Site-Controlled Uniform Ge/Si Hut Wires with Electrically Tunable Spin–Orbit Coupling
Not provided.
Chemistry↗
SEARCH · Search NASA
Results for “charge sensing”
Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.
Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.
Single-hole couplings in GaAs/AlGaAs double dots probed with transport and EDSR spectroscopy
Here, we report a detailed study of the tunnel barriers within a single-hole GaAs/AlGaAs double quantum dot device (DQD). For quantum information applications as well as fundamental studies, careful tuning and reliable measurements of the barriers are important requirements. In order to tune a DQD device adequately into the single-hole electric dipole spin resonance regime, one has to employ a variety of techniques to cover the extended range of tunnel couplings. In this work, we demonstrate four separate techniques, based upon charge sensing, quantum transport, time-resolved pulsing, and electron dipole spin resonance spectroscopy to determine the couplings as a function of relevant gate voltages and magnetic field. Measurements were performed under conditions of both symmetric and asymmetric tunnel couplings to the leads. Good agreement was observed between different techniques when measured under the same conditions. The results indicate that even in this relatively simple circuit, the requirement to tune multiple gates and the consequences of real potential profiles result in non-intuitive dependencies of the couplings as a function of the plunger gate voltage and the magnetic field.
71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
Light-Driven Charge Transport and Optical Sensing in Molecular Junctions
Probing charge and energy transport in molecular junctions (MJs) has not only enabled a fundamental understanding of quantum transport at the atomic and molecular scale, but it also holds significant promise for the development of molecular-scale electronic devices. Recent years have witnessed a rapidly growing interest in understanding light-matter interactions in illuminated MJs. These studies have profoundly deepened our knowledge of the structure–property relations of various molecular materials and paved critical pathways towards utilizing single molecules in future optoelectronics applications. In this article, we survey recent progress in investigating light-driven charge transport in MJs, including junctions composed of a single molecule and self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of molecules, and new opportunities in optical sensing at the single-molecule level. We focus our attention on describing the experimental design, key phenomena, and the underlying mechanisms. Specifically, topics presented include light-assisted charge transport, photoswitch, and photoemission in MJs. Emerging Raman sensing in MJs is also discussed. Finally, outstanding challenges are explored, and future perspectives in the field are provided.
36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
Leveraging Cell Expansion Sensing in State of Charge Estimation: Practical Considerations
Measurements such as current and terminal voltage that are typically used to determine the battery’s state of charge (SOC) are augmented with measured force associated with electrode expansion as the lithium intercalates in its structure. The combination of the sensed behavior is shown to improve SOC estimation even for the lithium ion iron phosphate (LFP) chemistry, where the voltage–SOC relation is flat (low slope) making SOC estimation using measured voltage difficult. For the LFP cells, the measured force has a non-monotonic F–SOC relationship. This presents a challenge for estimation as multiple force values can correspond to the same SOC. The traditional linear quadratic estimator can be driven to an incorrect SOC value. To address these difficulties, a novel switching estimation gain is used based on determining the operating region that corresponds to the actual SOC. Moreover, a drift in the measured force associated with a shift of the cell SOC–expansion behavior over time is addressed with a bias estimator for the force signal. The performance of Voltage-based (V) and Voltage and Force-based (V&F) SOC estimation algorithms are then compared and evaluated against a desired ±5% absolute error bound of the SOC using a dynamic stress test current protocol that tests the proposed estimation scheme across wide range of SOC and current rates.
25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
Battery system and method for sensing and balancing the charge state of battery cells
A battery system utilizes a plurality of transformers interconnected with the battery cells. The transformers each have at least one transformer core operable for magnetization in at least a first magnetic state with a magnetic flux in a first direction and a second magnetic state with a magnetic flux in a second direction. The transformer cores retain the first magnetic state and the second magnetic state without current flow through said plurality of transformers. Circuitry is utilized for switching a selected transformer core between the first and second magnetic states to sense voltage and/or balance particular cells or particular banks of cells.
Davies, Francis J.↗
Experimental Investigation of Transmon Charge Sensitivity for Quantum Sensing
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
Freeman, Matthew Lyle [Sandia National Laboratorie↗
Experimental Investigation of Transmon Charge Sensitivity for Quantum Sensing
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
Freeman, Matthew Lyle [Sandia National Laboratorie↗
Charge Transfer Screening and Energy Level Alignment at Complex Organic–Inorganic Interfaces: A Tractable Ab Initio GW Approach
Complex organic–inorganic interfaces are important for device and sensing applications. Charge transfer doping is prevalent in such applications and can affect the interfacial energy level alignments (ELA), which are determined by many-body interactions. We develop an approximate ab initio many-body GW approach that can capture many-body interactions due to interfacial charge transfer. The approach uses significantly less resources than a regular GW calculation but gives excellent agreement with benchmark GW calculations on an F4TCNQ/graphene interface. We find that many-body interactions due to charge transfer screening result in gate-tunable F4TCNQ HOMO–LUMO gaps. We further predict the ELA of a large system of experimental interest—4,4'-bis(dimethylamino)bipyridine (DMAP-OED) on monolayer MoS 2 , where charge transfer screening results in an ~1 eV reduction of the molecular HOMO–LUMO gap. Comparison with a two-dimensional electron gas model reveals the importance of explicitly considering the intraband transitions in determining the charge transfer screening in organic–inorganic interface systems.
