with Fuel Oil Heating Appliance
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
Fisler, Diana [EcoSnap, LLC]↗
Appliance level battery-based energy storage
A powered building system that includes an electric power distribution system configured to distribute electrical power to a plurality of receptacles; one or more load sources; and one or more battery systems associated with: a respective receptacle of the plurality of receptacles and a respective load source of the one or more load sources.
Griffith, Saul Thomas↗
Occupant-driven end use load models for demand response and flexibility service participation of residential grid-interactive buildings
As demand response becomes increasingly used as a tool to support improved grid flexibility, it is important to consider that there are many potential types of energy end uses that may be used to support such flexibility. Residential appliances, often accounting for 30 % or more of residential energy use, are a currently untapped source of demand flexibility, particularly when aggregated together across homes. To date there has been very limited analysis of residential appliances for use as grid-interactive loads. As such, this research uses disaggregated energy end use data for 564 households, to model the electricity demand flexibility potential of the use of residential dishwashers, clothes washers, clothes dryers, ovens, and ranges (oven + stovetop) on both weekdays and weekends. This includes both at the building level, as well as aggregated to the grid level, specifically the Midcontinent Independent System Operator (MISO) region. This study was divided into two parts. Part 1 focuses on determining appliance-level loads, and Part 2, which involves aggregation to the grid. Findings suggest that among the studied appliances, clothes dryers provide the greatest demand reduction potential for most times of the day, followed by dishwashers and clothes washers. The maximum potential reduction for clothes dryers is found to be approximately at 11:00 a.m. and this potential sustains throughout most of the daytime period. When considering the willingness of households to participate, based on a survey of households in the Midwest region, clothes dryers still have the most potential for demand reduction. The availability of appliances for load modulation on weekdays and weekends indicates similar load reduction potential for all appliances. Overall, the results of this study suggest that there is an opportunity for shifting appliance usage to optimize grid efficiency and enhance demand response strategies.
32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗
Assessing electrification readiness in U.S. single-family homes based on a nationwide survey of electrical panel capacities
Electrification of residential buildings is a key strategy for increasing the use of renewable energy sources. Central to this transition is understanding the capacity of existing electrical infrastructure—specifically electrical panels—to safely and effectively manage increased electricity demands from electrification technologies. However, comprehensive nationwide data on electrical panel capacities in U.S. single-family homes is currently lacking. To address this gap, we conducted a nationwide survey of single-family homes, collecting detailed data on electrical panel capacities, breaker slot availability, major electric and gas appliances, electrical panel models, and home characteristics such as construction year and floor area. Photographic documentation was used to verify electrical panel data and appliance information. Results show that approximately 60% of surveyed homes have electrical panels rated at ≥200 amperes (A), indicating that a significant portion of the existing housing stock can accommodate additional electric loads. However, 31% of homes possess panels rated at ≤100 A, potentially restricting their ability to adopt new electric appliances without significant upgrades. Panel capacities positively correlate with both home size and construction year, with newer and larger homes generally better suited for electrification. Homes with higher-capacity panels tend to have fewer gas appliances, reflecting a gradual shift toward electric technologies. Conversely, homes with lower-capacity panels frequently rely on multiple gas appliances, highlighting substantial electrification challenges. Additionally, approximately 3% of surveyed homes had potentially hazardous electrical panel models, emphasizing important safety considerations in the residential electrification process. Our findings underscore the need for targeted policies, financial incentives, and infrastructure investments designed specifically to address infrastructural and safety barriers, particularly in older and smaller homes, to support equitable and efficient electrification across the U.S. residential sector.
Gul, Sadia↗
Intelligent Energy Optimizer for Residential Buildings
Demand-side management in the buildings is essential for meeting grid flexibility needs in a highly renewable energy scenario. Appliance load monitoring helps decision making for demand-side management by providing the information on operation status/power consumption from different appliances in the buildings. Nonintrusive load monitoring (NILM) is an attractive option for appliance load monitoring using because it has lower cost for sensors and helps mitigate privacy concerns. In this study, the team used an event detection technique followed by two different methods for event classification. The results from k-means clustering showed that the events from a single appliance are often distributed in multiple clusters. Thus, the unsupervised method of NILM using k-means clustering used in this study was not very suitable for load disaggregation. The results from NILM showed that the F1 score for event classification was 0.77 for a heat pump water heater and very low for other appliances using the rule-based classification.
24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
BE-SATED: Building Energy Storage At The Edges of Demand
Otherlab is leading research efforts to validate and deploy battery-integrated appliances in real-world settings. The primary goal is to demonstrate the ability of these appliances to shift residential energy loads and reduce peak demand. Additionally, the project aims to secure safety certifications for battery-integrated appliances and establish a key industrial partnership with an appliance manufacturer for broader market adoption.
