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At least 37 records · Page 2

EUV-VUV Photolysis of Molecular Ice Systems of Astronomical Interest

We wish to report laboratory simulation results obtained from extreme ultraviolet (EUV) and vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) photolysis of molecular ices relevant to the cometary-type ices and icy satellites of planetary systems. Specifically, we identify the type of molecules that form in the ices and/or those that come off the ice surfaces, quantify their production yields and destruction yields, understand their production mechanisms, and ascertain their significance in astronomical environments.

Wu, C. Y. Robert↗

Preparation, analysis and release of simulated interplanetary grains into low Earth orbit

Astronomical observations which reflect the optical and dynamical properties of interstellar and interplanetary grains are the primary means of identifying the shape, size, and the chemistry of extraterrestrial grain materials. Except for recent samplings of extraterrestrial particles in near-Earth orbit and in the stratosphere observations were the only method of deducing the properties of extraterrestrial particles. In order to elucidate the detailed characteristics of observed dust, the observations must be compared with theoretical studies, some of which are discussed in this volume, or compared with terrestrial laboratory experiments. The formation and optical characterization of simulated interstellar and interplanetary dust with particular emphasis on studying the properties on irregularly shaped particles were discussed. Efforts to develop the techniques to allow dust experiments to be carried out in low-Earth orbit were discussed, thus extending the conditions under which dust experiments may be performed.

Stephens, J. R.↗

The Past and Future of AstroPAH Research and the Diffuse Interstellar Bands

Here, we present a critical assessment of the PAHs as DIB Carriers and discuss the progress and the advances that have been achieved so far through a series of complementary studies involving astronomical observations of DIBs, laboratory simulation of interstellar analogs for PAHs (neutrals and ions), space exposure experiments of PAHs, theoretical calculations of PAH spectra and the modeling of diffuse and translucent interstellar clouds. We will discuss what we have learned from these complementary studies, the constraints that can be derived from these studies for the PAHs as DIB carriers and the future studies that are required to address the open questions. These involve extending the laboratory and astronomical PAH-DIB studies from the NUV-Visible range into the NIR and MIR domains where DIBs have also been observed and developing tools in the laboratory to help generate more complex, PAH-related species for comparison with astronomical data. For the laboratory part, we will present the COSmIC facility at NASA-Ames that provides experimental conditions that closely mimic the interstellar conditions and helps address these issues. The comparison of astronomical data with laboratory data measured under realistic conditions is the only way to derive clear and unambiguous conclusions regarding the expected abundances for PAHs of various sizes and charge states in interstellar environments. From the observational aspect we will explore the new opportunities offered by JWST to connect the DIBs to MIR PAH emission and to search for NIR DIBs that may trace the presence of PAHs.

Salama, Farid↗

Plasma processing of interstellar PAHs into solar system kerogen

Processes resulting in the formation of hydrocarbons of carbonaceous chondrites and the identity of the interstellar molecular precursors involved are an objective of investigations into the origin of the solar system and perhaps even life on earth. We have combined the resources and experience of an astronomer and physicists doing laboratory simulations with those of a chemical expert in the analysis of meteoritic hydrocarbons, in a project that investigated the conversion of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) formed in stellar atmospheres into alkanes found in meteorites. Plasma hydrogenation has been found in the University of Alabama at Birmingham Astrophysics Laboratory to produce from the precursor PAH naphthalene, a new material having an IR absorption spectrum (Lee, W. and Wdowiak, T.J., Astrophys. J. 417, L49-L51, 1993) remarkably similar to that obtained at Arizona State University of the benzene-methanol extract of the Murchison meteorite (Cronin, J.R. and Pizzarello, S., Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 54, 2859-2868, 1990). There are astrophysical and meteoritic arguments for PAH species from extra-solar sources being incorporated into the solar nebula, where plasma hydrogenation is highly plausible. Conversion of PAHs into alkanes could also have occurred in the interstellar medium. The synthesis of laboratory analogs of meteoritic hydrocarbons through plasma hydrogenation of PAH species is underway, as is chemical analysis of those analogs. The objective is to clarify this heretofore uninvestigated process and to understand its role during the origin of the solar system as a mechanism of production of hydrocarbon species now found in meteorites. Results have been obtained in the form of time-of-flight spectroscopy and chemical analysis of the lab analog prepared from naphthalene.

