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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 37 records · Page 2

Hybrid Analytics Solution to Improve Coal Power Plant Operations

This project focused on developing advanced methods for thermal performance monitoring of a coal-fueled power plant. The specific goal was to develop and demonstrate a new thermal performance monitoring approach using a hybrid model that integrates a physics-based heat balance model with a machine learning-based pattern recognition model. The hybrid model enables increased accuracy and scope of the thermal analysis and an improved ability to monitor and detect changes in plant operation. This new approach takes full advantage of the individual model capabilities and creates an important new set of capabilities not previously possible using the two types of models separately. Using the heat balance model, a rich set of derived parameters (virtual sensors) are calculated from the measured plant operating data at each time point. The combined measured and derived data values are used by machine learning algorithms to create pattern recognition models over the range of normal unit operation. To create the monitoring models, historical data from normal operation of the plant is first processed by the heat balance model to compute the derived parameter data. The result is a greatly expanded set of normal operating data that can be used as input to create the pattern recognition model. Once the models are calibrated for normal operation, the hybrid model is suitable for use in continuous online monitoring. During online monitoring, new plant operating data is processed first by the heat balance model and then by the pattern recognition model. Results from the pattern recognition model quantify the deviation of each measured or derived parameter from its expected value in normal operation. The hybrid models can detect abnormal changes in plant operating data with very high accuracy and sensitivity. When abnormal behavior is detected, alerts are generated automatically for evaluation by the plant monitoring staff. The new hybrid solution product was developed and verified in the performance of the project. The hybrid solution was tested first in a simulation environment that mimicked the plant data systems and infrastructure used by U.S. power generating plants and utilities. The hybrid solution was then deployed for real-time, online monitoring of an operating coal-fueled power plant at a field test site. Field testing demonstrated that all hybrid solution development objectives were accomplished. The project work was based on combining the capabilities of two existing software products to create the new hybrid solution product. One of these was the existing MapEx® heat balance product and the other was the existing SureSense® advanced pattern recognition product. Each of these separate products was assessed to be at a Technology Readiness Level (TRL) of 9 at the start of the effort. The hybrid solution product was assessed to be at a TRL of 2 at the start of the project based on early feasibility work by the project team. At completion of the field testing performed in the project, the hybrid solution product was assessed to be at a TRL of 7. The project team expects that the hybrid solution product will be deployed commercially and will achieve a TRL of 9 within one year after completion of the project.

01 COAL, LIGNITE, AND PEAT↗

Ultra-Wideband Time-Difference-of-Arrival High Resolution 3D Proximity Tracking System

This paper describes a research and development effort for a prototype ultra-wideband (UWB) tracking system that is currently under development at NASA Johnson Space Center (JSC). The system is being studied for use in tracking of lunar./Mars rovers and astronauts during early exploration missions when satellite navigation systems are not available. U IATB impulse radio (UWB-IR) technology is exploited in the design and implementation of the prototype location and tracking system. A three-dimensional (3D) proximity tracking prototype design using commercially available UWB products is proposed to implement the Time-Difference- Of-Arrival (TDOA) tracking methodology in this research effort. The TDOA tracking algorithm is utilized for location estimation in the prototype system, not only to exploit the precise time resolution possible with UWB signals, but also to eliminate the need for synchronization between the transmitter and the receiver. Simulations show that the TDOA algorithm can achieve the fine tracking resolution with low noise TDOA estimates for close-in tracking. Field tests demonstrated that this prototype UWB TDOA High Resolution 3D Proximity Tracking System is feasible for providing positioning-awareness information in a 3D space to a robotic control system. This 3D tracking system is developed for a robotic control system in a facility called "Moonyard" at Honeywell Defense & System in Arizona under a Space Act Agreement.

Ni, Jianjun↗

Highly Permeable Rubbery Thin Film Composite Membranes for CO2 Capture from Steel Mills

This presentation will report the rational design and fabrication of NETL’s highly permeable non-aging thin film composite (TFC) membranes for CO2 capture from various industrial point sources. This talk will also cover the design, computational fluid dynamic simulation, 3D printing, and permeation testing of plate-and-frame membrane modules for an upcoming field demonstration at U. S. Steel’s Edgar Thomson Plant in Braddock, PA. The field test will demonstrate membrane-based CO2 capture from a blast furnace for decarbonization of steel manufacturing for the first time in the U.S. A mobile gas permeation test unit is currently under design and construction for the field test, which is scheduled to take place in 2025.