25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
Understanding airflow pattern and temperature distribution in domestic refrigerators – A review analyzing recent developments and bridging knowledge gaps
Refrigerators have become an essential appliance in every household, and they consume approximately 30% of total electricity among other domestic appliances such as clothes washers, dryers, and air conditioners. With the refrigerator’s comparatively high energy consumption compared with other appliances, existing research has mainly focused on improving the energy efficiency of refrigerators by changing the design of the compressor, heat exchanger, refrigerant, and insulation. However, previous studies have paid very little attention to the research and development of the temperature distribution in the refrigerator, which is a key parameter in determining energy consumption and food safety. Therefore, this review aims to present an overview of recent design developments to improve the temperature distribution and air circulation in domestic refrigerators, including static refrigerators and no-frost refrigerators. Herein, this review article discusses the various operation and design factors that can affect the air circulation and temperature uniformity of the refrigerator, including shelf arrangement, the compressor on/off cycle, thermostat settings, evaporator design, ambient conditions, door opening frequency, and product loading temperatures. Additionally, this review provides a summary of the advanced vapor compression cycle based refrigerators that are expected to provide better energy efficiency and independent temperature control in freezer and refrigerator compartments. This review elaborates on the significance of improving the performance of the domestic refrigerator in terms of temperature distribution and air circulation.
42 ENGINEERING↗
Quantitative analysis of cost savings and occupants’ preferences in grid-interactive smart home operation
Many utility companies in the United States have introduced time-of-use (TOU) rates for homeowners with the goal of regulating electricity consumption during peak hours. The electrical appliances in homes include various thermostatically controlled devices, such as air conditioners (AC) for thermal comfort, and nonthermostatically controlled devices such as clothes washers. As a result, homeowners face the complicated challenge of economically operating multiple electrical appliances in their homes while maintaining comfort and convenience. This is usually due to the lack of an explicit understanding of the correlation between cost saving and the users’ comfort. To understand the correlation, this article is designed to construct a framework by integrating three major components: a multi-objective optimization method accommodating multiple competing goals with different weights, a learning-based system modeling approach describing the dynamics and thermal coupling effects of appliances, and a novel comfort index method differentiating preferred and acceptable thermal comfort. Our proposed framework can allow the indoor air temperature to fall into the "preferred" range with a marginal cost increase. Furthermore, the simulation result shows that an additional 8 h for the preferred thermal comfort can be achieved with a cost increase of only 1.77%.
32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗
Two (or more) for one: Identifying classes of household energy- and water-saving measures to understand the potential for positive spillover
A key component of behavior-based energy conservation programs is the identification of target behaviors. A common approach is to target behaviors with the greatest energy-saving potential. The concept of behavioral spillover introduces further considerations, namely that adoption of one energy-saving behavior may increase (or decrease) the likelihood of other energy-saving behaviors. This research aimed to identify and describe household energy- and water-saving measure classes within which positive spillover is likely to occur (e.g., adoption of energy-efficient appliances may correlate with adoption of water-efficient appliances), and explore demographic and psychographic predictors of each. Nearly 1,000 households in a California city were surveyed and asked to report whether they had adopted 75 different energy- and/or water-saving measures. Principal Component Analysis and Network Analysis based on correlations between adoption of these diverse measures revealed and characterized eight water-energy-saving measure classes: Water Conservation, Energy Conservation, Maintenance and Management, Efficient Appliance, Advanced Efficiency, Efficient Irrigation, Green Gardening, and Green Landscaping. Understanding these measure classes can help guide behavior-based energy program developers in selecting target behaviors and designing interventions.
32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗
DE‐SC0022708 RESEARCH PERFORMANCE FINAL REPORT
GismoPower’s Final Research Report documents the outcomes of a DOE SBIR Phase II project focused on advancing the MEGA® (Mobile Electricity Generating Appliance), a trailerable, plug-in solar canopy appliance designed to deliver appliance-class electricity generation for homes, small businesses and renters. The project’s core objective was to remove the technical and regulatory barriers that have historically prevented plug-in solar systems from being safely certified, permitted, and interconnected in the United States.
14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
Impacts of Electric Space Heating in Multifamily Apartments in Juneau, Alaska [Slides]
The study objective was to understand the change in electrical consumption and cost after the addition of a ductless mini-split air-source heat pump (ASHP) across rental apartments heated by electrical resistance heating systems in multifamily buildings in Juneau, Alaska. Alaska Electric Light and Power Company (AELP), the utility in Juneau, Alaska, funded installation of 19 heat pumps across four buildings. Using electrical meter interval data, including the total apartment consumption and submeter data for each heating appliance (electric resistance baseboard and heat pump), the National Laboratory of the Rockies (NLR) calculated energy use metrics before and after heat pump installation and visualized results. Through this research, NLR compares electrical use (total and specific to heating appliances), adjusted for weather and apartment size, and electrical demand in the year before and after installation of an ASHP across study units. The results will inform the utility and residents of documented energy and cost savings from transitioning building heating systems to a higher-efficiency electricity-based appliance, deliver a basis for building energy modeling across other multifamily housing dwellings, and enable estimates of potential electricity savings to AELP grid under widespread adoption scenarios.
32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