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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 37 records · Page 2
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2020

Validated model of a thermoelectric heat pump clothes dryer using secondary pumped loops

The energy associated with clothes drying makes up 4% of the total residential electrical energy consumption in the US. The cost is high since most clothes dryers use electric resistance heating which is inexpensive but also energy inefficient. State-of-the-art vapor-compression heat pump clothes dryers offer significant energy savings but have limited market penetration in the US. Here, a new configuration of clothes dryer was studied that utilizes a solid-state thermoelectric heat pump with pumped secondary water loops and conventional fin-and-tube water-to-air heat exchangers. Experimental results are presented for the thermoelectric dryer prototype with a combined energy factor of 6.89 lb BDW /kWh (specific moisture extraction rate of 1.71 kg w /kWh) and a dry time of 84 min for a standard load size of 8.45 lb (3.83 kg) with 57.5% starting moisture content. This is a 85% energy efficiency improvement over baseline electric resistance dryers. The efficiency and drying time results achieved are similar to vapor compression heat pump dryers. Compared to previous air-based thermoelectric clothes dryers, the energy efficiency has been increased by 6%, but drying time has been reduced by as much as 47% using secondary pumped loops and separate heat exchangers, which represents a significant advancement in the technology. In addition to the experimental prototype, a model was also developed to study the performance. The model was validated against experimental prototype data and used to identify the range of performance (dry time and efficiency) that could be expected of the design.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2020

Measurement and analysis of clothes dryer air leakage

Each year clothes dryer appliances are sold globally in the tens of millions. Both vented and ventless types are common and are heated by combustion, electric resistance, or electric heat pumps. In the dyer air path, segments can be defined between components such as the drum, blower, filter, screens or grills, and heat exchangers (where applicable). In this work, a technique was developed to experimentally measure air leakage into and from the segments of a clothes dryer. Detailed leakage measurements were taken on two vented and one ventless residential clothes dryer. The measurements were quantified as a leakage flow coefficient for each segment. For two dryers (one vented and one ventless), these flow coefficients were combined with in situ operating pressure measurements to determine leakage flow rates for each segment. For these two units under normal operation with air pressures within 0.5 kPa (50 mm water column) of ambient pressure, volumetric system air leakage was found to be about 20–60% of the blower airflow. Furthermore, a quasi–steady state psychrometric analysis was conducted on vented dryers with negatively pressurized drums. The analysis revealed that leakage quantity, location, and direction are essential to achieving an acceptable energy balance and accurate modeling results for a vented heat pump clothes dryer but are of limited significance for vented electric resistance clothes dryers.

42 ENGINEERING↗
NASA NTRS1999

Comparison of Observed Beta Cloth Interactions with Simulated and Actual Space Environment

A common component of multilayer insulation blankets is beta cloth, a woven fiberglass cloth impregnated with Teflon(TM). It is planned for extensive use on the International Space Station. The Environmental Etl'ects Group of the Marshall Space Flight Center Materials, Processing, and Manufacturing Department has investigated the impact of atomic oxygen (AO) and ultraviolet (UV) radiation on the optical properties of plain and aluminized beta cloth. both in the laboratory and as part of long-duration flight experiments. These investigations indicate that beta cloth is susceptible to darkening in the presence of UV radiation, dependent on the additives used. AO interactions resulted in bleaching of the beta cloth.

Kamenetzy, R. R.↗
NASA NTRS1999

Low-Pressure Gas Effects on the Potency of an Electron Beam Against Ceramic Cloth

An 8-kv electron beam with a current in the neighborhood of 100 mA from the Ukrainian space welding "Universal Hand Tool" (UHT) burned holes in Nextel AF-62 ceramic cloth designed to withstand temperatures up to 1,427 C. The burnthrough time was on the order of 8 scc at standoff distances between UHT and cloth ranging from 6-24 in. At both closer (2 in.) and farther (48 in.) standoff distances the potency of the beam against the cloth declined and the burnthrough time went up significantly. Prior to the test it had been expected that the beam would lay down a static charge on the cloth and be deflected without damaging the cloth. The burnthrough is thought to be an effect of partial transmission of beam power by a stream of positive ions generated by the high-voltage electron beam from contaminant gas in the "vacuum" chamber. A rough quantitative theoretical computation appears to substantiate this possibility.