Zhu, Lingxiang↗

Durability Research Is Pivotal for Perovskite Photovoltaics

Metal halide perovskite solar cells have shown promising power conversion efficiencies, but commercialization requires that decent durability is also demonstrated. Under normal operation, solar cells are subject to a complex combination of stressors, such as visible light, ultraviolet light, heat, humidity, mechanical stress and electric potential, which complicates the understanding of failure mechanisms. Existing stress tests do not act as a time machine. In new materials systems such as perovskite photovoltaics, the tests have no known relationship to field service. In this Perspective we recommend following a durability learning cycle that interleaves photovoltaic module engineering with field testing; accelerated testing; and preconditioning and performance engineering. We advocate for field testing to demonstrate real-world performance and identify field-relevant failure modes, and urge the community to develop accelerated and qualification tests that account for device metastability, variations in material composition and different/various processing methods. In conclusion, these practices are more difficult, but more important, than the simple pursuit of higher initial efficiencies.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗

Reassembly and Test of High-Field Nb3Sn Dipole Demonstrator MDPCT1

In the framework of the U.S. Magnet Development Program (MDP), Fermilab has developed and tested a high-field Nb$_3$Sn dipole demonstrator MDPCT1 for a post-LHC Hadron Collider. The magnet was first assembled with a lower coil pre-load to minimize the risk of coil damage during assembly and test. In the first test the magnet reached its test goal producing a world record field of 14.1 T at 4.5 K. Next the magnet was reassembled with nominal pre-load to achieve its design field limit of 15 T. This paper describes the details of MDPCT1 inspection, design modifications and reassembly. The magnet quench performance, including training, ramp rate and temperature dependences in the temperature range of 1.9-4.5 K, is presented and discussed.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗

Time-Sensitive Quantum Key Distribution (TSQKD)

This is the final report for the Time-Sensitive Quantum Key Distribution (TSQKD) project and summarizes the demonstration and longer-term field testing at an electric utility, EPB of Chattanooga, in Chattanooga, TN. The demonstration was held virtually (due to the COVID pandemic) and successfully executed the tests outlined in a prior report, “Task 10: Develop a QKD Time-Sensitive Networking Test Suite” submitted 9/30/2020. The portable test equipment explained in Task 10 and earlier task reports was tested at GE Research remotely connected with Qubitekk’s QKD equipment in San Diego, CA. Then the equipment was shipped to Qubitekk for physical integration with Qubitekk’s Quantum DataLoc™ Key Server 1570nm (http://qubitekk.com/products/qkd-for-industrial-control-systems-ics/). The portable test equipment was shipped from Qubitekk to EPB for demonstration and extended field testing. A summary of the demonstration and test results are described in this report. The demo and extended field test results are enabled by the NETCONF/YANG IEEE P1913 data management model developed as part of this project (Task 5). The NETCONF/YANG IEEE P1913 data management model demonstrated significant practical utility in providing a common means of monitoring and configuring the QKD system. All data in this report comes from the IEEE P1913 data management model.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗

Scale up, Field testing, and Optimization of Nontoxic, Durable, Economical Coatings for Control of Biofouling and Corrosion (Abstract Only)

