EVALUATION OF A CONSUMER ELECTRONICS-BASED DATA ACQUISITION SYSTEM FOR EQUIPMENT MONITORING
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Wetherington, Jr, G Randall↗
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Evaluation of a Consumer Electronics-Based Data Acquisition System for Equipment Monitoring
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
Wetherington, Jr, G Randall↗
Sources of L-Band RFI Determined From Kurtosis Using the SMAP Radiometer
Among the parameters of the signal measured by the SMAP radiometer to identify RFI is kurtosis which indicates the departure of the received signal from a gaussian distribution and therefor helpful in identifying RFI. But the kurtosis has the potential to provide additional information. This manuscript reports results of an investigation examining the connection between the level of kurtosis (K) and the characteristics of the source of the RFI. It is shown, for example, that the level of can be used to distinguish the short pulse, relatively wideband RFI associated with radar from the narrow bandwidth signals associated with faulty consumer electronics.
Radio Frequency Interference↗
Van der Waals epitaxy of functional MoO{sub 2} film on mica for flexible electronics
Flexible electronics have a great potential to impact consumer electronics and with that our daily life. Currently, no direct growth of epitaxial functional oxides on commercially available flexible substrates is possible. In this study, in order to address this challenge, muscovite, a common layered oxide, is used as a flexible substrate that is chemically similar to typical functional oxides. We fabricated epitaxial MoO{sub 2} films on muscovite via pulsed laser deposition technique. A combination of X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy confirms van der Waals epitaxy of the heterostructures. The electrical transport properties of MoO{sub 2} films are similar to those of the bulk. Flexible or free-standing MoO{sub 2} thin film can be obtained and serve as a template to integrate additional functional oxide layers. Our study demonstrates a remarkable concept to create flexible electronics based on functional oxides.
71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
Assurance of Electronic Parts for Aerospace System Reliability: Past, Present, and Future
Over the last two to three decades, the balance of influence within the electronics industry has shifted decisively towards the consumer electronics and information technology products, away from the defense or aerospace markets. This shift towards the commercial markets has changed certain ground rules in the electronics industry. Reliance of the aerospace industry, in particular, on components from supply chains dedicated to other products, or cross-vertical product integration, creates a supply web and introduces significant risks that are not necessarily present for volume-driven electronic products. Many of the unique risks in the aerospace industry emanate from the key characteristics of this industry. Although selection and usage of commercial electronics in NASA flight hardware is possible at a comparable (and in many cases lower) level of risk to that of employing parts that are screened to military or NASA specifications, for a large majority of flight projects it is difficult to distinguish the difference in on-orbit performance or reliability for parts screened at any level, or commercial parts that have no additional screening performed by the government. This paper identifies several bases for establishing context and developing unique or alternative approaches for successful parts selection and application within NASA and across the commercial space community.
electronic parts↗
Highly Conducting Graphite Epoxy Composite Demonstrated
Weight savings as high as 80 percent could be achieved if graphite polymer composites could replace aluminum in structures such as electromagnetic interference shielding covers and grounding planes. This could result in significant cost savings, especially for the mobile electronics found in spacecraft, aircraft, automobiles, and hand-held consumer electronics. However, such composites had not yet been fabricated with conductivity sufficient to enable these applications. To address this lack, a partnership of the NASA Lewis Research Center, Manchester College, and Applied Sciences, Inc., fabricated nonmetallic composites with unprecedented electrical conductivity. For these composites, heat-treated, vapor-grown graphite fibers were selected which have a resistivity of about 80 mW-cm, more than 20 times more conductive than typical carbon fibers. These fibers were then intercalated with iodine bromide (IBr). Intercalation is the insertion of guest atoms or molecules between the carbon planes of the graphite fibers. Since the carbon planes are not highly distorted in the process, intercalation has little effect on mechanical and thermal properties. Intercalation does, however, lower the carbon fiber resistivity to less than 10 mW-cm, which is comparable to that of metal fibers. Scaleup of the reaction was required since the initial intercalation experiments would be carried out on 20-mg quantities of fibers, and tens of grams of intercalated fibers would be needed to fabricate even small demonstration composites. The reaction was first optimized through a time and temperature study that yielded fibers with a resistivity of 8.7 2 mW-cm when exposed to IBr vapor at 114 C for 24 hours. Stability studies indicated that the intercalated fibers rapidly lost their conductivity when exposed to temperatures as low as 40 C in air. They were not, however, susceptible to degradation by water vapor in the manner of most graphite intercalation compounds. The 1000-fold scaleup experiments concluded that 114 C was near the optimum temperature, but that the intercalation time needed to be lengthened by a factor of 3.
