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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 37 records · Page 2
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2024

Characterizing Hydraulic Fracture Propagation Before Fracture Hits

Estimating the distance from hydraulic fracture tip to monitor well can be very useful for fracture characterization, well spacing optimization, and preventing parent-child well interference. Heart-shape signal is referred to as the extensional precursor of fracture hit recorded by cross-well strain measurements and can be served as a vital tool to make such estimation. This study incorporates the 3D Displacement Discontinuity Method to understand the impact of fracture geometry and monitor well offset on the heart-shape signal’s characteristics. Results from numerical simulation and analytical solutions reveal a strong linear correlation between the spatial extent of heart shape signal and fracture tip distance. This relationship was further developed to predict tip distance using field data from the Hydraulic Fracture Test Site 2. A reasonable approximation result from field data further validates the methodology. In addition, it is worth noting that the estimation accuracy depends on the ratio between fracture dimension and tip distance. The findings of this study offer a novel approach for real-time monitoring and characterizing hydraulic fracture propagation, which can be further used for well spacing optimization in unconventional and Enhanced Geothermal System reservoir development, as well as cap rock integrity monitoring for carbon sequestration projects.

Jin, Ge↗
DOE OSTI2022

Defective Interfering Viral Particle Treatment Reduces Clinical Signs and Protects Hamsters from Lethal Nipah Virus Disease

Defective interfering particles (DIs) contain a considerably smaller genome than the parental virus but retain replication competency. As DIs can directly or indirectly alter propagation kinetics of the parental virus, they offer a novel approach to antiviral therapy, capitalizing on knowledge from natural infection. However, efforts to translate in vitro inhibition to in vivo screening models remain limited. We investigated the efficacy of virus-like particles containing DI genomes (therapeutic infectious particles [TIPs]) in the Syrian hamster model of lethal Nipah virus (NiV) disease. We found that coadministering a high dose of TIPs intraperitoneally with virus challenge improved clinical course and reduced lethality. To mimic natural exposure, we also evaluated lower-dose TIP delivery and virus challenge intranasally, finding equally efficacious reduction in disease severity and overall lethality. Eliminating TIP replicative capacity decreased efficacy, suggesting protection via direct inhibition. These data provide evidence that TIP-mediated treatment can confer protection against disease and lethal outcome in a robust animal NiV model, supporting further development of TIP treatment for NiV and other high-consequence pathogens.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2021

PA-BCI Meteorological dataset 1985-2018

This data package contains a QA/QC-ed meteorological time series dataset from 1985 to 2018, including relative humidity, temperature, solar radiation, rainfall, wind speed, and barometric pressure at Barro Colorado Island (PA-BCI) in Panama. The data were collected at the elevations of 42 m and 48 m at the BCI Lutz station, except for rainfall that was collected at the BCI Clearing station at the elevation of 1 m. Individual time series datasets were collected using electro-mechanical (electronic sensors, data loggers, chart recorders, etc.). The rainfall dataset was collected using the tipping bucket method, and the data could have been underestimated by 13-17% (likely the large values). The data is included as a single CSV file.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2022

Task Information Presentation System

Demonstrate a novel computer-based procedure solution for a multi-unit power plant. TIPS is developed to demonstrate a way to operate a highly automated plant. Currently, there are no plants (nuclear or non-nuclear) that can support this high level of automation. The purpose of TIPS is to help the industries think beyond the current conduct of operations. TIPS is designed to work with the GSE Systems' Combine-cycle gas turbine power plant simulator. TIPS uses the plant data from the simulator to make the user experience of the computer-based procedure more realistic.

Oxstrand, Johanna↗
DOE OSTI2020

Measurement of crack length in width tapered beam experiments

The width tapered beam method for measuring fracture toughness has been contemplated for use in measuring the adhesion of photovoltaic materials, is promoted by it being a viable method for use directly on modules rather than to engineered test specimens. However, precise determination of crack length is often difficult as failure often involves tendril formation, cavitation voids, and other plastic deformation at the crack front in addition to obfuscation by opaque materials. Because fracture energy varies as the square of crack length, imprecise crack tip length results in large measurement uncertainties. In this work, we develop a method to estimate the crack tip length using the relationship between the applied force and the displacement of the load frame. The crack tip is determined for every data point and can be defined from a calibration curve related to the amount of energy put into the beam, or from a theoretically idealized estimation. Once a calibration curve is set up and the equations programmed, the fracture energy as a function of position on the newly formed crack interface can be accurately estimated. The test additionally provides much easier analysis and insight into the joint failure through more precise knowledge of fracture toughness at each de-bonded area.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2025