37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
Mechanisms of Protonic Nonvolatile Memory Device
A nonvolatile memory device based on protonic transport in oxides has been proposed. The mobile H+ ions are introduced into the SiO2 layer by annealing Si/SiO2/Si structures in H2 at temperatures greater than 500 deg C. This effect has only been observed for confined oxides that have been annealed at greater than or equal to 1100 C prior to the hydrogenation anneal. This includes buried oxides such as Unibond and SIMOX as well as thermal oxides annealed with a polysilicon cap. An applied field moves the charge within the oxide and the charge stops moving when the field is removed. In a memory device, the hydrogen-annealed oxide is the gate oxide and the position of the mobile charge is sensed by the shift of the I-V curve. Much is still not understood about the motion of the charge across the buried oxide. Previous work has assumed that H+ transport and the time it takes to traverse the oxide is governed by interactions within the bulk of the oxide. Based on parameters that affect the transport time, we conclude that H+ trapping and detrapping at the Si/SiO2 interface are more important than H+ interactions within the oxide bulk. These parameters include the applied field, the H+ concentration and the oxide thickness. One consequence is that projections of device write-time based on the previous assumptions of H+ transport mechanisms may be overly optimistic.
P J Macfarlane↗
The MSP 2001 Mars Environmental Compatibility Assessment (MECA)
The Mars Environmental Compatibility Assessment (MECA) will evaluate the Martian environment for soil and dust-related hazards to human exploration as part of the Mars Surveyor Program 2001 Lander. Sponsored by the Human Exploration and Development of Space (HEDS) enterprise, MECA's goal is to evaluate potential geochemical and environmental hazards that may confront future Martian explorers, and to guide HEDS scientists in the development of high fidelity Mars soil simulants. The integrated MECA payload contains a wet-chemistry laboratory, a microscopy station, an electrometer to characterize the electrostatics of the soil and its environment, and arrays of material patches to study the abrasive and adhesive properties of soil grains. The instrument will acquire soil samples with a robotic arm equipped with a camera. MECA will examine surface and subsurface soil and dust in order to characterize particle size, shape, hardness, and also physical characteristics that may provide clues to mineralogy. MECA will characterize soil/water mixtures with respect to pH, redox potential, total dissolved ions, and trace toxins. MECA will determine the nature of electrostatic charging associated with excavation of soil, and the influence of ionizing radiation on material properties. It will also observe natural dust accumulation on engineering materials. To accomplish these objectives, MECA is allocated a mass of 10 kg within an enclosure of 35 x 25 x 15 cm. The Wet Chemistry Laboratory (WCL) consists of four identical cells that will accept samples from surface and subsurface regions accessible to the Lander's robotic arm, mix them with water, and perform extensive analysis of the solution. Ion-selective electrodes and related sensors will evaluate total dissolved solids, redox potential, pH, and the concentration of many soluble ions and gases in wet Martian soil. These electrodes can detect potentially dangerous heavy-metal ions, emitted pathogenic gases, and the soil's corrosive potential. Experiments will include cyclic voltammetry and anodic stripping voltammetry. Complementary to the Viking experiments, the chemical laboratory will characterize the water-soil solution rather than emitted gases. Nonetheless, through analysis of dissolved gases it will be able to replicate many of the Viking observations related to oxidants. MECA's microscopy station combines optical and atomic-force microscopy (AFM) in an actively focused, controlled illumination environment to image particles from millimeters to nanometers in size. Careful selection of substrates allows controlled experiments in adhesion, abrasion, hardness, aggregation, magnetic and other properties. Special tools allow primitive manipulation (brushing and scraping) of samples. Soil particle properties including size, shape, color, hardness, adhesive potential (electrostatic and magnetic), will be determined using an array of sample receptacles and collection substrates. The simple, rugged atomic-force microscope will image in the submicron size range and has the capability of performing a particle-by-particle analysis of the dust and soil. On Earth, the earliest forms of life are preserved as microfossils. The atomic-force microscope will have the required resolution to image down to the scale of terrestrial microfossils and beyond. Mounted on the end of the robot arm, MECA's electrometer actually consists of four types of sensors: an electric field meter, several triboelectricity monitors, an ion gauge, and a thermometer. Tempered only by ultraviolet-light-induced ions and a low-voltage breakdown threshold, the dry, cold, dusty martian environment presents an imposing electrostatic hazard to both robots and humans. The field meter will measure the ambient field on nearby objects while the triboelectric sensors, using identical circuitry, will measure the charge accumulated on test substances as they are dragged through the soil by the arm. The ion chamber, open to the environment, will sense both charged dust and free ions in the air. Over and above the potential threat to electronics, the electrostatic environment holds one of the keys to transport of dust and, consequently, Martian meteorology. Viewed with the robot arm camera, the abrasion and adhesion plates are strategically placed