NASA Discipline Exobiology↗

Organic Chemistry in Space

Astronomical observations, theoretical modeling, laboratory simulation and analysis of extraterrestrial material have enhanced our knowledge of the inventory of organic matter in the interstellar medium (ISM) and on small bodies such as comets and asteroids (Ehrenfreund & Charnley 2000). Comets, asteroids and their fragments, meteorites and interplanetary dust particles (IDPs), contributed significant amounts of extraterrestrial organic matter to the young Earth. This material degraded and reacted in a terrestrial prebiotic chemistry to form organic structures that may have served as building blocks for life on the early Earth. In this talk I will summarize our current understanding of the organic composition and chemistry of interstellar clouds. Molecules of astrobiological relevance include the building blocks of our genetic material: nucleic acids, composed of subunits such as N-heterocycles (purines and pyrimidines), sugars and amino acids. Signatures indicative of inheritance of pristine and modified interstellar material in comets and meteorites will also be discussed.

Charnley, Steven↗

Development of a segmented n-type germanium detector, and its application to astronomical gamma-ray spectroscopy

Extensive calculations and simulations have shown that the instrumental background in a coaxial germanium photon detector flown at balloon altitudes or in space, can be substantially reduced by segmenting the outer contact. The contact is divided into horizontal strips around the side of the detector, giving it many characteristics similar to that of a stack of planar detectors. By choosing different segment coincidence requirements in different energy ranges, one can obtain a factor of approx. 2 increase in sensitivity to spectral lines between 40 keV and 1 MeV, compared with an unsegmented detector. The reverse electrode configuration (using n-type germanium), with the p contact outside, is preferred for this application due to its thin dead layer and resistance to radiation damage in space. A small two segment n type detector is being developed to serve as a prototype for larger multisegment devices. Results of this development effort and of detector tests are presented.

Gehrels, N.↗

The development of a segmented N-type germanium detector, and its application to astronomical gamma-ray spectroscopy

Extensive calculations and simulations have shown that the instrumental background in a coaxial germanium photon detector flown at balloon altitudes or in space, can be substantially reduced by segmenting the outer contact. The contact is divided into horizontal strips around the side of the detector, giving it many characteristics similar to that of a stack of planar detectors. By choosing different segment coincidence requirements in different energy ranges, one can obtain a factor of approx. 2 increase in sensitivity to spectral lines between 40 keV and 1 MeV, compared with an unsegmented detector. The reverse electrode configuration (using n-type germanium), with the p contact outside, is preferred for this application due to its thin dead layer and resistance to radiation damage in space. A small two segment n type detector is being developed to serve as a prototype for larger multisegment devices. Results of this development effort and of detector tests are presented. Previously announced in STAR as N84-13039

Gehrels, N.↗

Weakly damped modes in star clusters and galaxies

A perturber may excite a coherent mode in a star cluster or galaxy. If the stellar system is stable, it is commonly assumed that such a mode will be strongly damped and therefore of little practical consequence other than redistributing momentum and energy deposited by the perturber. This paper demonstrates that this assumption is false; weakly damped modes exist and may persist long enough to have observable consequences. To do this, a method for investigating the dispersion relation for spherical stellar systems and for locating weakly damped modes in particular is developed and applied to King models of varying concentration. This leads to a following remarkable result: King models exhibit very weakly damped m = 1 modes over a wide range of concentration (0.67 less than or equal to c less than or equal to 1.5 have been examined). The predicted damping time is tens of hundreds of crossing times. This mode causes the peak density to shift from and slowly revolve about the initial center. The existence of the mode is supported by n-body simulation. Higher order modes and possible astronomical consequences are discussed. Weakly damped modes, for example, may provide a neutral explanation for observed discrepancies between density and kinematic centers in galaxies, off-center nuclei, the location of velocity cusps due to massive black holes, and both m = 1 and barlike disturbances of disks enbedded in massive halos or spheroids. Gravitational shocking may excite the m = 1 mode in globular clusters, which could modify their subsequent evolution and displace the positions of exotic remnants.