Gaier, James R.↗
Electronic control of redox reactions inside Escherichia coli using a genetic module
Microorganisms regulate the redox state of different biomolecules to precisely control biological processes. These processes can be modulated by electrochemically coupling intracellular biomolecules to an external electrode, but current approaches afford only limited control and specificity. Here we describe specific electrochemical control of the reduction of intracellular biomolecules in Escherichia coli through introduction of a heterologous electron transfer pathway. E . coli expressing cymAmtrCAB from Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 consumed electrons directly from a cathode when fumarate or nitrate, both intracellular electron acceptors, were present. The fumarate-triggered current consumption occurred only when fumarate reductase was present, indicating all the electrons passed through this enzyme. Moreover, CymAMtrCAB-expressing E . coli used current to stoichiometrically reduce nitrate. Thus, our work introduces a modular genetic tool to reduce a specific intracellular redox molecule with an electrode, opening the possibility of electronically controlling biological processes such as biosynthesis and growth in any microorganism.
59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
Adaptive response by an electrolyte: resilience to electron losses in a dye-sensitized porous photoanode
Interfacial electrolyte reactions in the pores of a photoanode consume electrons. The losses are offset by compensating solution-phase reactions that generate I − locally, and promote efficient dye cycling and photocurrent generation.
37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
Video game console usage and US national energy consumption: Results from a field-metering study
There has been an increased in attention placed on the energy consumption of miscellaneous electronic loads in buildings by energy analysts and policymakers in recent years. The share of electricity consumed by consumer electronics in US households has increased in the last decade. Many devices, however, lack robust energy use data, making energy consumption estimates difficult and uncertain. Video game consoles are high-performance machines present in approximately half of all households and can consume a considerable amount of power. The precise usage of game consoles has significant uncertainty, however, leading to a wide range of recent national energy consumption estimates. We present here an analysis based on field-metered usage data, collected as part of a larger field metering study in the USA. This larger study collected data from 880 households in 2012 on a variety of devices, including 113 game consoles (the majority of which are Generation 7 consoles). From our metering, we find that although some consoles are left on nearly 24 h/day, the overall average usage is lower than many other studies have assumed, leading to a US national energy consumption estimate of 7.1 TWh in 2012. Nevertheless, there is an opportunity to reduce energy use with proper game console power management, as a substantial amount of game console usage occurs with the television turned off. The emergence of Generation 8 consoles may increase national energy consumption.
32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗
Manipulating the Second Coordination Shell of Single-Atom Fe for Enhanced Fenton Reaction
While current methods use oxidizable metals as electron donors to effectively reduce Fe 3+ , they suffer from the irreversible oxidation of these metals, ultimately compromising the catalyst’s longevity. To address this challenge, we engineered the second coordination shell of a single-atom Fe center by doping boron (B) onto a graphene-based support (Fe 1 /B-graphene) and utilized H 2 O 2 as the electron source for efficient Fe 2+ regeneration. Experimental results, supported by theoretical calculations, revealed that the Fe–O–B motif functions like a micro galvanic cell, with intermediary O atoms facilitating electron transfer between electrodes. Specifically, electrons consumed during H 2 O 2 activation at Fe 1 sites (positive electrode) are replenished by electrons extracted from H 2 O 2 at B atoms (negative electrode), where the activation energy for H 2 O 2 oxidation is significantly lower than that at Fe 1 sites. This study offers inspirational insights into the design of Fenton catalysts through precise regulation of the second coordination shell, demonstrating the potential of tailoring the outer coordination environment of single-atom catalysts to enhance catalytic performance across various reactions.
