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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 37 records · Page 2
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2025

Constraining color-charge effects of partonic energy loss with jet-axis-based inclusive jet substructure measurement

This study investigates the color-charge dependence of parton energy loss in the quark-gluon plasma (QGP) medium and the associated relative modifications of quark and gluon jet fractions compared to vacuum, using jet axis decorrelation observables. Recent CMS jet axis decorrelation measurements in PbPb collisions at 5.02 TeV are interpreted using Pythia simulations with varied quark/gluon jet compositions and emulated color-charge dependent energy loss. A template-fit procedure is employed to estimate the limits on gluon jet fractions in the published CMS data and average shift in jet momentum due to quenching for quark- and gluon-initiated jets traversing the QGP. The extracted gluon jet fractions and the estimated quark and gluon energy losses based on this study of jet axis decorrelations are found to be consistent with other model calculations based on inclusive observables. This work illustrates the use of jet substructure measurements for providing constraints on the color-charge dependence of parton energy loss and offers valuable insights for jet quenching models.

jet quenching↗
DOE OSTI2021

Dark Energy Survey Year 3 Results: Constraints on cosmological parameters and galaxy bias models from galaxy clustering and galaxy-galaxy lensing using the redMaGiC sample

We constrain cosmological parameters and galaxy-bias parameters using the combination of galaxy clustering and galaxy-galaxy lensing measurements from the Dark Energy Survey Year-3 data. We describe our modeling framework and choice of scales analyzed, validating their robustness to theoretical uncertainties in small-scale clustering by analyzing simulated data. Using a linear galaxy bias model and redMaGiC galaxy sample, we obtain constraints on the matter content of the universe to be $\Omega_{\rm m} = 0.325^{+0.033}_{-0.034}$. We also implement a non-linear galaxy bias model to probe smaller scales that includes parameterizations based on hybrid perturbation theory, and find that it leads to a 17% gain in cosmological constraining power. Using the redMaGiC galaxy sample as foreground lens galaxies, we find the galaxy clustering and galaxy-galaxy lensing measurements to exhibit significant signals akin to decorrelation between galaxies and mass on large scales, which is not expected in any current models. This likely systematic measurement error biases our constraints on galaxy bias and the $S_8$ parameter. We find that a scale-, redshift- and sky-area-independent phenomenological decorrelation parameter can effectively capture this inconsistency between the galaxy clustering and galaxy-galaxy lensing. We perform robustness tests of our methodology pipeline and demonstrate stability of the constraints to changes in the theory model. After accounting for this decorrelation, we infer the constraints on the mean host halo mass of the redMaGiC galaxies from the large-scale bias constraints, finding the galaxies occupy halos of mass approximately $1.5 \times 10^{13} M_{\odot}/h$.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2025

The role of thermal stratification on the co‐spectral properties of momentum transport above an Amazonian forest

The influence of thermal stratification on the turbulent kinetic energy balance has been widely studied; however, its influence on the turbulent stress remains less explored in the presence of tall vegetated canopies and less ideal micrometeorological conditions. Here, the impact of thermal stratification on turbulent momentum flux is considered in the roughness sublayer (RSL) and the atmospheric surface layer (ASL) using the Amazon Tall Tower Observatory (ATTO) in Brazil. A scalewise co‐spectral budget (CSB) model is developed using standard closure schemes for the pressure–velocity decorrelation. The CSB revealed that the co‐spectrum ${F}_{wu}\left({k}_x\right)$ between longitudinal (u') and vertical (w') velocity fluctuations is impacted by the energy spectrum of the vertical velocity ${E}_{ww}\left({k}_x\right)$ and the much less studied longitudinal heat‐flux co‐spectrum ${F}_{u{\theta}_{\mathrm{v}}}\left({k}_x\right)$, where ${\theta}_{\mathrm{v}}^{\prime }$ are temperature fluctuations and ${k}_x$ is the longitudinal wavenumber. Under stable, very stable, and dynamic–convective conditions, the scaling exponent ${F}_{wu}\left({k}_x\right)$ in for the inertial subrange (ISR) scales is dominated by ${F}_{u{\theta}_{\mathrm{v}}}\left({k}_x\right)$ instead of ${E}_{ww}\left({k}_x\right)$. A near ${k}_x^{-7/3}$scaling in ${F}_{u{\theta}_{\mathrm{v}}}\left({k}_x\right)$ robust to large variations in thermal stratification is found, whereas the Kolmogorov ISR scaling for ${E}_{ww}\left({k}_x\right)\sim {k}_x^{-5/3}$ is not found. The scale‐dependent decorrelation time between u' and w' is dominated by ${\epsilon}^{-1/3}{k}_x^{-2/3}$ in the ISR, but is nearly constant for eddies larger than the vertical velocity integral scale, regardless of stability. Implications of these findings for generalized stability correction functions that are based on the turbulent stress budget instead of the turbulent kinetic energy budget are discussed.