Weinberg, Martin D.↗

Modeling Solar Energetic Particle Events Using ENLIL Heliosphere Simulations

Solar energetic particle (SEP) event modeling (SEPMOD) has gained renewed attention in part because of the availability of a decade of multipoint measurements from STEREO (Solar TErrestrial RElations Observatory) and L1 (Lagrangian point 1) spacecraft at 1 AU (Astronomical Unit). These observations are coupled with improving simulations of the geometry and strength of heliospheric shocks obtained by using coronagraph images to send erupted material into realistic solar wind backgrounds. The STEREO and ACE (Aerosol, Cloud systems, ocean Ecosystems) measurements in particular have highlighted the sometimes surprisingly widespread nature of SEP events. It is thus an opportune time for testing SEP models, which typically focus on protons approximately 1-100 megaelectronvolts, toward both physical insight to these observations and potentially useful space radiation environment forecasting tools. Some approaches emphasize the concept of particle acceleration and propagation from close to the Sun, while others emphasize the local field line connection to a traveling, evolving shock source. Among the latter is the previously introduced SEPMOD treatment, based on the widely accessible and well-exercised WSA-ENLIL (Wang-Sheeley-Arge-ENLIL)-cone model. SEPMOD produces SEP proton time profiles at any location within the ENLIL domain. Here we demonstrate a SEPMOD version that accommodates multiple, concurrent shock sources occurring over periods of several weeks. The results illustrate the importance of considering longer-duration time periods and multiple CME (Coronal Mass Ejection) contributions in analyzing, modeling, and forecasting SEP events.

Luhmann, J. G.↗

Computing Rotational, Rovibrational, and Vibrational Spectra for Astronomical Observations: High Accuracy Line Lists for High Temperatures, Limited Line Lists for Biosignature Molecules, and PAH Emission Spectra

Over the last several years, our group has been involved in developing approaches to compute highly accurate spectroscopic constants and vibrational frequencies for small transient molecules that may be used in the interpretation and assignment of high-resolution laboratory experiments as well as high-resolution astronomical spectra. Additionally, we have used the computed spectroscopic constants to simulate purely rotational and rovibrational spectra so that these may be compared directly with high- resolution astronomical observations, and we have worked on developing approaches that can be applied to much larger molecules, such as PAHs, where we can explicitly determine an harmonic corrections to vibrational modes as well as take into account intensity sharing due to resonances. Another part of our work in spectroscopic signatures involves computing highly accurate line lists for common molecules, such as CO2, SO2, and NH3, which occur in many astrophysical environments, including the atmospheres of exoplanets, and often need to have their lines identified in high- resolution observations in order to determine which lines are due to other molecules. In order to characterize the atmospheres of hot exoplanets, these line lists need to be very accurate and extend to very high energies. I will discuss our latest work in these areas of astrochemical spectroscopy research.

Lee, Timothy J.↗

Computing rovibrational, vibrational, and cascade emission spectra for comparison to astronomical observations

Over the last several years, our group has been involved in developing approaches to compute highly accurate spectroscopic constants and vibrational frequencies for small transient molecules that may be used in the interpretation and assignment of high-resolution laboratory experiments as well as high-resolution astronomical spectra. Additionally, we have used the computed spectroscopic constants to simulate purely rotational and rovibrational spectra so that these may be compared directly with high-resolution astronomical observations, and we have worked on developing approaches that can be applied to much larger molecules, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) molecules, where we can explicitly determine anharmonic corrections to vibrational frequencies as well as take into account intensity sharing due to resonances. In addition, for PAH molecules we have used the anharmonic data to compute a library of temperature-dependent anharmonic vibrational spectra, with proper inclusion of polyad resonances, which can then be used to model the cascade emission spectra of PAH molecules – the type of spectra directly observed by astronomers. Another part of our work in spectroscopic signatures involves computing highly accurate line lists for common molecules, such as CO2, SO2, and NH3, which occur in many astrophysical environments, including the atmospheres of exoplanents, and often need to have their lines identified in high-resolution observations in order to determine which lines are due to other molecules. In order to characterize the atmospheres of hot exoplanets, these line lists need to be very accurate and extend to very high energies. I will discuss our latest work in these areas of astrochemical spectroscopy research.