36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
Computer usage and national energy consumption: Results from a field-metering study
The electricity consumption of miscellaneous electronic loads (MELs) in the home has grown in recent years, and is expected to continue rising. Consumer electronics, in particular, are characterized by swift technological innovation, with varying impacts on energy use. Desktop and laptop computers make up a significant share of MELs electricity consumption, but their national energy use is difficult to estimate, given uncertainties around shifting user behavior. This report analyzes usage data from 64 computers (45 desktop, 11 laptop, and 8 unknown) collected in 2012 as part of a larger field monitoring effort of 880 households in the San Francisco Bay Area, and compares our results to recent values from the literature. We find that desktop computers are used for an average of 7.3 hours per day (median = 4.2 h/d), while laptops are used for a mean 4.8 hours per day (median = 2.1 h/d). The results for laptops are likely underestimated since they can be charged in other, unmetered outlets. Average unit annual energy consumption (AEC) for desktops is estimated to be 194 kWh/yr (median = 125 kWh/yr), and for laptops 75 kWh/yr (median = 31 kWh/yr). We estimate national annual energy consumption for desktop computers to be 20 TWh. National annual energy use for laptops is estimated to be 11 TWh, markedly higher than previous estimates, likely reflective of laptops drawing more power in On mode in addition to greater market penetration. This result for laptops, however, carries relatively higher uncertainty compared to desktops. Different study methodologies and definitions, changing usage patterns, and uncertainty about how consumers use computers must be considered when interpreting our results with respect to existing analyses. Finally, as energy consumption in On mode is predominant, we outline several energy savings opportunities: improved power management (defaulting to low-power modes after periods of inactivity as well as power scaling), matching the rated power of power supplies to computing needs, and improving the efficiency of individual components.
32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗
Knittable and Washable Multifunctional MXene-Coated Cellulose Yarns
Textile-based electronics enable the next generation of wearable devices, which have the potential to transform the architecture of consumer electronics. Highly conductive yarns that can be manufactured using industrial-scale processing and be washed like everyday yarns are needed to fulfill the promise and rapid growth of the smart textile industry. By coating cellulose yarns with Ti 3 C 2 T x MXene, highly conductive and electroactive yarns are produced, which can be knitted into textiles using an industrial knitting machine. It is shown that yarns with MXene loading of ≈77 wt% (≈2.2 mg cm -1 ) have conductivity of up to 440 S cm -1 . After washing for 45 cycles at temperatures ranging from 30 to 80 °C, MXene-coated cotton yarns exhibit a minimal increase in resistance while maintaining constant MXene loading. The MXene-coated cotton yarn electrode offers a specific capacitance of 759.5 mF cm -1 at 2 mV s -1 . Additionally, a fully knitted textile-based capacitive pressure sensor is also prepared, which offers high sensitivity (gauge factor of ≈6.02), wide sensing range of up to ≈20% compression, and excellent cycling stability (2000 cycles at ≈14% compression strain). This work provides new and practical insights toward the development of platform technology that can integrate MXene in cellulose-based yarns for textile-based devices.
36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
Building the electronic industry's roadmaps
JTEC panelists found a strong consistency among the electronics firms they visited: all the firms had clear visions or roadmaps for their research and development activities and had committed resources to ensure that they achieve targeted results. The overarching vision driving Japan's electronics industry is that of achieving market success through developing appealing, high-quality, low-cost consumer goods - ahead of the competition. Specifics of the vision include improving performance, quality, and portability of consumer electronics products. Such visions help Japanese companies define in detail the roadmaps they will follow to develop new and improved electronic packaging technologies.
