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All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS2009

NASA Exercise Physiology and Countermeasures Project Overview

Efficient exercise countermeasures are necessary to offset or minimize spaceflight-induced deconditioning and to maximize crew performance of mission tasks. These countermeasure protocols should use the fewest crew and vehicle resources. NASA s Exercise Physiology and Countermeasures (ExPC) Project works to identify, collect, interpret, and summarize evidence that results in effective exercise countermeasure protocols which protect crew health and performance during International Space Station (ISS) and future exploration-class missions. The ExPC and NASA s Human Research Program are sponsoring multiple studies to evaluate and improve the efficacy of spaceflight exercise countermeasures. First, the Project will measure maximal aerobic capacity (VO2max) during cycle ergometry before, during, and after ISS missions. Second, the Project is sponsoring an evaluation of a new prototype harness that offers improved comfort and increased loading during treadmill operations. Third, the Functional Tasks Test protocol will map performance of anticipated lunar mission tasks with physiologic systems before and after short and long-duration spaceflight, to target system contributions and the tailoring of exercise protocols to maximize performance. In addition to these studies that are actively enrolling crewmember participants, the ExPC is planning new studies that include an evaluation of a higher-intensity/lower-volume exercise countermeasure protocol aboard the ISS using the Advanced Resistive Exercise Device and second-generation treadmill, studies that evaluate bone loading during spaceflight exercise, and ground-based studies that focus on fitness for duty standards required to complete lunar mission tasks and for which exercise protocols need to protect. Summaries of these current and future studies and strategies will be provided to international colleagues for knowledge sharing and possible collaboration.

Loerch, Linda↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Sensorimotor Countermeasures

Exploration class missions will include multiple transitions between gravitational environments, sometimes after long periods in microgravity, which will impact the neurovestibular system and sensorimotor capabilities. New countermeasures and assessment tools are needed to enhance preflight disorientation training, maintain inflight physical performance, and accelerate recovery following transitions between gravity environments so that crew are enabled to perform critical exploration mission tasks. The Sensorimotor Countermeasures capability area encompasses three projects. 1) The Upright Proprioception Retention via Inflight Training and Evaluation (UPRITE) system is being developed as an in-flight countermeasure that will mitigate the degradation of balance control mechanisms, which will improve post-flight postural stability. The development of such a countermeasure is not simply a matter of adapting a ground-based training program for spaceflight. The way that we control balance in a gravitational environment cannot be duplicated in 0g. Therefore, the UPRITE system challenges proprioception and tactile function using a 0g configuration. The steps to develop the countermeasure have been broken into seven phases: training type, controllable board factors, protocol development, 0g hardware test, training efficacy, ISS hardware demonstration, and countermeasure verification. 2) Unobtrusive Monitoring Tools and Operational Assessments (aka Head/Body Assessments) are being developed to quantify crew member sensorimotor adaptation following gravitational transitions. Three areas are needed in this development 1) explore, develop, and validate unobtrusive monitoring tools, 2) define sensorimotor performance metrics, and 3) explore capabilities to enhance sensorimotor assessment tasks for operational use and validate assessment tasks via high-fidelity analogs. 3) The Spatial Disorientation Trainer is being developed as a portable training capability to simulate the performance of landing and recovery type tasks while experiencing vertigo due to post-flight vestibular alterations. These simulations can be used 1) across research studies investigating the impacts of vestibular disruption on operational performance/assessments, 2) to train astronauts for upcoming spaceflight missions, and 3) to educate space medicine and operational personnel prior to providing post-flight support.

Scott Jonathan Wood↗
NASA NTRS1994

Fatigue Countermeasures: Alertness Management in Flight Operations

Since 1980, the NASA Ames Fatigue Countermeasures Program has studied the effects and impact of fatigue on flight operations . Sleep loss and circadian disruption are two of the primary physiological factors that underlie fatigue in flight operations. The Program has developed an array of fatigue countermeasure recommendations that can be used to combat the effects of fatigue and continues to research potential new countermeasures. For example, one such strategy involved a NASA/FAA study on the effects of planned cockpit rest to improve crewmember alertness and performance. Based partly on the study results, the FAA is currently reviewing a proposed Advisory Circular for controlled rest on the flight deck. Since there is no simple answer to the issue of fatigue in aviation, an Education and Training Module has been developed to provide the industry with pertinent information on sleep, circadian rhythms, how flight operations affect these physiological factors, and recommendations for fatigue countermeasures. The Module will be updated as the Program's continued research efforts uncover new information and develop new countermeasure strategies,