Nunes, A. C., Jr.↗
NASA NTRS2014

Pre-Flight Advanced Clothing Study

All human space missions require significant logistical mass and volume that will become an excessive burden for long duration missions beyond low Earth orbit. The current International Space Station (ISS) crew wardrobe has already evolved not only to reduce some of the logistical burden but also to address crew preference. The present study was undertaken to find ways further to reduce this logistical burden while examining human response to different types of clothes. The primary objective of the study is to measure how long people can wear the same exercise garment, depending on the type of fabric and the presence of antimicrobial treatment. The secondary objective is to assess the reasons for length of wear from perceptions of clothing characteristics, including nine ordinal scales. Cardiovascular exercise was chosen as the activity in this experiment for its profuse sweating effect and because it is considered a more severe treatment applied to the clothes than every-day usage. Study garments were exercise T-shirts and shorts purchased from various vendors. Fabric construction, fabric composition, and finishing treatment were defined as the key variables. A web-based questionnaire was used for self-reported data collection. The study was divided in three balanced experiments: a cotton-polyester-wool (CPW) T-shirts study with 61 participants, a polyester-modacrylic-polyester/cocona (PMC) T-shirts study with 40 participants, and a shorts study with 70 participants. In the CPW study, the T-shirts were made of 100% cotton, or of 100% polyester or of 100% wool, and categorized into open and tight knit constructions. In the PMC study, the T-shirts were made of 100% polyester, or of 82% modacrylic, or of 95% polyester with 5% cocona fiber, without construction distinction. The shorts were made either of 100% cotton or of 100% polyester, and were knitted or woven. Some garments were treated with Bio-Protect 500 antimicrobial finish according the experimental design. The data collected from the questionnaire included garment identification, level of exertion, duration of exercise session, number of exercise sessions, an ordinal preference scale for nine sensory elements, and reason for retiring a used garment. From the analysis of the combined CPW and PMC shirt studies, there are statistically significant differences among the mean lifetimes of various types of shirts. The exercise shirts with the longest mean lifetimes are untreated wool (600 minutes), treated cotton (526 minutes), and untreated modacrylic (515 minutes). From the combined CPW and PMC shirt studies, the most preferred material was untreated open-knit wool, which is one of the two materials that jointly were worn the longest, untreated wool, both open-knit and tight-knit. For the CP shorts study, there were no statistically significant differences in mean lifetimes of the exercise shorts at the 5% significance level due to the treatment combinations. There was therefore no justification to examine differences among levels of main effects or interactions. The preference for shorts was in this order: untreated woven polyester, untreated knitted polyester, untreated woven cotton, and treated knitted cotton.The nine preference scales were tabulated to determine the preference responses at the end of those exercise periods which were prior to the period when a garment was retired and a new garment was started. The assumption is that an unfavorable assessment of a garment leads to its retirement. The scent scale response was predominantly unfavorable at the end of the exercise period immediately prior to the exercise period when a new garment was started. Additional work on wool clothing is needed to assess if this material can be part of a crew wardrobe for long duration missions. The results of this study informed the choice of fabrics for an upcoming ISS intra-vehicular clothing study.

Orndoff, Evelyne↗
NASA NTRS2013

Advanced Exploration Systems (AES) Logistics Reduction and Repurposing Project: Advanced Clothing Ground Study Final Report