canopy turbulence↗
DOE OSTI2026

A statistical approach to analyzing domain dynamics in ferroelectric crystals using X-ray photon correlation spectroscopy

Ferroelectric materials exhibit strong electromechanical coupling, largely influenced by their domain structures. Numerous microstructural studies indicate that smaller domains with higher domain wall density generally enhance domain wall motion, although some inconsistencies have been reported. In this work, we use X-ray photon correlation spectroscopy (XPCS) to probe dynamic response in Pb(Mg 1/3 Nb 2/3 )O 3 -29PbTiO 3 (PMN-29PT) single crystals under applied electric fields. We introduce a two-field correlation approach, adapted from conventional two-time correlation to quantify dynamics. Statistical analysis reveals that both [001]-oriented direct current (DC) and alternating current (AC) poled samples show Poisson-like behavior within specific electric field regions. The DC-poled samples exhibit more frequent domain wall jump events but with smaller amount of decorrelation per jump event, whereas the AC-poled samples show fewer jump events with larger decorrelation per jump event. This observation aligns with the prevalence of 109° domain walls in the AC-poled samples, which contribute to more domain wall motion. These findings provide experimental evidence of collective domain wall motion and establish a direct connection between mesoscale dynamics and electromechanical response.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2025

Programmable low-coherence wavefronts for enhanced localization

Engineering the properties of electromagnetic wavefronts has become essential to imaging, wireless security, sensing, and wireless communication. In particular, wavefronts that exhibit low spatial coherence can enable sensing functionalities with high accuracy and low latency. The typical use of such wavefronts cannot take advantage of these possibilities, as they require the ability to dynamically reconfigure the wavefront in a controllable and repeatable fashion, over a broad spectral bandwidth. Here, we propose a new approach for generating broadband reconfigurable wavefronts which not only exhibit low spatial coherence at a particular frequency, but are also decorrelated with the wavefronts simultaneously generated at other frequencies. We demonstrate that this frequency-domain decorrelation is a key feature that, in combination with dynamic reconfigurability, enables localization measurements with an order-of-magnitude improvement in accuracy compared to the state of the art.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Planck 2018 results XI. Polarized dust foregrounds