Data-driven equation-free dynamics applied to many-protein complexes: The microtubule tip relaxation

Microtubules (MTs) constitute the largest components of the eukaryotic cytoskeleton and play crucial roles in various cellular processes, including mitosis and intracellular transport. The property allowing MTs to cater to such diverse roles is attributed to dynamic instability, which is coupled to the hydrolysis of GTP (guanosine-5'-triphosphate) to GDP (guanosine-5'-diphosphate) within the β-tubulin monomers. Understanding the equilibrium dynamics and the structural features of both GDP- and GTP-complexed MT tips, especially at an all-atom level, remains challenging for both experimental and computational methods because of their dynamic nature and the prohibitive computational demands of simulating large, many-protein systems. This study employs the “equation-free” multiscale computational method to accelerate the relaxation of all-atom simulations of MT tips toward their putative equilibrium conformation. Using large MT lattice systems (14 protofilaments × 8 heterodimers) comprising ~21-38 million atoms, we applied this multiscale approach to leapfrog through time and nearly double the computational efficiency in realizing relaxed all-atom conformations of GDP- and GTP-complexed MT tips. Commencing from an initial 4 μs unbiased all-atom simulation, we interleave coarse projective “equation-free” jumps with short bursts of all-atom molecular dynamics simulation to realize an additional effective simulation time of 1.875 μs. Our 5.875 μs of effective simulation trajectories for each system expose the subtle yet essential differences in the structures of MT tips as a function of whether β-tubulin monomer is complexed with GDP or GTP, as well as the lateral interactions within the MT tip, offering a refined understanding of features underlying MT dynamic instability. Furthermore, the approach presents a robust and generalizable framework for future explorations of large biomolecular systems at atomic resolution.

Wu, Jiangbo [University of Chicago, IL (United Sta↗
DOE OSTI2020

Utah FORGE: Microseismic Monitoring Geophone Data from Well 78-32

This submission includes geophone data collected by Schlumberger from Utah FORGE Phase 2C seismic monitoring well 78-32 during stimulation testing of well 58-32. The data are hosted by the Center for High Performance Computing (CHPC) at the University of Utah, and a script for downloading the data is attached. Additional survey info and tips for running the script are included in the document below.

15 GEOTHERMAL ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2023

ON PROCESS STABILITY IN WAAM-CMT OF ALUMINUM ALLOYS

Wire-arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) has become a cost-efficient metal additive manufacturing process. However, depositing aluminum with WAAM is challenging due to its sensitivity to heat input (linear energy density), which can cause undesirable surface topology waviness if not controlled. Thus, a process window is needed that can produce stable geometry and deposition conditions while minimizing production times. In this study, 5183 aluminum alloy wire is used to deposit 10-layer walls with varying wire feed speeds (WFS) and traverse speeds (TS) (at a constant WFS/TS ratio) and varying interpass temperature (IPT). In-situ process data consisting of optical contact-tip-workpiece-distance (CTWD) and current/voltage measurements are collected to determine process condition stability throughout the build. Part geometry is measured using a 3D scanner and build porosity is characterized via digital X-ray. A process window is identified that produces stable surface topology and process conditions at a minimal production time.

aluminum alloy↗
DOE OSTI2024

Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy Combined with Multivariate Analysis for Fingerprinting Clinically Similar Fibromyalgia and Long COVID Syndromes

Fibromyalgia (FM) is a chronic central sensitivity syndrome characterized by augmented pain processing at diffuse body sites and presents as a multimorbid clinical condition. Long COVID (LC) is a heterogenous clinical syndrome that affects 10–20% of individuals following COVID-19 infection. FM and LC share similarities with regard to the pain and other clinical symptoms experienced, thereby posing a challenge for accurate diagnosis. This research explores the feasibility of using surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) combined with soft independent modelling of class analogies (SIMCAs) to develop classification models differentiating LC and FM. Venous blood samples were collected using two supports, dried bloodspot cards (DBS, n = 48 FM and n = 46 LC) and volumetric absorptive micro-sampling tips (VAMS, n = 39 FM and n = 39 LC). A semi-permeable membrane (10 kDa) was used to extract low molecular fraction (LMF) from the blood samples, and Raman spectra were acquired using SERS with gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). Soft independent modelling of class analogy (SIMCA) models developed with spectral data of blood samples collected in VAMS tips showed superior performance with a validation performance of 100% accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity, achieving an excellent classification accuracy of 0.86 area under the curve (AUC). Amide groups, aromatic and acidic amino acids were responsible for the discrimination patterns among FM and LC syndromes, emphasizing the findings from our previous studies. Overall, our results demonstrate the ability of AuNP SERS to identify unique metabolites that can be potentially used as spectral biomarkers to differentiate FM and LC.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2025