The objective of this project is the technical maturation and demonstration of a durable, economical, and nontoxic coating, Superhydrophobic Lubricant Infused Composite (SLIC), that will prevent fouling organisms from growing on marine and hydrokinetic (MHK) structures and prevent invasive mussels from growing on hydropower structures. SLIC technology was developed and patented by PNNL. It combines multiple antifouling mechanisms to provide excellent antifouling performance, durability, and low hydrodynamic drag without using toxic materials. Advanced proof-of-concept testing and demonstrations completed during a Phase 1 TCF project attracted industry interest and partnerships for this Phase 2 effort focused on maturation of a commercial product. Specific tasks and tests will shift the development emphasis to optimizing formulations, validating antifouling performance to address specific application needs, explore compatibility with other paint systems, develop a product with useful shelf life (in can), and determine curing times and effective applications methodology. Phase 2 efforts will focus upon technology transfer and commercialization of the technology with the industrial team. Industrial partners now include a coatings development specialist (Lorama), hydrophobic material manufacturer and paint developer (Dry Surface Technologies), nontoxic biodegradable lubricants manufacturer (BioBlend), and aquatic applications specialists (Prometheus Innovations, River Connectivity Systems). Engagement with the MHK device developers, the PNNL Marine and Coastal Research Laboratory (MCRL) test site in Sequim WA, Bureau of Reclamation, and Taylor Shellfish throughout the project will provide topical expertise and field test sites that will deliver crucial real-world performance data. Through this Phase 2 effort, SLIC will transition from a Technical Readiness Level (TRL) 5 to TRL 6 and long-term performance data will be acquired through demonstrations. The field test data will allow optimization of SLIC formulation to enhance performance (e.g., durability) and packaging, which are key de-risking activities for technology transfer and ultimately to the production of a viable commercial product.

13 HYDRO ENERGY↗

A life prediction methodology for encapsulated solar cells

This paper presents an approach to the development of a life prediction methodology for encapsulated solar cells which are intended to operate for twenty years or more in a terrestrial environment. Such a methodology, or solar cell life prediction model, requires the development of quantitative intermediate relationships between local environmental stress parameters and the basic chemical mechanisms of encapsulant aging leading to solar cell failures. The use of accelerated/abbreviated testing to develop these intermediate relationships and in revealing failure modes is discussed. Current field and demonstration tests of solar cell arrays and the present laboratory tests to qualify solar module designs provide very little data applicable to predicting the long-term performance of encapsulated solar cells. An approach to enhancing the value of such field tests to provide data for life prediction is described.

Coulbert, C. D.↗

Prime Time for Model-Predictive Control? Assessing the Technical and Market Readiness of Advanced Controls in Buildings

Despite three decades of extensive research and field testing that have consistently validated the benefits of Model Predictive Control (MPC) in building applications, the technology has seen limited market adoption. This paper evaluates the readiness of MPC for widespread deployment, showcases recent demonstrations and field tests across diverse building types, including residential, small commercial, large commercial, and campus settings. Our results demonstrate that MPC can optimize system operations to achieve load shifting, minimize curtailment of on-site generation, and reduce energy costs by up to 80 %, while maintaining or improving occupant comfort. We also show that MPC can effectively control large assets, such as MW-sized thermal storage systems, and respond to dynamic pricing signals. However, achieving scale remains difficult due to labor-intensive workflows, reliance on a “PhD-in-the-loop” for MPC design and maintenance, susceptibility to fragile data infrastructure, and persistent workforce education and acceptance barriers. To bridge this gap, we outline a transition from bespoke, labor intensive prototypes toward streamlined, segment-targeted deployment strategies that leverage model templates, semantic tools, and generative AI. By automating control configuration and reducing engineering effort, these recommendations provide a pathway for transforming successful research demonstrations into scalable, market ready solutions for MPC-based controls.

Pritoni, Marco↗

Distributed Optical Fiber Sensor Systems: Application to Natural Gas Pipeline Monitoring

Distributed fiber optic sensing is a cutting-edge technology that has found extensive applications in the monitoring of pipelines. Considering the low backscattering level of standard single-mode fiber as fiber under test, a Rayleigh enhanced optical fiber embedded within the tight-buffered cable is demonstrated in field testing. We analyzed the increased backscattering fiber cable's vibration performance to the conventional single-mode telecom fiber using a custom-built Φ-OTDR interrogator system. Thereafter, using a 4-inch steel pipeline with a flow rate of 5, 10, 15, and 20 ft/s and a fixed pressure level of 1000 psi, we field-tested the sensor system for monitoring natural gas pipeline acoustic vibrations. We also field tested Brillouin optical time domain analysis (BOTDA) system for pipeline hoop strain monitoring under various pressure conditions. The pilot-scale testing results presented in this study suggested that pipeline operators can accurately perform flow monitoring, leak detection, and pressure monitoring for pipeline integrity monitoring.