to allow direct observation of the interaction between materials and soils on a macroscopic scale. Materials of graded hardness are placed directly under the robot arm scoop to sense wear and soil hardness. A second array, placed on the lander deck, is deployed after the dust plume of landing has settled. It can be manipulated in a primitive fashion by the arm, first having dirt deposited on it from the scoop and subsequently shaken clean. A third array will passively collect dust from the atmosphere. In addition to objectives related to human exploration, the MECA data set will be rich in information relevant to basic geology, paleoclimate, and exobiology issues. To understand both contemporaneous and ancient processes on Mars, the mineralogy, petrology, and reactivity of Martian surface materials should be constrained. The MECA experiment will shed light on these quantities through its combination of chemistry and microscopy. MECA will be capable of measuring the composition of ancient surface water environments, observing microscopic evidence of geological (and biological?) processes, inferring soil and dust transport, comminution and weathering mechanisms, and characterizing soil horizons that might be encountered during excavation.
Hecht, M. H.↗
Event-driven charge-coupled device design and applications therefor
An event-driven X-ray CCD imager device uses a floating-gate amplifier or other non-destructive readout device to non-destructively sense a charge level in a charge packet associated with a pixel. The output of the floating-gate amplifier is used to identify each pixel that has a charge level above a predetermined threshold. If the charge level is above a predetermined threshold the charge in the triggering charge packet and in the charge packets from neighboring pixels need to be measured accurately. A charge delay register is included in the event-driven X-ray CCD imager device to enable recovery of the charge packets from neighboring pixels for accurate measurement. When a charge packet reaches the end of the charge delay register, control logic either dumps the charge packet, or steers the charge packet to a charge FIFO to preserve it if the charge packet is determined to be a packet that needs accurate measurement. A floating-diffusion amplifier or other low-noise output stage device, which converts charge level to a voltage level with high precision, provides final measurement of the charge packets. The voltage level is eventually digitized by a high linearity ADC.
Doty, John P.↗
MAS-CCD: New technique for measuring low-level charge content based on the multiple amplifier architecture
Low-noise detectors are a key technology for the next generation of astronomical instruments aimed at spectroscopy of faint objects and the search for exoplanets. In this context, the multiple-amplifier sensing charge-coupled device (MAS-CCD) emerges as a promising technology for future scientific instruments. A critical parameter affecting the performance of these devices is spurious charge, produced by the clocking of the gates. Its measurement is typically challenging with existing methods. In practice, the optimization of this parameter often relies on empirical procedures that require significant time and careful consideration of the trade-off with full-well capacity. In this work, we present a new technique to estimate spurious charge based on covariance analysis of the output amplifiers of the MAS-CCD, which measures the same charge packet in different amplifiers at different times. The method enables fast and precise measurements of spurious charge under operating conditions where conventional approaches are difficult to apply. We develop the theoretical framework of the method and validate the model through simulations. The results demonstrate the feasibility of this approach and suggest that it could serve as a basis for reliable large-scale characterization of sensor performance.
Gamero, Miqueas E. [Buenos Aires, CONICET; Fermila↗
Virtual refrigerant charge sensor for variable-speed heat pumps based on feature selection
The refrigerant charge level in heat pump systems significantly impacts their energy efficiency. Virtual refrigerant charge (VRC) sensing technology has been comprehensively investigated and well-established due to its lower cost compared to physical sensors. However, the previous VRC research often relied on expert judgment and physical reasoning for their variable selection, which can potentially select redundant (or highly correlated) or insignificant features, and it is also primarily focused on single-speed systems. To address these challenges, this study proposes a VRC algorithm for variable-speed heat pumps that selects features through a rigorous feature selection method in combination with physical insights. We also propose a piecewise linear model structure segmented by subcooling temperature to accurately predict charge levels, particularly when subcooling temperatures are substantially low. The proposed algorithm was evaluated using experimental data of a residential R410A heat pump, and the performance was compared with two baseline VRC algorithms. The results are: (1) The proposed algorithm outperforms for the case with subcooling temperature less than 1 °C. (2) The proposed algorithm achieves a tested mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) of 4.23%, and improves the overall accuracy for cooling conditions by approximately 60%, compared with the two baseline algorithms. (3) The proposed algorithm uses two fewer features and improves the accuracy for undercharge cooling conditions by 68.0%, compared with baseline algorithm 2. These improvements enhance prediction accuracy and prevent overfitting, providing a more reliable refrigerant charge level prediction and helping improve the heat pump energy efficiency.