Effect of tert -Butyl Substitution on the Interactions of Cobalt Phthalocyanine with a Carbon Monoxide-Functionalized Tip

Supported cobalt phthalocyanines (CoPc) are promising catalysts for CO 2 reduction, a critical process for mitigating greenhouse gas emissions. Enhancing the catalytic performance of CoPc involves modifying the interaction between the cobalt center and intermediate species. This study focuses on the effects of tert-butyl substitution on CoPc using (tert-butyl) 4 CoPc, where the substitution can both directly alter the molecule’s intramolecular electronic structure and indirectly alter it by the bulky group weakening the interaction with the support. Toward this end, we investigated the structural and chemical properties of (tert-butyl) 4 CoPc on a Ag(111) surface at the single-molecule level using three-dimensional atomic force microscopy (AFM) with a CO-terminated tip and discussed them in comparison with data for unmodified CoPc and amino-substituted CoPc. Notably, distance-dependent force measurements revealed anomalies in the tert-butyl groups’ force curves, attributed to their rotational flexibility. The tert-butyl (t-butyl) groups were also observed to increase the attraction of the central Co atom to CO, but this effect was attributed largely to enhanced interactions of the back of the tip with the peripheral t-butyl groups. In conclusion, while this longer-range interaction would not be expected to impact the interaction of small molecules with the catalytic center, the results reveal the ability of AFM to characterize longer range environmental interactions that can enhance adsorption and subsequent reactions of larger molecules, as well as the role side chains that offer configurational adaptability may play in these interactions.

77 NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2025

Snow ALbedo eVOlution (SALVO) Campaign Snow Depth and Related Surface Properties from April - June, 2024 in Utqiagivk, AK

Detailed transects of snow depths and related measurements were made with a magnaprobe along fixed lines in Utqiagvik, AK. The operator measures snow depth by plunging a rod with a sliding basket into the snow and pressing a trigger. At this point, the data logger records the distance between the tip of the rod and the height of the basket, the measurement number, the time, and the geographic location of the measurement. To measure snow depth, the rod tip must be placed at the snow-ground or snow-sea ice interface. The interface can be hard or soft; in the latter case, it is possible to “over-probe”, producing a snow depth that is too high. At times, the probe was also used to measure the depths of other interfaces within the snowpack (for example, the depth to persistent ice lenses) or the water depths of ponds atop the tundra or sea ice. When these alternative depth measurements were made, the operator recorded the location, measurement number, and composition of the alternative depth measurement in a field notebook. The data logger on the probe stores several thousand points. Data is downloaded to a computer at the end of a day or several days. Probes: We used 2 magnaprobes identified as GEO1 and GEODEL with the following serial numbers: S/N 20240416 (GEO1) and S/N P48066 (GEODEL). Note : There are three data levels available with this dataset: b3, b4, and a6. New users of these data are strongly encouraged to use the level a6 or b4 data.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2026

CMIP7 data request: Earth system priorities and opportunities

This paper presents a comprehensive overview of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 7 (CMIP7) request for data pertaining to Earth systems science, and provides justification for the resources needed to produce this data. Topics within the CMIP7 Earth System (CMIP7-ES) theme centre around tracking of flows of energy, carbon, water and other fluxes across domains, and constraining feedbacks between these cycles and the climate system. These topics are summarized in this paper as scientific “opportunities” describing specific model intercomparison experiments and use cases for next-generation Earth System Model (ESM) output. These opportunities were submitted by modelling groups and scientific consortia following an extended public consultation process. Contained within each opportunity are requests for groups of Climate & Forecasting (CF) variables, which are bundled into variable groups representing all data required to address the opportunities' needs. Novel opportunities in CMIP7 compared with previous phases will include running `emissions-driven' simulations that integrate carbon emissions and removal scenarios with updated representations of the global carbon cycle, expanded variable groups needed to model marine trophic interactions and biogeochemistry, and data needed to understand the risk of global tipping points, among others. The production of these variables will close key gaps and uncertainties identified during previous rounds of CMIP, and support the 7th Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Assessment Report (AR7). We argue that CMIP7-ES data will be broadly used by scientific, policy, governmental, industry, and other communities that rely on climate model projections for research and decision making. As an author group we also reflect on the evolution of the CMIP7-ES data request as a part of a deliberative process in support of the global CMIP program.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2023