The study of polarized dust emission has become entwined with the analysis of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) polarization in the quest for the curl-like B-mode polarization from primordial gravitational waves and the low-multipole E-mode polarization associated with the reionization of the Universe. We used the new Planck PR3 maps to characterize Galactic dust emission at high latitudes as a foreground to the CMB polarization and use end-to-end simulations to compute uncertainties and assess the statistical significance of our measurements. We present Planck EE, BB, and TE power spectra of dust polarization at 353 GHz for a set of six nested high-Galactic-latitude sky regions covering from 24 to 71% of the sky. We present power-law fits to the angular power spectra, yielding evidence for statistically significant variations of the exponents over sky regions and a difference between the values for the EE and BB spectra, which for the largest sky region are α EE = -2.42 ± 0.02 and α BB = -2.54 ± 0.02, respectively. The spectra show that the TE correlation and E/B power asymmetry discovered by Planck extend to low multipoles that were not included in earlier Planck polarization papers due to residual data systematics. We also report evidence for a positive TB dust signal. Combining data from Planck and WMAP, we have determined the amplitudes and spectral energy distributions (SEDs) of polarized foregrounds, including the correlation between dust and synchrotron polarized emission, for the six sky regions as a function of multipole. This quantifies the challenge of the component-separation procedure that is required for measuring the low-ℓ reionization CMB E-mode signal and detecting the reionization and recombination peaks of primordial CMB B modes. The SED of polarized dust emission is fit well by a single-temperature modified black-body emission law from 353 GHz to below 70 GHz. For a dust temperature of 19.6 K, the mean dust spectral index for dust polarization is β d P = 1.53±0.02. The difference between indices for polarization and total intensity is β d P -β d I = 0.05±0.03. By fitting multi-frequency cross-spectra between Planck data at 100, 143, 217, and 353 GHz, we examine the correlation of the dust polarization maps across frequency. We find no evidence for a loss of correlation and provide lower limits to the correlation ratio that are tighter than values we derive from the correlation of the 217- and 353 GHz maps alone. If the Planck limit on decorrelation for the largest sky region applies to the smaller sky regions observed by sub-orbital experiments, then frequency decorrelation of dust polarization might not be a problem for CMB experiments aiming at a primordial B-mode detection limit on the tensor-to-scalar ratio r ≃ 0.01 at the recombination peak. However, the Planck sensitivity precludes identifying how difficult the component-separation problem will be for more ambitious experiments targeting lower limits on r.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2020

Role of sheared E × B flow in self-organized, improved confinement states in magnetized plasmas

A great scientific success story of magnetic fusion research in the past several decades is the theoretical development and experimental testing of the process of turbulence decorrelation and stabilization by sheared E×B flow which shows that E×B shear effects are ubiquitous in magnetized plasmas. This concept of turbulence decorrelation and stabilization has the universality needed to explain the H-mode edge transport barriers seen in limiter and divertor tokamaks, stellarators, and mirror machines; the broader edge transport barrier seen in VHmode plasmas; and the core transport barriers formed in tokamaks. Similar effects are seen in linear devices. These examples of confinement improvement are of considerable physical interest; it is not often that a system self-organizes to reduce transport when an additional source of free energy is applied to it. The transport decrease associated with E×B velocity shear is also of great practical benefit to fusion research, since it contributed to substantially increased fusion yield in all DT magnetic fusion experiments conducted to date. The fundamental physics involved in transport reduction is the effect of E×B shear on the growth, radial extent, and phase correlation of turbulent eddies in the plasma. The same basic transport reduction process can be operational in various portions of the plasma because there are a number of ways to change the radial electric field Er. An important secondary theme in this area is the synergistic effect of E×B velocity shear and magnetic shear. Although the E×B velocity shear appears to have an effect on broader classes of microturbulence, magnetic shear can mitigate some potentially harmful effects of E×B velocity shear and facilitate turbulence stabilization. Our present understanding in this area is the result of a multi-decade, intertwined effort in theory, modeling and diagnostic development combined with continuing experimental investigations. These experiments have clearly demonstrated that increased E×B shear causes reductions in turbulence and transport. Finally, the experimental findings are generally consistent with the basic theoretical models although considerable work remains to be done before we have a fully predictive theory of transport in magnetized plasmas including E×B shear effects.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2022

Assessing physics of ion temperature gradient turbulence via hierarchical reduced-model representations

In this work, the saturation physics of ion temperature gradient (ITG) turbulence is probed by studying how amplitudes and scalings with key parameters vary across a hierarchy of reduced models. The models derive from nonlinear fluid equations for toroidal ITG turbulence under approximations to the mode coupling interactions in wavenumber space and the representation of turbulent decorrelation. Mode coupling approximations include local-in-wavenumber treatments like the spectral density of flux in quasilinear theory, a truncation to three nonlinearly interacting waves, and the interactions in a cascade to high radial wavenumber mediated by a single zonal flow. Turbulent decorrelation treatments are based on the triplet correlation time with and without eddy damping. Model fidelity is assessed by the scalings and magnitudes of the squared amplitudes of unstable mode, stable mode, and zonal flow with respect to the flow-damping rate and temperature gradient. It is shown that all models reproduce fundamental scalings, provided they incorporate the coupling of unstable mode, stable mode, and zonal flow. Accurate amplitude prediction requires eddy damping in the triplet correlation time and proper representation of the zonal-flow drive by interactions associated with the radial wavenumber cascade.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2023