Liang, Chenjiyu↗
Meniscus Guided Coating and Evaporative Crystallization of UiO-66 Metal Organic Framework Thin Films
Thin-film fabrication of metal organic frameworks (MOFs) has been explored for a range of applications, including separations, catalysis, sensing, and charge transport. However, many fabrication techniques have obstacles, including slow crystallization, control over film thickness, and control over crystallinity. Recently, a meniscus-guided coating technique, called solution shearing, has been shown to create MOF thin films within minutes and with control over the film thickness. However, there have been no previous reports of solution shearing based evaporative crystallization of zirconium-based MOFs, which have been widely studied for the aforementioned applications. In this work, for the first time, we show that (i) the zirconium 1,4-dicarboxybenzene MOF, UiO-66, can be formed using evaporative crystallization during solution shearing, and (ii) a wide range of parameters can be tuned to control the film thickness, coverage, and crystallinity. Finally, we bring the solution shearing technique closer to separation applications by growing a full film of UiO-66 crystals up to the resolution of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) on anodic alumina oxide (AAO). This is the first instance of UiO-66 crystals being formed using an evaporative crystallization-based flow coating method, and solution shearing shows the promise to be applicable to form large area zirconium-based MOF crystals in a rapid manner (within seconds to minutes).
42 ENGINEERING↗
How Fast Can a Li-Ion Battery Be Charged? Determination of Limiting Fast Charging Conditions
Fast-charge protocols that prevent lithium plating are needed to extend the life span of lithium-ion batteries. Here, we describe a simple experimental method to estimate the minimum charging time below which it is simply impossible to avoid plating at a given temperature. We demonstrate that, by gauging and correcting the ohmic drop that is intrinsic to reference electrodes, the local potential at the anode surface can be reasonably approximated. This finer anode control enables the determination of the maximum average rate at which lithium deposition can be mitigated, establishing realistic boundaries that can inform the development of advanced charging protocols.
25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
Ferroelectric capacitors and field-effect transistors as in-memory computing elements for machine learning workloads
Abstract This study discusses the feasibility of Ferroelectric Capacitors (FeCaps) and Ferroelectric Field-Effect Transistors (FeFETs) as In-Memory Computing (IMC) elements to accelerate machine learning (ML) workloads. We conducted an exploration of device fabrication and proposed system-algorithm co-design to boost performance. A novel FeCap device, incorporating an interfacial layer (IL) and$$\text {Hf}_{0.5}\text {Zr}_{0.5}\text {O}_2$$ Hf 0.5 Zr 0.5 O 2 (HZO), ensures a reduction in operating voltage and enhances HZO scaling while being compatible with CMOS circuits. The IL also enriches ferroelectricity and retention properties. When integrated into crossbar arrays, FeCaps and FeFETs demonstrate their effectiveness as IMC components, eliminating sneak paths and enabling selector-less operation, leading to notable improvements in energy efficiency and area utilization. However, it is worth noting that limited capacitance ratios in FeCaps introduced errors in multiply-and-accumulate (MAC) computations. The proposed co-design approach helps in mitigating these errors and achieves high accuracy in classifying the CIFAR-10 dataset, elevating it from a baseline of 10% to 81.7%. FeFETs in crossbars, with a higher on-off ratio, outperform FeCaps, and our proposed charge-based sensing scheme achieved at least an order of magnitude reduction in power consumption, compared to prevalent current-based methods.
Science & Technology - Other Topics↗
A microprocessor-controlled CCD star tracker
The STELLAR (Star Tracker for Economical Long Life Attitude Reference) utilizes an image sensing Charge-Coupled Device (CCD) operating under microprocessor control. This approach results in a new type of high-accuracy star tracker which can be adapted to a wide variety of different space flight applications through software changes only. The STELLAR determines two-axis star positions by computing the element and the interelement interpolated centroid positions of the star images. As many as 10 stars may be tracked simultaneously, providing significantly increased stability and accuracy. A detailed description of the STELLAR is presented along with measurements of system performance obtained from an operating breadboard model.
Salomon, P. M.↗
Voltage Regulators for Photovoltaic Systems
Two simple circuits developed to provide voltage regulation for highvoltage (i.e., is greater than 75 volts) and low-voltage (i.e., is less than 36 volts) photovoltaic/battery power systems. Use of these circuits results in voltage regulator small, low-cost, and reliable, with very low power dissipation. Simple oscillator circuit controls photovoltaic-array current to regulate system voltage and control battery charging. Circuit senses battery (and system) voltage and adjusts array current to keep battery voltage from exceeding maximum voltage.
Delombard, R.↗