Lalam, Nageswara↗

Preliminary Test Design and Plan for a Canister Deposition Field Demonstration

This report provides a high-level test plan for deploying three commercial 32PTH2 spent nuclear fuel (SNF) canisters inside NUHOMS Advanced Horizontal Storage Modules (AHSM) from Orano (formerly Transnuclear Inc.). The details contained in this report represent the best designs and approaches explored for testing as of this publication. Given the rapidly developing nature of this test program, some of these plans may change to accommodate new objectives or adapt in response to conflicting requirements. The goal of the testing is to collect highly defensible and detailed surface deposition measurements from the surface of dry storage systems in a marine coastal environment to guide chloride-induced stress corrosion crack (CISCC) research. To facilitate surface sampling, the otherwise highly prototypic dry storage systems will not contain SNF but rather will be electrically heated to mimic the thermal-hydraulic environment. Instrumentation throughout the canister, storage module, and environment will provide an extensive amount of information for the use of model validation. Manual sampling over a comprehensive portion of the canister surface at regular time intervals will offer a high-fidelity quantification of the conditions experienced in a harsh yet realistic environment.

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗

Development and Demonstration of Medium-Heavy Duty PHEV Work Trucks

The heavy-duty vehicle market (Class 6-8) has been a difficult segment for the introduction of plug-in vehicles due to the large energy storage requirement (with corresponding cost), challenging duty cycles, and the diversity of vehicle configurations. The Work Truck market represents a significant opportunity for Heavy-Duty PHEV adoption. (1) The usage cycle includes driving and stationary/worksite power requirements, ensuring full daily usage of the grid-charged battery (battery size: 15-30kWhr). Though daily driving can often be short (an average of 26 miles per day), worksite power includes substantial demand (hydraulics, exportable 110/220V power, 12V support, HVAC). (2) Worksite power demands for conventional vehicles require continuous loaded engine operation, resulting in significant emissions, fuel consumption and noise impacts. (3) These trucks serve an industry that is highly diverse in final vehicle duty cycle, configuration, and jobsite power demands resulting in the need for a modular, configurable hybrid solution. Through this program, Odyne has developed and demonstrated a medium/heavy duty plug-in hybrid solution capable of meeting the needs of the work truck market while delivering fuel and emissions reductions of 50% or greater when evaluated against the full-day work truck duty cycle. The Odyne system developed in this project was released for commercial sale as the G2V7 Odyne Plug-in Hybrid and ePTO systems. The testing and field demonstration proved that the Odyne hybrid system is capable of reducing work truck fuel use and emissions by over 50% while subsequent commercial sales demonstrate the flexibility of the modular design and the capability to support electric systems of 12 – 30 kW and hydraulic based systems of 60 kW (80 HP) or greater. Odyne is continuing to work with suppliers on reducing component costs and working with supporting agencies to initiate projects to increase the driving and full day fuel and emissions savings in order to continue to improve the customer value and return on investment.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗

Large-Volume Stimulation of Rock for Greatly Enhanced Fluids Recovery using Targeted Seismic-Assisted Hydraulic Fracturing (Final Technical Report)

This project has developed and demonstrated a new technology for large-volume and targeted comminution of rock in low permeability formations to enhance recovery from unconventional oil and gas (UOG) resources. The technology is based on a strategically designed interaction of multiple induced seismic pulses that assist the hydraulic fracturing process to enhance shear and multi-planar crack formation. This greatly increased rock stimulation, through bulk comminution, is expected to cause significant increase in permeability leading to enhancement of recovery factors for sub- surface fluids. The proposed technology is especially applicable for enhanced recovery in emerging UOG plays, such as ductile shales that are resistant to opening-mode fracturing by conventional hydraulic fracturing processes. The project combines an integrated experimental and computation approach to develop and demonstrate a modular technology that can be easily implement in the field to augment current practices. The effort integrates a fundamental scientific understanding of dynamic material response under constraint and damage-induced permeability and porosity enhancements at multiple length scales, along with models of comminution due to the local release of kinetic energy associated with high shear strain rate of dynamic deformation. The results will be validated through small-scale experiments and then implemented in a lab-scale field test to demonstrate the developed technology. The project involves collaboration between a solid mechanician, a materials scientist, and a petroleum engineering geo-mechanician. It builds on a successful history of success and collaboration that includes both fundamental scientific exploration and technology development.