Sub-m s−1 upper limits from a deep HARPS-N radial-velocity search for planets orbiting HD 166620 and HD 144579

ABSTRACT Minimizing the impact of stellar variability in radial velocity (RV) measurements is a critical challenge in achieving the 10 cm s−1 precision needed to hunt for Earth twins. Since 2012, a dedicated programme has been underway with HARPS-N, to conduct a blind RV rocky planets search (RPS) around bright stars in the Northern hemisphere. Here we describe the results of a comprehensive search for planetary systems in two RPS targets, HD 166620 and HD 144579. Using wavelength-domain line-profile decorrelation vectors to mitigate the stellar activity and performing a deep search for planetary reflex motions using a trans-dimensional nested sampler, we found no significant planetary signals in the data sets of either of the stars. We validated the results via data-splitting and injection recovery tests. Additionally, we obtained the 95th percentile detection limits on the HARPS-N RVs. We found that the likelihood of finding a low-mass planet increases noticeably across a wide period range when the inherent stellar variability is corrected for using scalpelsU-vectors. We are able to detect planet signals with Msin i ≤ 1 M⊕ for orbital periods shorter than 10 d. We demonstrate that with our decorrelation technique, we are able to detect signals as low as 54 cm s−1, which brings us closer to the calibration limit of 50 cm s−1 demonstrated by HARPS-N. Therefore, we show that we can push down towards the RV precision required to find Earth analogues using high-precision radial velocity data with novel data-analysis techniques.

Anna John, A. (ORCID:0000000217156939)↗
DOE OSTI2023

Turbulence characteristics and flow dynamics impacts on the H-mode transition in favourable magnetic geometry with lower power threshold

We report the L-H transition power threshold (P LH ) in favourable magnetic geometry (ion ∇B drift pointing towards X-point) is much lower than in the unfavourable magnetic geometry (ion ∇B drift pointing away from X-point) on multiple tokamaks. In a systematic experiment on DIII-D, the ion ∇B drift direction was changed continuously from the unfavourable to favourable configuration during plasma discharges. During such process, the input neutral beam power was kept constant at a value that was above P LH for favourable configuration, but lower than P LH for unfavourable configuration. Toroidal field and plasma current were also kept constant and there was little change in the edge electron density ne and electron temperature T e profiles. The density fluctuation amplitude was reduced approaching the transition, while a large increase of turbulence Reynolds stress and flow shear were simultaneously observed. The turbulence decorrelation rate was found to increase as the ion ∇B drift direction was moving towards the favourable configuration, but the flow shear also increased and exceeded the turbulence decorrelation rate. These measurements demonstrate an important correlation between turbulence and turbulence-driven flow and a lowering of PLH, provide insights into the underlying physics behind the hidden parameters and inform a more complete physics-based model of the L-H transition power threshold.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2024

Measurement of flow coefficients in high-multiplicity 𝑝 + Au, 𝑑 + Au, and 3 He + Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 200 GeV

Flow coefficients (𝑣 2 and 𝑣 3 ) are measured in high-multiplicity 𝑝 + Au, 𝑑 + Au, and 3 He + Au collisions at a center-of-mass energy of $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 200 GeV using the STAR detector. The measurements utilize two-particle correlations with a pseudorapidity requirement of |𝜂| < 0.9 and a pair gap of |Δ⁢𝜂| > 1.0. The primary focus is on analysis methods, particularly the subtraction of nonflow contributions. Four established nonflow subtraction methods are applied to determine 𝑣 𝑛 , validated using the HIJING event generator. 𝑣 𝑛 values are compared across the three collision systems at similar multiplicities; this comparison cancels the final-state effects and isolates the impact of initial geometry. While 𝑣 2 values show differences among these collision systems, 𝑣 3 values are largely similar, consistent with expectations of subnucleon fluctuations in the initial geometry. The ordering of 𝑣 𝑛 differs quantitatively from previous measurements using two-particle correlations with a larger rapidity gap, which, according to model calculations, can be partially attributed to the effects of longitudinal flow decorrelations. As a result, the prospects for future measurements to improve our understanding of flow decorrelation and subnucleonic fluctuations are also discussed.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2022