All human space missions require significant logistical mass and volume that will become an excessive burden for long duration missions beyond low Earth orbit. The goal of the Advanced Exploration Systems (AES) Logistics Reduction & Repurposing (LRR) project is to bring new ideas and technologies that will enable human presence in farther regions of space. The LRR project has five tasks: 1) Advanced Clothing System (ACS) to reduce clothing mass and volume, 2) Logistics to Living (L2L) to repurpose existing cargo, 3) Heat Melt Compactor (HMC) to reprocess materials in space, 4) Trash to Gas (TTG) to extract useful gases from trash, and 5) Systems Engineering and Integration (SE&I) to integrate these logistical components. The current International Space Station (ISS) crew wardrobe has already evolved not only to reduce some of the logistical burden but also to address crew preference. The ACS task is to find ways to further reduce this logistical burden while examining human response to different types of clothes. The ACS task has been broken into a series of studies on length of wear of various garments: 1) three small studies conducted through other NASA projects (MMSEV, DSH, HI-SEAS) focusing on length of wear of garments treated with an antimicrobial finish; 2) a ground study, which is the subject of this report, addressing both length of wear and subject perception of various types of garments worn during aerobic exercise; and 3) an ISS study replicating the ground study, and including every day clothing to collect information on perception in reduced gravity in which humans experience physiological changes. The goal of the ground study is first to measure how long people can wear the same exercise garment, depending on the type of fabric and the presence of antimicrobial treatment, and second to learn why. Human factors considerations included in the study consist of the Institutional Review Board approval, test protocol and participants' training, and a web-based data collection questionnaire. Cardiovascular exercise was chosen as the activity in this experiment for its profuse sweating effect and because it is considered a more severe treatment applied to the clothes than every-day usage. Study garments were exercise T-shirts and shorts purchased from various vendors. Fabric construction, fabric composition, and finishing treatment were defined as the key variables. The study was divided into three balanced experiments: a cotton-polyester-wool (CPW) T-shirts study with 61 participants, a polyester-modacrylic-polyester/cocona (PMC) T-shirts study with 40 participants, and a shorts study with 70 participants. In the CPW study, the T-shirts were made of 100% cotton, or of 100% polyester or of 100% wool, and categorized into open and tight knit constructions. In the PMC study, the T-shirts were made of 100% polyester, or of 82% modacrylic, or of 95% polyester with 5% cocona fiber, without construction distinction. The shorts were made either of 100% cotton or of 100% polyester, and were knitted or woven. Some garments were treated with Bio-Protect 500 antimicrobial finish according to the experimental design. The data collected from the questionnaire included garment identification, level of exertion, duration of exercise session, number of exercise sessions, an ordinal preference scale for nine sensory elements, and reason for retiring a used garment. From the analysis of the combined CPW and PMC shirt studies, there are statistically significant differences among the mean lifetimes of various types of shirts. The exercise shirts with the longest mean lifetimes are untreated wool (600 minutes), treated cotton (526 minutes), and untreated modacrylic (515 minutes). From the combined CPW and PMC shirt studies, the most preferred material was untreated open-knit wool, which is one of the two materials that jointly were worn the longest, untreated wool, both open-knit and tight-knit. For the CP shorts study, there were no statistically significant differences in mean lifetimes of the exercise shorts at the 5% significance level due to the treatment combinations. There was therefore no justification to examine differences among levels of main effects or interactions. The preference for shorts was in this order: untreated woven polyester, untreated knitted polyester, untreated woven cotton, and treated knitted cotton. The nine preference scales were tabulated to determine the preference responses at the end of those exercise periods which were prior to the period when a garment was retired and a new garment was started. The assumption is that an unfavorable assessment of a garment leads to its retirement. The scent scale response was predominantly unfavorable at the end of the exercise period immediately prior to the exercise period when a new garment was started.

Byrne, Vicky↗
DOE OSTI2020

Self-supported MoO 2 /MoS 2 nano-sheets embedded in a carbon cloth as a binder-free substrate for high-energy lithium–sulfur batteries

As one of the most prospective candidates for next-generation rechargeable batteries, lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries currently still encounter great challenges associated with the low conductivity, severe shuttle effects, and sluggish redox kinetics. Herein, a self-supported sulfur host is fabricated by an in-situ growth of MoO 2 /MoS 2 nano-sheets on a carbon cloth (CC). First, carbon cloth serves as a good template for the morphology-controlled synthesis of nanostructured materials, which not only alleviates the agglomeration of MoO2/MoS2, but also enhances the flexibility and mechanical strengthen of the hybrid architecture as a free-standing host. Second, the polysulfide-trapping ability can be greatly enhanced by both physical and chemical adsorption from the MoO 2 /MoS 2 -anchored carbon cloth. Moreover, the partially sulfurized MoO 2 /MoS 2 nano-sheets integrate the benefits of conductive MoO 2 and sulfiphilic MoS 2 , thus facilitating fast charge transfer and redox kinetics of polysulfide conversion. As a result, these attributes enable the host to hold a high sulfur loading (up to 7.6 mg cm -2 ), which exceeds most of the reported carbon cloth-related cathode work in the literature. Furthermore, the Li-S cells can achieve a high peak capacity of 1350 mA h g -1 , excellent rate capability (C/20 - 2C rate), impressive areal capacity (up to 6.3 mA h cm -2 ), and a high capacity retention of 85% after 100 cycles.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2023