Co, E. L.↗
NASA NTRS1996

Evaluating Fatigue in Operational Settings: The NASA Ames Fatigue Countermeasures Program

In response to a 1980 Congressional request, NASA Ames initiated a program to examine fatigue in flight operations. The Program objectives are to examine fatigue, sleep loss, and circadian disruption in flight operations, determine the effects of these factors on flight crew performance, and the development of fatigue countermeasures. The NASA Ames Fatigue Countermeasures Program conducts controlled laboratory experiments, full-mission flight simulations, and field studies. A range of subjective, behavioral, performance, physiological, and environmental measures are used depending on study objectives. The Program has developed substantial expertise in gathering data during actual flight operations and in other work settings. This has required the development of ambulatory and other measures that can be carried throughout the world and used at 41,000 feet in aircraft cockpits. The NASA Ames Fatigue Countermeasures Program has examined fatigue in shorthaul, longhaul, overnight cargo, and helicopter operations. A recent study of planned cockpit rest periods demonstrated the effectiveness of a brief inflight nap to improve pilot performance and alertness. This study involved inflight reaction time/vigilance performance testing and EEG/EOG measures of physiological alertness. The NASA Ames Fatigue Countermeasures Program has applied scientific findings to the development of education and training materials on fatigue countermeasures, input to federal regulatory activities on pilot flight, duty, and rest requirements, and support of National Transportation Safety Board accident investigations. Current activities are examining fatigue in nonaugmented longhaul flights, regional/commuter flight operations, corporate/business aviation, and psychophysiological variables related to performance.

Rosekind, Mark R.↗
NASA NTRS2006

WISE-2005 Protective Effect of Exercise within LBNP Countermeasure Detected by Heart Rate Response to Low Levels of LBNP

Sixteen women were studied before, during and after a 60 day, continu ous 6" head-down bed-rest (HDBR). Subjects were randomly assigned to two groups: Control (no countermeasures) and Exercise+LBNP (supine ru nning within an LBNP chamber for 40-min followed by 10-min passive L BNP for 3-4 days/week, plus flywheel resistive training of the legs e very third day). Cardiovascular responses were observed before bed re st, on day 50 of HDBR and R+8 after bed rest. Subjects were supine in the LBNP device with suction applied at 0, -10, -20 and -30 mmHg LBN P for 2-min per stage. In the pre-bed rest testing, there was no diff erence in HR between the groups at rest or at -30 mmHg. On HDBR day 50, HR was elevated at supine rest for the Con not the Ex group, whil e at -30 mmHg HR was elevated above pre-HDBR for both groups, but the magnitude of increase from Pre- to HDBR day 50 was less for the Ex g roup than for the Con group. The change in HR on HDBR day 50 is an im portant indicator as it was less than 24-hours after the Exercise+LBN P countermeasure on day 49. After bed rest, no specific countermeasu res were provided in the first week, so HR responses on day R+8 refle cted the effects of bed rest with or without countermeasure plus any recovery from simply returning to the upright posture. Relative to th e Pre-bed rest responses, HR on day R+8 had recovered in the Ex group but was still elevated in the Con group. These results indicate that the cardiovascular response to LBNP is preserved to a greater degre e during bed rest by the countermeasures, and further that the cardio vascular response returned to pre-bed rest much more rapidly in the E xercise+LBNP group than hi the group that received no cardiovascular countermeasures.

Hughson, R. L.↗
NASA NTRS2010

Development of an Integrated Countermeasure Device for Long Duration Space Flight and Exploration Missions