BUZZ : an essential gene for postinitiation root hair growth and a mediator of root architecture in Brachypodium distachyon

Here, we discover a player in root development. Recovered from a forward-genetic screen in Brachypodium distachyon, the buzz mutant initiates root hairs but they fail to elongate. In addition, buzz roots grow twice as fast as wild-type roots. Also, lateral roots show increased sensitivity to nitrate, whereas primary roots are less sensitive to nitrate. Using whole-genome resequencing, we identified the causal single nucleotide polymorphism as occurring in a conserved but previously uncharacterized cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK)-like gene. The buzz mutant phenotypes are rescued by the wild-type B. distachyon BUZZ coding sequence and by an apparent homolog in Arabidopsis thaliana. Moreover, T-DNA mutants in A. thaliana BUZZ have shorter root hairs. BUZZ mRNA localizes to epidermal cells and develops root hairs and, in the latter, partially colocalizes with the NRT1.1A nitrate transporter. Based on qPCR and RNA-Seq, buzz overexpresses ROOT HAIRLESS LIKE SIX-1 and -2 and misregulates genes related to hormone signaling, RNA processing, cytoskeletal, and cell wall organization, and to the assimilation of nitrate. Overall, these data demonstrate that BUZZ is required for tip growth after root hair initiation and root architectural responses to nitrate.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2026

Hubble Space Telescope Imaging of Three Isolated Faint Dwarf Galaxies beyond the Local Group: Pavo, Corvus A, and Kamino

We present new Hubble Space Telescope (HST) imaging of three recently discovered star-forming dwarf galaxies beyond the Local Group: Pavo, Corvus A, and Kamino. The discovery of Kamino is reported here for the first time. They rank among the most isolated faint dwarf galaxies known; hence they provide unique opportunities to study galaxy evolution at the smallest scales, free from the environmental effects of more massive galaxies. Our HST data reach ∼2–4 magnitudes below the tip of the red giant branch (TRGB) for each dwarf, allowing us to measure their distances, structural properties, and recent star formation histories (SFHs). All three galaxies contain a complex stellar population of young and old stars, and are typical of field galaxies in this mass regime (M V = −10.62 ± 0.08 and $D = 2.16_{-0.07}^{+0.08}$ Mpc for Pavo, M V = −10.91 ± 0.10 and D = 3.34 ± 0.11 Mpc for Corvus A, and M V = −12.02 ± 0.12 and $D = 6.50_{-0.11}^{+0.15}$ Mpc for Kamino). Our HST-derived SFHs reveal differences among the three dwarfs: Pavo and Kamino show relatively steady, continuous star formation, while Corvus A formed ∼60% of its stellar mass by 10 Gyr ago. These results align with theoretical predictions of diverse evolutionary pathways for isolated low-mass galaxies.

Mutlu-Pakdil, Burçin [Dartmouth College, Hanover, ↗
DOE OSTI2023

H 0 = 69.8 ± 1.3 km s - 1 Mpc - 1 , Ω m 0 = 0.288 ± 0.017 , and other constraints from lower-redshift, non-CMB, expansion-rate data

Here, we use updated Type Ia Pantheon+ supernova, baryon acoustic oscillation, and Hubble parameter (now also accounting for correlations) data, as well as new reverberation-measured C $\tiny{IV}$ quasar data, and quasar angular size, H $\tiny{II}$ starburst galaxy, reverberation-measured Mg $\tiny{II}$ quasar, and Amati correlated gamma-ray burst data to constrain cosmological parameters. We show that these data sets result in mutually consistent constraints and jointly use them to constrain cosmological parameters in six different spatially-flat and non-flat cosmological models. Our analysis provides summary model independent determinations of two key cosmological parameters: the Hubble constant, H 0 = 69.8 ± 1.3 km s -1 Mpc -1 , and the current non-relativistic matter density parameter, Ω m0 = 0.288 ± 0.017. Our summary error bars are 2.4 and 2.3 times those obtained using the flat ΛCDM model and Planck TT,TE,EE + lowE + lensing cosmic microwave background (CMB) anisotropy data. Our H 0 value is very consistent with that from the local expansion rate based on the Tip of the Red Giant Branch and Type Ia supernova (SN Ia) data, is 2σ lower than that from the local expansion rate based on Cepheid and SN Ia data, and is 2σ higher than that in the flat ΛCDM model based on Planck TT,TE,EE + lowE + lensing CMB data. Our data compilation shows at most mild evidence for non-flat spatial hypersurfaces, but more significant evidence for dark energy dynamics, 2σ or larger in the spatially-flat dynamical dark energy models we study.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2022