Review of particle deposition to and removal from clothing, skin, and hair after a radioactive airborne dispersal event

Explosive Radiological Dispersal Devices (RDD) – aka dirty bombs – are seen as a credible method to carry out a radiological terror attack. After exploding a radioactive source, the radionuclide-laden plume will be blown downwind of ground zero, with particles falling out and potentially depositing on people caught in and under the cloud. Some of these people may not show any sign of radiation sickness and therefore not realize they have been contaminated and may take the radioactive particulate with them on their daily activities, thus spreading the radioactive particulate outside the initially contaminated area. This paper reviews the scientific literature to better understand the rate at which particulate deposits on and is removed from the different “surfaces” of a person, i.e., hair, skin, and clothing. Prior research indicates that: 1) particle deposition is usually higher on skin than on hair and clothing; 2) particle deposition is greater for a person with higher skin moisture, 3) stronger wind increases the deposition flux onto a person, and 4) the fraction of particulate deposited on the hair, skin, and clothing respectively depends on the length of the hair, assuming all the hair surface is available for deposition. The studies taken into consideration show that the largest uncertainty in particulate deposition onto a person is due to clothing type because of the different possible weave arrangements and tightness which translate into differences in actual surface area and surface roughness. A factor of 2-to-20 variation in deposition rate was found. Removal of the particulate from the contaminated person may be due to wind, a person's movement, and/or contact transfer, i.e., by touching a different clean surface. Experiments show that the majority of the particulate is resuspended within 2–6 h mostly depending on the intensity of physical activity. The largest uncertainty in particulate removal from skin depends on the skin moisture, transfer rate of single-contact, and how many objects/people a person touches per hour. No data for hair were found for particle removal and resuspension. The studies considered did not utilize radionuclides directly; however, data on adhesion of radioactive vs. their non-radioactive counterpart have shown that the uncertainty due to the radioactivity of the particles is lower than that due to other factors. In conclusion, an idealized scenario involving a single building in the path of the cloud showed the impact of building-influenced flow on the cloud transport path and mixing, which affects the radiological dose the downwind population is exposed to and consequently the health effects.

63 RADIATION, THERMAL, AND OTHER ENVIRON. POLLUTAN↗
NASA NTRS1979

Breather cloth for vacuum curing

Finely-woven nylon cloth that has been treated with Teflon improves vacuum adhesive bonding of coatings to substrates. Cloth is placed over coating; entire assembly, including substrate, coating, and cloth, is placed in plastic vacuum bag for curing. Cloth allows coating to "breathe" when bag is evacuated. Applications include bonding film coatings to solar concentrators and collectors.

Reed, M. W.↗
NASA NTRS1999

MSFC Investigations of Beta Cloth Darkening Due to Ultraviolet Radiation Interactions

A common component of multi-layer insulation blankets is beta cloth, a woven fiberglass cloth impregnated with Teflon. It is planned for extensive use on the International Space Station (ISS). The Environmental Effects Group of the Marshall Space Flight Center Materials, Processing and Manufacturing Department has investigated the impact of atomic oxygen (AO) and ultraviolet (UV) radiation on the optical properties of plain and aluminized beta cloth, both in the laboratory and as part of long-duration flight experiments. These investigations indicate that beta cloth was susceptible to darkening in the presence of UV radiation, dependent on the additives used. The presence of AO countered some, if not all, of the UV degradation.

Kamenetzky, Rachel R.↗
NASA NTRS2004

Hazard Assessment of Personal Protective Clothing for Hydrogen Peroxide Service

Selection of personal protective equipment (PPE) for hydrogen peroxide service is an important part of the hazard assessment process. But because drip testing of chemical protective clothing for hydrogen peroxide service has not been reported for about 40 years, it is of great interest to test new protective clothing materials with new, high-concentration hydrogen peroxide following similar procedures. The suitability of PPE for hydrogen peroxide service is in part determined by observations made when hydrogen peroxide is dripped onto swatches of protective clothing material. Protective clothing material was tested as received, in soiled condition, and in grossly soiled condition. Materials were soiled by pretreating the material with potassium permanganate (KMnO4) solution then drying to promote a reaction. Materials were grossly soiled with solid KMnO4 to greatly promote reaction. Observations of results including visual changes to the hydrogen peroxide and materials, times to ignition, and self-extinguishing characteristics of the materials are reported.