Musculoskeletal, cardiovascular, and sensorimotor deconditioning have been observed consistently in astronauts and cosmonauts following long-duration spaceflight. Studies in bed rest, a spaceflight analog, have shown that high intensity resistive or aerobic exercise attenuates or prevents musculoskeletal and cardiovascular deconditioning, respectively, but complete protection has not been achieved during spaceflight. Exercise countermeasure hardware used during earlier International Space Station (ISS) missions included a cycle ergometer, a treadmill, and the interim resistive exercise device (iRED). Effectiveness of the countermeasures may have been diminished by limited loading characteristics of the iRED as well as speed restrictions and subject harness discomfort during treadmill exercise. The Advanced Resistive Exercise Device (ARED) and the second generation treadmill were designed to address many of the limitations of their predecessors, and anecdotal reports from ISS crews suggest that their conditioning is better preserved since the new hardware was delivered in 2009. However, several countermeasure devices to protect different physiologic systems will not be practical during exploration missions when the available volume and mass will be severely restricted. The combined countermeasure device (CCD) integrates a suite of hardware into one device intended to prevent spaceflight-induced musculoskeletal, cardiovascular, and sensorimotor deconditioning. The CCD includes pneumatic loading devices with attached cables for resistive exercise, a cycle for aerobic exercise, and a 6 degree of freedom motion platform for balance training. In a proof of concept test, ambulatory untrained subjects increased muscle strength (58%) as well as aerobic capacity (26%) after 12-weeks of exercise training with the CCD (without balance training), improvements comparable to those observed with traditional exercise training. These preliminary results suggest that this CCD can concurrently improve musculoskeletal and cardiovascular conditioning in ambulatory subjects, but further work is required to validate its use as countermeasure to spaceflight-induced deconditioning.

Lee, S. M. C.↗
NASA NTRS2012

Bed Rest is an Analog to Study the Physiological Changes of Spaceflight and to Evaluate Countermeasures

The UTMB/NASA Flight Analog Research Unit is an inpatient unit with a bionutrition kitchen and unique testing areas for studying subjects subjected to 6 degree head-down complete bed rest for prolonged periods as an analog for zero gravity. Bed rest allows study of physiological changes and performance of functional tasks representative of critical interplanetary mission operations and measures of the efficacy of countermeasures designed to protect against the resulting deleterious effects. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Subjects are healthy adults 24-55 years old; 60 75 in tall; body mass index 18.5-30; and bone mineral density normal by DXA scan. Over 100 subjects have been studied in 7 campaigns since 2004. The iRAT countermeasure combines high intensity interval aerobic exercises on alternating days with continuous aerobic exercise. Resistance exercise is performed 3 days per week. Subjects are tested on an integrated suite of functional and interdisciplinary physiological tests before and after 70 days of total bed rest. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: It is anticipated that post-bed rest functional performance will be predicted by a weighted combination of sensorimotor, cardiovascular and muscle physiological factors. Control subjects who do not participate in the exercise countermeasure will have significantly greater decreases in these parameters. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: Astronauts experience alterations in multiple physiological systems due to exposure to the microgravity, leading to disruption in the ability to perform functional tasks after reintroduction to a gravitational environment. Current flight exercise countermeasures are not fully protective of cardiovascular, muscle and bone health. There is a need to refine and optimize countermeasures to mitigate health risks associated with long-term space missions.

Pfannenstiel, P.↗
NASA NTRS2014

Fatigue‐Related Countermeasures for Long‐Duration Exploration Missions

The NASA Human Research Program's (HRP) Behavioral Health and Performance Element (BHP) supports and conducts research to mitigate deleterious outcomes related to fatigue, sleep loss, circadian desynchronization, and work overload. Objective evidence indicates that within the context of the International Space Station (ISS), sleep is reduced and there is circadian misalignment. Despite chronic sleep loss and high workloads; however, astronauts successfully complete their missions. Contributing to their success is not only the tremendous skills and capabilities of each astronaut, but also the collaborative team efforts amongst the crew, between flight and ground crews, and through real‐time care provided by medical personnel. It is anticipated that risks to human health and performance will increase in the context of exploration missions, where crewmembers will venture to deep space for extended durations and in small vehicles with limited communication with home. Hence, fatigue‐related countermeasures are being developed and/or validated that include unobtrusive monitoring technologies to detect fatigue‐related performance decrements, environmental countermeasures, and sleep education and training for flight and ground crews. Given that fatigue is an issue in current ISS missions, the BHP works collaboratively with Space Medicine operations to collect data in the operational environment, to validate fatigue-related countermeasures, and provide evidence‐based mitigations. Our presentation will summarize fatigue‐related operational research that is underway through NASA's BHP in partnership with its operational counterparts. Efforts include studies evaluating the effects of hypnotics, lighting protocols as countermeasures for circadian entrainment, and investigations involving education and training. This presentation will further identify, based on flight and terrestrial evidence, additional sleep and circadian countermeasures that may still be needed to support exploration missions. Lessons learned from transitioning research deliverables into ISS operations will also be discussed.