Dark Energy Survey year 3 results: Constraints on cosmological parameters and galaxy-bias models from galaxy clustering and galaxy-galaxy lensing using the redMaGiC sample

We constrain cosmological parameters and galaxy-bias parameters using the combination of galaxy clustering and galaxy-galaxy lensing measurements from the Dark Energy Survey (DES) year-3 data. We describe our modeling framework and choice of scales analyzed, validating their robustness to theoretical uncertainties in small-scale clustering by analyzing simulated data. Using a linear galaxy-bias model and redMaGiC galaxy sample, we obtain 10% constraints on the matter density of the Universe. Here, we also implement a nonlinear galaxy-bias model to probe smaller scales that includes parametrization based on hybrid perturbation theory and find that it leads to a 17% gain in cosmological constraining power. We perform robustness tests of our methodology pipeline and demonstrate stability of the constraints to changes in the theory model. Using the redMaGiC galaxy sample as foreground lens galaxies and adopting the best-fitting cosmological parameters from DES year-1 data, we find the galaxy clustering and galaxy-galaxy lensing measurements to exhibit significant signals akin to decorrelation between galaxies and mass on large scales, which is not expected in any current models. This likely systematic measurement error biases our constraints on galaxy bias and the S 8 parameter. We find that a scale-, redshift- and sky-area-independent phenomenological decorrelation parameter can effectively capture this inconsistency between the galaxy clustering and galaxy-galaxy lensing. We trace the source of this correlation to a color-dependent photometric issue and minimize its impact on our result by changing the selection criteria of redMaGiC galaxies. Using this new sample, our constraints on the S 8 parameter are consistent with previous studies and we find a small shift in the Ω m constraints compared to the fiducial redMaGiC sample. We infer the constraints on the mean host-halo mass of the redMaGiC galaxies in this new sample from the large-scale bias constraints, finding the galaxies occupy halos of mass approximately 1.6 × 10 13 M ⊙ /h.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2023

The Impact of High-Dimensional Phase Space Correlations on the Beam Dynamics in a Linear Accelerator

Hadron beams develop intensity-dependent transverse-longitudinal correlations within radio-frequency quadrupole (RFQ) accelerating structures. These correlations are only visible in six-dimensional phase space and are destroyed by reconstructions from low-dimensional projections. In this work, we estimate the effect of artificial decorrelation on the beam dynamics in the Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) linac and Beam Test Facility (BTF). We show that the evolution of a realistic initial distribution and its decorrelated twin converge during the early acceleration stages; thus, low-dimensional projections are probably sufficient for detailed predictions in high-power linacs.

Hoover, Austin↗
DOE OSTI2023

Logarithmic scaling of higher-order temperature moments in the atmospheric surface layer

A generalized logarithmic law for high-order moments of homogeneous passive scalars is proposed for turbulent boundary layers. This law is analogous to the generalized log law that has been proposed for high-order moments of the turbulent longitudinal velocity and is derived by combining the random sweeping decorrelation hypothesis with a spectral model informed by the attached eddy hypothesis. The proposed theory predicts that the high-order moments of passive scalar fluctuations within the inertial sublayer will vary logarithmically with wall-normal distance (), and is evaluated using high frequency time-series measurements of temperature and streamwise velocity fluctuations obtained in the first meter of the atmospheric surface layer (ASL) under near-neutral thermal stratification. The logarithmic dependence with within the inertial sublayer is observed in both the air temperature and velocity moments, with good agreement to the predictions from the proposed theory. Surprisingly, the proposed theory appears to be as, if not more, valid for transported passive scalars than for the longitudinal velocity.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2022

Nondestructive Damage Detection of Concrete With Alkali-Silica Reactions Using Coda Wave and Anomaly Detection