Timothy J Lee↗

The Wide-Field Imaging Interferometry Testbed (WIIT): Recent Progress in the Simulation and Synthesis of WIIT Data

The Wide-field Imaging Interferometry Testbed (WIIT) is a double Fourier (DF) interferometer operating at optical wavelengths, and provides data that are highly representative of those from a space-based far-infrared interferometer like SPIRIT. This testbed has been used to measure both a geometrically simple test scene and an astronomically representative test scene. Here we present the simulation of recent WIIT measurements using FIInS (the Far-infrared Interferometer Instrument Simulator), the main goal of which is to simulate both the input and the output of a DFM system. FIInS has been modified to perform calculations at optical wavelengths and to include an extended field of view due to the presence of a detector array.

Juanola Parramon, Roser↗

Astronomy Aid

As a Jet Propulsion Laboratory astronomer, John D. Callahan developed a computer program called Multimission Interactive Planner (MIP) to help astronomers analyze scientific and optical data collected on the Voyager's Grand Tour. The commercial version of the program called XonVu is published by XonTech, Inc. Callahan has since developed two more advanced programs based on MIP technology, Grand Tour and Jovian Traveler, which simulate Voyager and Giotto missions. The software allows astronomers and space novices to view the objects seen by the spacecraft, manipulating perspective, distance and field of vision.

Source record↗

Evaluation of a 256 x 256 Si:As IBC detector array for astronomy

256 x 256-element IBC Si:As arrays have been evaluated for applications in IR astronomy from space-borne platforms. Basic figures of merit were measured at IR flux levels simulating those expected in space-based astronomical observations. Results include dark current less than 20 e(-)/s, G-eta as high as 3.8, eta/beta of 20%, and read noise below 100 rms(e(-)).

Mckelvey, M. E.↗

Detectors for the James Webb Space Telescope Near-Infrared Spectrograph I: Readout Mode, Noise Model, and Calibration Considerations

We describe how the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) Near-Infrared Spectrograph's (NIRSpec's) detectors will be read out, and present a model of how noise scales with the number of multiple non-destructive reads sampling-up-the-ramp. We believe that this noise model, which is validated using real and simulated test data, is applicable to most astronomical near-infrared instruments. We describe some non-ideal behaviors that have been observed in engineering grade NIRSpec detectors, and demonstrate that they are unlikely to affect NIRSpec sensitivity, operations, or calibration. These include a HAWAII-2RG reset anomaly and random telegraph noise (RTN). Using real test data, we show that the reset anomaly is: (1) very nearly noiseless and (2) can be easily calibrated out. Likewise, we show that RTN affects only a small and fixed population of pixels. It can therefore be tracked using standard pixel operability maps.

Rauscher, Bernard J.↗

Single Object & Time Series Spectroscopy with JWST NIRCam

JWST will enable high signal-to-noise spectroscopic observations of the atmospheres of transiting planets with high sensitivity at wavelengths that are inaccessible with HST or other existing facilities. We plan to exploit this by measuring abundances, chemical compositions, cloud properties, and temperature-pressure parameters of a set of mostly warm (T 600 - 1200 K) and low mass (14 -200 Earth mass) planets in our guaranteed time program. These planets are expected to have significant molecular absorptions of H2O, CH4, CO2, CO, and other molecules that are key for determining these parameters and illuminating how and where the planets formed. We describe how we will use the NIRCam grisms to observe slitless transmission and emission spectra of these planets over 2.4 - 5.0 microns wavelength and how well these observations can measure our desired parameters. This will include how we set integration times, exposure parameters, and obtain simultaneous shorter wavelength images to track telescope pointing and stellar variability. We will illustrate this with specific examples showing model spectra, simulated observations, expected information retrieval results, completed Astronomer's Proposal Tools observing templates, target visibility, and other considerations.

NIRCam↗