Whitmire, A.↗
NASA NTRS2016

Validation of a Cephalad Fluid Shift Countermeasure

INTRODUCTION: This project will provide critical data required to objectively determine how an optimized thigh cuff could be incorporated into the NASA integrated physiological countermeasure suite. This project will determine if thigh cuffs used during simulated spaceflight impact intracranial pressure (ICP), ocular structure and function, and intraocular pressure (IOP) using state of-the-art techniques. Additionally, some of the same methods, hardware, and protocols will be employed in the present investigation to enable direct comparisons to the International Space Station (ISS) "Fluid Shifts" experiment with Chibis-Lower Body Negative Pressure (LBNP). This study will determine the temporal physiological responses of thigh cuff application and removal on ocular and cerebral variables (including invasive ICP) in a microgravity analog. Furthermore, this proposed study will determine tissue pressure distribution applied by thigh cuffs in order to improve comfort, mobility, and efficacy of the countermeasure. Our specific aim is to determine the efficacy of a novel thigh cuff device to mitigate cephalad fluid shifts. We hypothesize that a thigh cuff countermeasure employed in a microgravity analog will temporarily reverse or attenuate ocular and cerebral-volume-pressure variables, approaching normal Earth-based seated posture, the most frequent posture assumed in daily life. In addition, we hypothesize that the magnitude of fluid and pressure redistribution using a thigh cuff countermeasure may require a longer exposure time than that of Chibis-LBNP (using ground-based data from our "Fluid Shifts" project). This project directly addresses Critical Path Roadmap Risks and Questions regarding "Risk of Spaceflight-Induced Intracranial Hypertension/Vision Alterations," and IRP Gap VIIP13: We need to identify preventative and treatment countermeasures to mitigate changes in ocular structure and function and intracranial pressure during spaceflight. METHODS: Noninvasive measures and tissue pressure distributions beneath thigh cuffs The objectives of this study are to: 1) determine the distribution of skin surface pressures beneath the advanced thigh cuff in ten subjects, 2) calibrate the built-in pressure measurement system of the advanced thigh cuff using an industry standard device, and 3) collect subjective feedback and data on the new cuff design to allow for further adjustments prior to invasive studies. A Tekscan Industrial Sensing (I-Scan) system will measure the pressure distribution of the advanced thigh cuff against the skin. In addition, we will measure blood pooling in the thigh and record the circumference of the thigh using Hokanson strain gauge plethysmography. The advanced thigh cuff will be adjusted to obtain a skin contact pressure of 30-50 mmHg as visualized on the Tekscan system. The built-in advanced thigh cuff pressure monitor will be recorded simultaneously to allow direct comparison to the Tekscan measurements. The volunteer will then remove the thigh cuff and remain at rest for five minutes with no legging applied. The thigh cuff will be donned again and pressure measurements will be taken in the same manner for up to 10 repetitions to show reproducibility of pressure after donning. At the conclusion of the study, subjects will be asked to flex their knee, stand, walk, and sit with the thigh cuff activated. During each of these maneuvers the subject will rate their pain/comfort using a modified Borg scale. Effect of thigh cuffs on ICP during simulated microgravity Ommaya reservoir patients will be recruited from the John Wayne Cancer Institute. Ommaya reservoirs provide safe and direct access for the measurement of ICP. Subjects will be instrumented for continuous blood pressure, ECG, and invasive ICP measures. The subjects will be positioned in the upright sitting posture for a 10-minute stabilization period. After the 10-minute stabilization period, imaging measures [ICP, Optical Coherence Tomography, IOP, ocular and vascular ultrasound] will be performed. Following baseline seated measures, the subject will be positioned randomly in the supine, 15deg head-down-tilt, and 15deg head-down-tilt with thigh cuffs and measures repeated. DISCUSSION: Tests to down-select thigh cuff designs will occur in early 2016. Invasive ICP and noninvasive eye imaging tests will begin in spring 2016. Supported by NSBRI through NCC 9-58.