Greene, Ben↗
NASA NTRS2014

Advanced Clothing Studies

All human space missions require significant logistical mass and volume that add an unprecedented burden on longduration missions beyond low-Earth orbit. For these missions with limited cleaning resources, a new wardrobe must be developed to reduce this logistical burden by reducing clothing mass and extending clothing wear. The present studies have been undertaken, for the first time, to measure length of wear and to assess the acceptance of such extended wear. Garments in these studies are commercially available exercise T-shirts and shorts, routine-wear T-shirts, and longsleeved pullover shirts. Fabric composition (cotton, polyester, light-weight, superfine Merino wool, modacrylic, cotton/rayon, polyester/Cocona, modacrylic/Xstatic, modacrylic/rayon, modacrylic/lyocell/aramid), construction (open knit, tight knit, open weave, tight weave), and finishing treatment (none, quaternary ammonium salt) are the independent variables. Eleven studies are reported here: five studies of exercise T-shirts, three of exercise shorts, two of routine wear Tshirts, and one of shirts used as sleep-wear. All studies are conducted in a climate-controlled environment, similar to a space vehicle's. For exercise clothing, study participants wear the garments during aerobic exercise. For routine wear clothing, study participants wear the T-shirts daily in an office or laboratory. Daily questionnaires collected data on ordinal preferences of nine sensory elements and on reason for retiring a used garment. Study 1 compares knitted cotton, polyester, and Merino exercise T-shirts (61 participants), study 2, knitted polyester, modacrylic, and polyester/Cocona exercise T-shirts (40 participants), study 3, cotton and polyester exercise shorts, knitted and woven (70 participants), all three using factorial experimental designs with and without a finishing treatment, conducted at the Johnson Space Center, sharing study participants. Study 4 compares knitted polyester and ZQ Merino exercise T-shirts, study 5, knitted ZQ Merino and modacrylic routine-wear T-shirts, with study 6 using only knitted polyester exercise shorts. No finishing treatment is used. Studies 4 and 5 use cross-over experimental designs, and all three studies were conducted aboard the ISS with six crew. Studies 4 and 6 were repeated on the ground with the same participants to learn if perception was affected microgravity. Study 7 is a longer-term, single-blind panel study of knitted routine-wear undershirts with at least 12 participants to assess tolerance to Merino by comparing it with a cotton/rayon blends, using a cross-over design, eliminating carryover effects with wash-out periods between shirts.

Orndoff, Evelyne↗
DOE OSTI2023

Improving bioenergy recovery from municipal wastewater with a novel cloth-filter anaerobic membrane bioreactor

Anaerobic membrane bioreactors (AnMBR) have been used for treating high-strength industrial wastewater at full-scale and the potential to use them for mainstream municipal wastewater treatment presents an important opportunity to turn energy-intensive plants into net-energy producers. However, several limitations of the AnMBR technology have prevented their adoption in the municipal wastewater industry, namely, high membrane cleaning energy demand and low membrane flux. This study demonstrated a novel AnMBR configuration that uses a commercially available cloth filter technology to address the key limitations of cleaning energy and membrane flux. The cloth filter anaerobic membrane bioreactor (CFAnMBR) is comprised of an anaerobic fixed-film bioreactor coupled with a cloth filter membrane with nominal pore size of 5 µm. The pilot CFAnMBR was operated for 150 days through the winter at a municipal wastewater plant in central Illinois (minimum/average influent temperature 5/13°C). The CFAnMBR increased membrane flux by more than 2 orders of magnitude (3,649 ± 1,246 L per meter squared per hour) and reduced cleaning energy demand by 78%—92% (0.0085 kWh/m 3 ) relative to previously reported AnMBR configurations. With the CFAnMBR, average chemical oxygen demand and total suspended solids removal were 66% and 91%, respectively, and were shown to be increased up to 88% and 96% by in-line coagulant dosing with ferric chloride. Average headspace methane yield was 154 mL CH 4 /g COD removed by the end of the study period with influent temperatures of 11°C± 4°C. The CFAnMBR resolves major limitations of AnMBR technology by employing a commercially-available technology already used for other municipal wastewater treatment applications.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
NASA NTRS2017