An anomaly detection model for early damage detection for concrete structures undergoing alkali-silica reaction (ASR) is presented. It is difficult to detect ASR initiation and early damage without a reference expansion measurement. Coda waves, or the multiply scattered portion of ultrasonic waves, have been found to be indicative of small changes in complex material such as concrete. The relationship between concrete damage and relative velocity change and decorrelation of coda waves has been studied, but a generalized model which detects when damage occurs in a concrete structure is still lacking. The presented method uses features extracted from coda waves to detect early damage in concrete structures. The model uses unsupervised learning and only requires data from undamaged structures for training. During the training process, the reconstruction error of the training data is minimized. When the data collected from damaged concrete structures is used as an input of the model, it returns high reconstruction errors that indicate the occurrence of damage in the structures. The performance of the model is validated using experimental studies and has been shown to generalize across two different ASR specimens.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2025

Engineering Electrical Transport by Implantation‐Induced Defects in CrN Films Without Affecting Thermal Conductivity

The transport properties of CrN thin films deposited on sapphire have been tailored through structural modifications induced by cumulative argon implantation. As-grown samples experience the typical structural transition in CrN films from orthorhombic at low temperature to cubic above the Néel temperature (≈280 K) and exhibit a metallic-like conduction in both phases. With increasing implantation dose, the conduction mode shifts to a semiconductor-like behavior in both phases, albeit at different damage levels. Analysis of the results suggests that hopping conduction becomes dominant beyond a given damage threshold. The results highlight a promising correlation between defect engineering and conduction mechanisms, offering valuable insights into the versatile electrical properties of CrN films. These implantation-induced defects scatter carriers, leading to a decrease in their mobility. As the implantation dose increases, the defect landscape evolves, modifying the density of states. However, up to a dose of 0.050 dpa, no significant influence on phonon scattering is observed. This approach demonstrates that ion implantation enables precise tuning of CrN's electrical properties without affecting thermal conductivity, offering valuable insights into defect engineering in transition metal nitrides and underscoring its potential for transport properties decorrelation.

defects↗
DOE OSTI2021

ThickBrick: optimal event selection and categorization in high energy physics. Part I. Signal discovery

We provide a prescription called ThickBrick to train optimal machine-learning-based event selectors and categorizers that maximize the statistical significance of a potential signal excess in high energy physics (HEP) experiments, as quantified by any of six different performance measures. For analyses where the signal search is performed in the distribution of some event variables, our prescription ensures that only the information complementary to those event variables is used in event selection and categorization. This eliminates a major misalignment with the physics goals of the analysis (maximizing the significance of an excess) that exists in the training of typical ML-based event selectors and categorizers. In addition, this decorrelation of event selectors from the relevant event variables prevents the background distribution from becoming peaked in the signal region as a result of event selection, thereby ameliorating the challenges imposed on signal searches by systematic uncertainties. Our event selectors (categorizers) use the output of machine-learning-based classifiers as input and apply optimal selection cutoffs (categorization thresholds) that are functions of the event variables being analyzed, as opposed to flat cutoffs (thresholds). These optimal cutoffs and thresholds are learned iteratively, using a novel approach with connections to Lloyd’s k-means clustering algorithm. We provide a public, Python implementation of our prescription, also called ThickBrick, along with usage examples.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2024

Precision three-dimensional imaging of nuclei using recoil-free jets

In this study, we explore the azimuthal angle decorrelation of lepton-jet pairs in e-p and e-A collisions as a means for precision measurements of the three-dimensional structure of bound and free nucleons. Utilizing soft-collinear effective theory, we perform the first-ever resummation of this process in e-p collisions at NNLL accuracy using a recoil-free jet axis. Our results are validated against Pythia simulations. In e-A collisions, we address the complex interplay between three characteristic length scales: the medium length L, the mean free path of the energetic parton in the medium λ, and the hadronization length L h . We demonstrate that in the thin-dilute limit, where L $\ll$ L h and L ~ λ, this process can serve as a robust probe of the three-dimensional structure for bound nucleons. We conclude by offering predictions for future experiments at the Electron-Ion Collider within this limit.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