Macias, B.↗
NASA NTRS2017

Candidate Nutritional Countermeasure to Mitigate Adverse Effects of Spaceflight

Problem statement: During spaceflight, astronauts are subjected to microgravity as well as radiation, both of which have adverse effects on bones, soft tissues and organs, possibly by shared mechanisms. For this reason there is a need to identify broad-spectrum countermeasures to protect multiple tissues from both insults.6.The spaceflight environment poses multiple challenges to homeostasis, including microgravity and ionizing radiation. Together, these factors contribute to cellular stress, and effects include increased generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), oxidative and DNA damage, cell cycle arrest and cell senescence. We have shown that a purified diet supplemented with dried plum (DP, 25) conferred full protection of cancellous structure from the rapid bone loss caused by exposure to ionizing radiation (Schreurs et al. 2016). Based on these promising results for a new countermeasure to prevent space radiation induced-tissue damage, we will conduct additional studies to advance the potential countermeasure to a higher CRL level. We will test the DP diet for its ability to prevent bone loss caused by simulated microgravity as well as exposure to radiation. This will be achieved by exposing mice to each factor (simulated microgravity and radiation) alone and in combination. We hypothesize that spaceflight conditions lead to oxidative damage and bone loss, and that DP, a dietary additive rich in antioxidant and polyphenolic compounds, is an effective countermeasure for multiple tissues, including bone. To test this hypothesis we will accomplish the following aims: Aim 1 Determine if the antioxidant rich diet DP prevents simulated microgravity-induced bone loss. Aim 2 Determine if DP prevents simulated spaceflight-induced bone loss (microgravity and radiation combined). Aim 3 Determine if DP is effective as a countermeasure for adverse effects of simulated microgravity and radiation on non-skeletal tissues (brain, eye).

Schreurs, Ann-Sofie↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

B Complex 5-Methyltetrahydrofolate, Riboflavin, Pyridoxine, and Methylcobalamin Supplementation as a Non-Mechanical Countermeasure to Mitigate Optic Disc Edema Changes During Strict 6º Head-Down Tilt Bed Rest

A subset of astronauts on International Space Station missions have experienced optic disc edema, part of what is characterized as Spaceflight Associated Neuro-ocular Syndrome (SANS). While the precise cause of SANS is unknown, it is likely that there are multiple contributing factors, including genetic and environmental factors. Our recent work has shown that crewmembers with SANS have higher concentrations of metabolic biomarkers of impairments in the one-carbon metabolic pathway compared to unaffected astronauts - before, during, and after f light (1). B-vitamin status and the presence of one-carbon pathway single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) variants predicted the incidence of SANS pathologies, including optic disc edema (2). Specifically, the G allele of methionine synthase reductase (MTRR) A66G and the C allele of serine hydroxymethyltransferase-1 (SHMT1) C1420T were associated with increased incidence of SANS pathologies (2). In a recent 30-d bed rest head-down tilt study with 0.5% CO2 exposure, 5 of 11 subjects developed optic disc edema (4) and the same SHMT1 C1420T and MTRR A66G genetic variants were associated with a larger increase in total retina thickness, a quantitative measure of optic disc edema (5). We published a multi-hit hypothesis of how genetics represents an indispensable element of SANS, which is a multifactorial problem (6). In brief: endothelial dysfunction secondary to genetic, biochemical/nutritional, and physiological (e.g., cardiovascular/fluid shift) f actors could lead to optic disc edema and the other ocular changes that occur in SANS. We expanded this hypothesis to include the possibility that genetic effects on B-vitamin status can alter nitric oxide synthesis and oxidative stress in the endothelium. This in turn could alter the turnover of structural components of the sclera, making it more susceptible to pathologic changes when faced with stressors related to the unrelenting headward fluid shift that occurs in weightlessness and strict head-down tilt bed rest (5). If the relationships that we have observed in flight and ground-based research hold true for the SANS Countermeasure Study, these genetic factors could predict who will be more susceptible to the development of SANS, and more importantly could also provide countermeasure options. As has been shown extensively in the literature, vitamin supplementation can serve to overcome genetic hindrances to one-carbon biochemistry and vascular physiology. Thus, based on our findings, publications, and hypotheses, supported by extensive supporting literature, we had hoped to test in the SANS Countermeasure Study the efficacy of a bioactive B-vitamin complex as a countermeasure to optimize function of the one-carbon pathway and prevent or mitigate optic disc edema during strict 6-degree head down tilt bed rest, and ultimately in space f light. While the supplement is no longer planned to be tested in the SANS Countermeasure Study because of laws regulating supplementation studies like this costing much more than initially planned, we will assess the contribution of one-carbon pathway genetics and B-vitamin status to SANS risk.