Parked aeroelastic field rotor response for a 20% scaled demonstrator of a 13‐MW downwind turbine

Abstract Aeroelastic parked testing of a unique downwind two‐bladed subscale rotor was completed to characterize the response of an extreme‐scale 13‐MW turbine in high‐wind parked conditions. A 20% geometric scaling was used resulting in scaled 20‐m‐long blades, whose structural and stiffness properties were designed using aeroelastic scaling to replicate the nondimensional structural aeroelastic deflections and dynamics that would occur for a lightweight, downwind 13‐MW rotor. The subscale rotor was mounted and field tested on the two‐bladed Controls Advanced Research Turbine (CART2) at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory's Flatiron Campus (NREL FC). The parked testing of these highly flexible blades included both pitch‐to‐run and pitch‐to‐feather configurations with the blades in the horizontal braked orientation. The collected experimental data includes the unsteady flapwise root bending moments and tip deflections as a function of inflow wind conditions. The bending moments are based on strain gauges located in the root section, whereas the tip deflections are captured by a video camera on the hub of the turbine pointed toward the tip of the blade. The experimental results are compared against computational predictions generated by FAST, a wind turbine simulation software, for the subscale and full‐scale models with consistent unsteady wind fields. FAST reasonably predicted the bending moments and deflections of the experimental data in terms of both the mean and standard deviations. These results demonstrate the efficacy of the first such aeroelastically scaled turbine test and demonstrate that a highly flexible lightweight downwind coned rotor can be designed to withstand extreme loads in parked conditions.

17 WIND ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2020

In situ temperature profile measurements with high-energy X-rays as a probe of optical floating zone crystal growth environment

The ability of optical floating zone (OFZ) furnaces to rapidly produce large single crystals of complex emerging materials has had a transformative effect on many scientific fields that require samples of this type. However, the crystal growth process within the OFZ furnace is not well understood owing to the challenges involved in monitoring the high-temperature crystal growth process. Novel beamline-compatible optical furnaces that approximate the inhomogeneous growth environment within an OFZ furnace have been fabricated and tested in high-energy synchrotron beamlines. In this paper, it is demonstrated that temperature profiles can be effectively extracted from powder diffraction data collected on polycrystalline ceramic rods heated at their tip. Furthermore, these measured temperature profiles can be accurately reproduced using a heat-transfer model that accounts for solid-state thermal conduction, partial sample lamp power absorption, convective air cooling and radiative cooling, allowing key thermal parameters such as thermal conductivity to be extracted from experimental data.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2023

On the interaction of a wind turbine wake with a conventionally neutral atmospheric boundary layer

In this work, we investigate the dynamics of wind turbine tip-vortex breakdown in a conventionally neutral atmospheric boundary layer (ABL). To this end, high-resolution data are collected from large-eddy simulations of a wind turbine operating within a neutral ABL and studied by means of proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) and Fourier analysis. The high resolution of the generated data in both space and time allows us to gain insight into the tip-vortex breakdown mechanisms by (i) capturing the energy modes of the coherent structures, (ii) studying their contribution to the tip-vortex breakdown through their power spectra functions and mean kinetic energy (MKE) flux, and (iii) analysing the growth rate of each contributing perturbation frequency along tip vortices. Our analysis shows that under a fully turbulent scenario, the growth rate of perturbations along the tip vortices is largest for low wave numbers, i.e. long-wave perturbations. Additionally, the MKE flux reaches its highest value at two diameters downstream of the rotor plane, a behaviour that can be attributed to the coexistence of multiple interacting POD modes, with the streamwise vortex roller mode being the primary contributor to the total MKE flux budget, contributing approximately . Finally, comparisons with a laminar, uniform flow scenario subject to a single-frequency perturbation highlight the differences between the two ambient flow conditions. In the non-turbulent, uniform flow scenario, the growth rate attains its maximum value at a wave number corresponding to the out-of-phase mutual-inductance mechanism, whereas the MKE flux exhibits local minima and maxima along the wake and at different downstream locations depending on the perturbation frequency. Our analyses suggest that the breakdown of the wind turbine tip vortices under a fully turbulent neutral ABL inflow is due to complex interactions across a range of excitation frequencies, in which the mutual-inductance instability may not be the dominant one.

17 WIND ENERGY↗