Boulton, William R.↗
Japan's electronic packaging technologies
The JTEC panel found Japan to have significant leadership over the United States in the strategic area of electronic packaging. Many technologies and products once considered the 'heart and soul' of U.S. industry have been lost over the past decades to Japan and other Asian countries. The loss of consumer electronics technologies and products is the most notable of these losses, because electronics is the United States' largest employment sector and is critical for growth businesses in consumer products, computers, automobiles, aerospace, and telecommunications. In the past there was a distinction between consumer and industrial product technologies. While Japan concentrated on the consumer market, the United States dominated the industrial sector. No such distinction is anticipated in the future; the consumer-oriented technologies Japan has dominated are expected to characterize both domains. The future of U.S. competitiveness will, therefore, depend on the ability of the United States to rebuild its technological capabilities in the area of portable electronic packaging.
Tummala, Rao R.↗
Inrush-Current Limiter And Bus Isolator
Electronic circuit protects electrical power bus and source of power against excessive current demands. Circuit intended for use with power-consuming electronic system drawing pulsed currents and including capacitor bank as low-impedance secondary source from which pulsed currents drawn.
Dolland, Carlisle R.↗
Extracellular electron uptake from a cathode by the lactic acid bacterium Lactiplantibacillus plantarum
A subset of microorganisms that perform respiration can endogenously utilize insoluble electron donors, such as Fe(II) or a cathode, in a process called extracellular electron transfer (EET). However, it is unknown whether similar endogenous EET can be performed by primarily fermentative species like lactic acid bacteria. We report for the first time electron uptake from a cathode by Lactiplantibacillus plantarum, a primarily fermentative bacteria found in the gut of mammals and in fermented foods. L. plantarum consumed electrons from a cathode and coupled this oxidation to the reduction of both an endogenous organic (pyruvate) and an exogenous inorganic electron acceptor (nitrate). This electron uptake from a cathode reroutes glucose fermentation toward lactate degradation and provides cells with a higher viability upon sugar exhaustion. Moreover, the associated genes and cofactors indicate that this activity is mechanistically different from that one employed by lactic acid bacteria to reduce an anode and to perform respiration. Our results expand our knowledge of the diversity of electroactive species and of the metabolic and bioenergetic strategies used by lactic acid bacteria.
biocathode↗
New Concepts in Electrolytes
Over the past decades, Li-ion battery (LIB) has turned into one of the most important advances in the history of technology due to its extensive and in-depth impact on our life. Its omnipresence in all electric vehicles, consumer electronics and electric grids relies on the precisely tuned electrochemical dynamics and interactions among the electrolytes and the diversified anode and cathode chemistries therein. Furthermore, with consumers' demand for battery performance ever increasing, more and more stringent requirements are being imposed upon the established equilibria among these LIB components, and it became clear that the state-of-the-art electrolyte systems could no longer sustain the desired technological trajectory. Driven by such gap, researchers started to explore more unconventional electrolyte systems. From superconcentrated solvent-in-salt electrolytes to solid-state electrolytes, the current research realm of novel electrolyte systems has grown to unprecedented levels. In this review, we will avoid discussions on current state-of-the-art electrolytes but instead focus exclusively on unconventional electrolyte systems that represent new concepts.
37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
Microelectronics in Japan
The purpose of this JTEC study is to evaluate Japan's electronic manufacturing and packaging capabilities within the context of global economic competition. To carry out this study, the JTEC panel evaluated the framework of the Japanese consumer electronics industry and various technological and organizational factors that are likely to determine who will win and lose in the marketplace. This study begins with a brief overview of the electronics industry, especially as it operates in Japan today. Succeeding chapters examine the electronics infrastructure in Japan and take an in-depth look at the central issues of product development in order to identify those parameters that will determine future directions for electronic packaging technologies.
Boulton, William R.↗