S R Zwart↗
NASA NTRS2018

Potential Dietary Countermeasure Against Spaceflight-Induced Bone Loss

As humans venture further into space and beyond low Earth orbit, space radiation is one of the main challenges for astronauts' health. Radiation-induced bone loss is a potential health problem for long duration habitation in space. We showed that a dietary countermeasure prevents bone loss in mice exposed to total body irradiation (TBI). We used a range of ionizing radiation, gamma (137Cs), proton (1H), iron (56Fe), and a combination of sequential proton and iron beam (1H/56Fe/1H) to evaluate skeletal responses. These TBI cover a range of linear energy transfer (LET), from low-LET such as proton, to high-LET such as 56Fe (HZE: high Z- high energy) at doses between 1-2 Gy. The countermeasure diet, composed of 25% Dried Plum (DP) was effective at preventing radiation-induced cancellous bone loss in appendicular bone (tibia). Furthermore, exposing mice to HZE radiation, such as 56Fe (1Gy), impaired ex vivo growth of marrow-derived, bone-forming osteoblasts, which led to reduced mineralization capacity (-77%). In contrast, mice fed the DP diet did not display these deficits, showing the diet's capacity to protect marrow-derived osteoprogenitors. Dietary DP prevented the increase of bone resorbing osteoclast cells, inflammation and oxidative stress, while protecting the osteoprogenitors and mesenchymal stem cells, which few drugs against osteoporosis may achieve. Spaceflight is a combination of multiple factors including microgravity, in addition to space radiation. Therefore, we conducted additional studies to determine if the DP diet could prevent simulated spaceflight (simulated microgravity and radiation combined) bone loss. Mice were exposed to gamma (TBI, 137Cs, 2 Gy), simulated microgravity (using the hindlimb unloading system, HU) or TBI+HU. While we observed bone loss in mice fed the control diet (CD) due to both treatments (TBI=14%, HU=20%), and a worse effect with combined treatments (TBI+HU=25%), mice fed the DP diet did not sustain significant bone loss relative to untreated controls. The DP diet prevented microarchitectural decrements in both appendicular bone (tibia) and axial bone (vertebrae). In addition, the DP diet mitigated HU-induced deficits in osteoblastogenesis. Interestingly, lower doses of DP diet (5%, 10%) did not appear to prevent cancellous bone loss, which shows the importance of identifying the active component(s) of DP. Finally, we have preliminary data showing the potential of DP to prevent radiation-induced damage at a systematic level.. In summary, this novel dietary countermeasure is a promising candidate nutritional countermeasure for spaceflight-induced bone loss and tissue damage.

Countermeasure↗
DOE OSTI2023

How to select distracted driving countermeasures evaluation metrics: A systematic review

While there are numerous performance metrics that have been developed for the evaluation of distracted driving prevention programs, there is little information on how to select them depending on the requirements and/or objectives of the study. Here, this paper describes a systematic literature review that was conducted on the metrics for evaluating distracted driving countermeasures in order to bridge this research gap. A summary of the evaluation metrics used for the existing distracted driving countermeasures was provided. Guidance for choosing an evaluation measure was provided by analyzing the metrics from the perspectives of functionality, spatial-temporal dimension, and equity. Three examples of distracted driving countermeasure evaluation processes were thoroughly reviewed in order to offer insight into metric selection and measurement. This paper contributes to the body of knowledge by discussing the implications for policy on how to enhance the thoroughness and accuracy of the evaluation of distracted driving countermeasures. Analysis from multiple angles, the development of data collection tools and direct behavior indicators, taking into account temporal dimensions, and equity considerations, are proposed.

99 GENERAL AND MISCELLANEOUS↗
DOE OSTI2022

Survey of Cybersecurity Governance, Threats, and Countermeasures for the Power Grid

The convergence of Information Technologies and Operational Technology systems in industrial networks presents many challenges related to availability, integrity, and confidentiality. In this paper, we evaluate the various cybersecurity risks in industrial control systems and how they may affect these areas of concern, with a particular focus on energy-sector Operational Technology systems. There are multiple threats and countermeasures that Operational Technology and Information Technology systems share. Since Information Technology cybersecurity is a relatively mature field, this paper emphasizes on threats with particular applicability to Operational Technology and their respective countermeasures. We identify regulations, standards, frameworks and typical system architectures associated with this domain. We review relevant challenges, threats, and countermeasures, as well as critical differences in priorities between Information and Operational Technology cybersecurity efforts and implications. These results are then examined against the recommended National Institute of Standards and Technology framework for gap analysis to provide a complete approach to energy sector cybersecurity. We provide analysis of countermeasure implementation to align with the continuous functions recommended for a sound cybersecurity framework.