New Stagnation Arc Jet Model Design for Testing ADEPT 3-D Carbon Cloth

The ADEPT concept has been considered as an entry, descent and landing system to enable Human Mars class missions. Ground rules for the Mars studies required aerocapture, orbit, and then entry. The design utilizes a 3-D woven carbon cloth fabric as both heatshield and primary structure and design guidelines required 6 layers remaining after all entry events. The peak heating predicted for the ADEPT carbon cloth was 35 Wcm2 and resulting temperatures were predicted to be 1400K. Predictions for carbon mass loss were performed using equilibrium thermochemistry, which is only accurate for T2000K. Carbon oxidation is kinetically controlled at T2000K, and mass loss drops off considerably from equilibrium values. Design of the cloth thickness and mass would be significantly reduced if kinetics were considered. This effort was to design a stagnation test article design that could be used in the AHF with varying levels of oxygen where the results could be used to develop an engineering model to describe the recession rate of the carbon as a function of the partial pressure of monotomic oxygen.

carbon cloth↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Initial Testing of a Full-Scale Ultrasonic Clothes Washer/Dryer for Moon, Mars, ISS and Beyond

This study investigates the effectiveness of an ultrasonic-based combo garment washing and drying system for space applications. The system leverages our technological innovations in direct-contact ultrasonic fabric drying in combination with ultrasonic fabric washing. The main objective of this investigation is to gauge the effectiveness of washing and drying medium-size T-shirts ultrasonically. This paper will report the results of experiments conducted to assess the effectiveness of washing clothes ultrasonically, including ultrasonic intensity testing, stain removal testing, and fabric degradation testing. The outcome of this study could lead to the design and development of the first ultrasonic clothes washer and dryer for space applications that would reduce clothing resupply costs for crewed missions to the moon, Mars, and micro-gravity space stations.

Crew systems↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Initial Testing of a Full-Scale Ultrasonic Clothes Washer/Dryer for Moon, Mars, ISS and Beyond

This study investigates the effectiveness of an ultrasonic-based combo garment washing and drying system for space applications. The system leverages our technological innovations in direct-contact ultrasonic fabric drying in combination with ultrasonic fabric washing. The main objective of this investigation is to gauge the effectiveness of washing and drying medium-size T-shirts ultrasonically. This paper will report the results of experiments conducted to assess the effectiveness of washing clothes ultrasonically, including ultrasonic intensity testing, stain removal testing, and fabric degradation testing. The outcome of this study could lead to the design and development of the first ultrasonic clothes washer and dryer for space applications that would reduce clothing resupply costs for crewed missions to the moon, Mars, and micro-gravity space stations.

Crew systems↗
NASA NTRS1980

Protective clothing textile research for space activities in the 1980's

Textile and clothing specifications for space activities are discussed, emphasizing a chronological and utilitarian role. New fabrication techniques led to the Mercury Space Suit, a constant-wear hybrid of the omni-environmental full pressure suit used by high-flying pilots of the 1950s. The Gemini program (1964-1966) provided the first specifically designed protective clothing assembly for both intra- and extravehicular operations. The G4C, used for EV (extravehicular) activities, protected the astronaut against solar radiation, heat loss, and meteoroid penetration. The clothing for the Apollo program (1968-1975) mirrored a greater concern for fire safety with Durette (a halogenated polyamide) and PBI (polybenzimadazole) widely used for intravehicular garments. With the advent of the Shuttle program, cabin pressure and composition were changed from 6 psi, 100% oxygen to 9-14 psi, 23.4% oxygen, 76.6% N2. As a result, 'off-the-shelf' materials were used without compromising fire safety. Reusability was stressed, as textile costs and durability were now important selection criteria noting that existing textile materials will probably be adequate for the next 20 years of space operations and research. A portable lunar survival shelter made of textiles is being developed; and a preliminary design for an EV 'tunnel suit system' (an access tunnel and homoform work station) is already in existence.

Radnofsky, M. I.↗