29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗
NASA NTRS2000

Assessment of Countermeasure Efficacy for Long-Term Space Missions

One of the main functions of the upcoming International Space Station (ISS) will be to provide a venue for testing proposed countermeasures for their ability to protect humans from the debilitating effects of longterm space flight. However, several limiting factors preclude an evaluation process similar to that used in clinical trials which traditionally are implemented with large sample sizes of subjects, including control groups, and with blind or double-blind application of treatments according to factorial or other balanced experimental designs. In particular, only very limited numbers of human subjects will be available for actual field testing in the ISS With no more than 125 subjects planned to fly on all ISS missions over 10 years, it is not possible to test extensive combinations of some 15-20 proposed countermeasures. Furthermore because of safety concerns and operational considerations, it is unlikely that anything other than the current best guess at the most effective countermeasure package will ever be used on ISS. In particular, control or placebos will not be allowed. In view of these limitations, historical data and groundbased or animal studies will have to be used to compensate for small sample sizes and lack of controls in the field. As a result, statistical analysis methodology will have to be developed which allows for the integration of these disparate data types into a meaningful evaluation process. The process must be sequential, providing objective rules for deciding through time whether to reject or modify an ineffective countermeasure, or whether to certify one as effective. Additional output should include performance characteristics for all relevant physiological systems, including uncertainty analyses and estimates of accept/reject decision error rates.

Feiveson, Alan H.↗
NASA NTRS2003

Countermeasure Evaluation and Validation Project (CEVP) Database Requirement Documentation

The initial focus of the project by the JSC laboratories will be to develop, test and implement a standardized complement of integrated physiological test (Integrated Testing Regimen, ITR) that will examine both system and intersystem function, and will be used to validate and certify candidate countermeasures. The ITR will consist of medical requirements (MRs) and non-MR core ITR tests, and countermeasure-specific testing. Non-MR and countermeasure-specific test data will be archived in a database specific to the CEVP. Development of a CEVP Database will be critical to documenting the progress of candidate countermeasures. The goal of this work is a fully functional software system that will integrate computer-based data collection and storage with secure, efficient, and practical distribution of that data over the Internet. This system will provide the foundation of a new level of interagency and international cooperation for scientific experimentation and research, providing intramural, international, and extramural collaboration through management and distribution of the CEVP data. The research performed this summer includes the first phase of the project. The first phase of the project is a requirements analysis. This analysis will identify the expected behavior of the system under normal conditions and abnormal conditions; that could affect the system's ability to produce this behavior; and the internal features in the system needed to reduce the risk of unexpected or unwanted behaviors. The second phase of this project have also performed in this summer. The second phase of project is the design of data entry screen and data retrieval screen for a working model of the Ground Data Database. The final report provided the requirements for the CEVP system in a variety of ways, so that both the development team and JSC technical management have a thorough understanding of how the system is expected to behave.

Shin, Sung Y.↗
NASA NTRS1992

Computer simulation analysis of the effects of countermeasures for reentry orthostatic intolerance

Fluid loading is a countermeasure currently in routine use to improve the g-tolerance of crewmembers during reentry and return of Shuttle flights. However, its effectiveness diminishes with mission duration. Countermeasures that will be effective on long-duration flights are needed and are presently under development. This paper discusses the application of computer simulation in the analysis of the effects of countermeasures for reentry orthostatic intolerance. The results suggest improvements upon the fluid loading countermeasure currently in use.

NASA Center JSC↗
NASA NTRS2004

Cardiovascular Countermeasures for Exploration-Class Space Flight Missions

Astronaut missions to Mars may be many years or even decades in thc future but current and planned efforts can be extrapolated to required treatments and prophylaxis for delerious efforts of prolonged space flight on the cardiovascular system. The literature of candidate countermeasures was considered in combination with unpublished plans for countermeasure implementation. The scope of cardiovascular countermeasures will be guided by assessments of the efficacy of mechanical, physiological and pharmacological approaches in protecting the cardiovascular capacities of interplanetary crewmembers. Plans for countermeasure development, evaluation and validation will exploit synergies among treatment modalities with the goal of maximizing protective effects while minimizing crew time and in-flight resource use. Protection of the cardiovascular capacity of interplanetary crewmembers will become more effective and efficient over the next few decades, but trade-offs between cost and effectiveness of efficiency are always possible if the increased level of risk can be accepted.

Charles, John B.↗