04 OIL SHALES AND TAR SANDS↗

Thermo-Mechanical Modeling and Evaluation of the Cracking Response of Additively Manufactured Monolithic SiC Lattice Structures Subjected to Laser Heating

Increasing operating temperatures of solar receivers is paramount to the efficiency of concentrated solar thermal (CST) and solar power (CSP) systems. Owing to its high temperature stability combined with excellent thermal and optical properties, SiC has been the material of choice for application in high-temperature solar receivers. The state-of-the-art SiC volumetric concentrating solar air receivers such as honeycomb design have been demonstrated in field tests to achieve exit air temperatures approaching 800oC. However, successful application of CST systems for decarbonization requires significant increase in temperature capability of SiC receiver technology. Supported by an award from the Solar Technology Office (SETO), US Department of Energy (DOE), GE Research in collaboration with Heliogen Holdings Inc, is engaged in the development of ultra-High Operating Temperature SiC-matrix Solar Thermal Air Receiver (HOTSSTAR) enabled by additive manufacturing. The program objective is to design and to demonstrate a techno-economically viable SiC air receiver technology to achieve exit air temperature of 1100oC for CST applications. This report summarizes the learnings of a computational study on additively manufactured SiC lattice structures subjected to laser heating. The results from this study aim to help guide the design of a SiC receiver through a better understanding of lattice structure geometric parameters and their implications on the cracking response of the structure. In the study, a heat flux was applied to the surface of a 2”-diameter cylindrical lattice structure to simulate a 4kW CO2 laser. The resulting temperature distribution was applied to a structural model to approximate the stress distribution within the lattice structure and a Weibull analysis was performed to gain insight into the probability of failure and to evaluate the cracking response of the structure. With this approach, the influence of lattice density on temperature, stress, and probability of failure was explored for two different lattice beam spacings. A discussion on modeling assumptions, a comparison with experimental results, and an evaluation of the lattice cracking response is provided.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗

Proposed upgrade of the Deep Space Network research and development station

Continued exploration of the solar system will require continued evolution of capabilities to support deep space communication and navigation. That evolution will rely, as it has in the past, on the development, demonstration, and field testing of communication and navigation technologies. The existing Deep Space Network (DSN) research and development station, DSS 13, at the Venus site, Goldstone, California was instrumental in those prior developments. However, the present antenna is no longer able to provide the necessary support for technology. The 26 meter antenna has good performance at S-band, fair performance at X-band, but is unusable at the anticipated Ka-band. It is not suitable for conversion to beam waveguides, and is not usable as a test bed for demonstrating high efficiency because of structural pliancy. Additionally, its size and age are increasingly a liability in demonstrations. A 34 meter beam waveguide version of the existing DSN high efficiency (HEF) antennas was proposed for FY-88 Construction of Facilities budget. The antenna is to be built at the Venus site, adjacent to the old antenna, and serve as the DSN research and development antenna through the end of the century.

Smith, Joel G.↗

Model predictive control for demand flexibility: Real-world operation of a commercial building with photovoltaic and battery systems

Hundreds of studies have investigated Model Predictive Control (MPC) for the optimal operation of building energy systems in the past two decades. However, MPC field tests are still uncommon, especially for small- and medium-sized commercial buildings and for buildings integrated with onsite renewables. This paper describes the implementation and the long-term performance evaluation of an MPC controller in a small commercial building equipped with behind-the-meter photovoltaics and electrochemical batteries. MPC controls space conditioning, commercial refrigeration, and the battery system. We tested two types of demand flexibility applications in the field: electricity bill minimization under time-of-use tariffs and responses to grid flexibility events. Results show that the proposed controller achieves 12% of annual electricity cost savings and 34% peak demand reduction against the baseline, while respecting thermal comfort and food safety. The field tests also demonstrate the ability of the MPC controller to provide a multitude of grid services including real-time pricing, demand limiting, load shedding, load shifting, and load tracking, using the same optimization framework.

29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗

Efficient Hydraulic-to-electric Energy Conversion for PCM-based Ocean Thermal Gradient Energy System to Power Uncrewed Underwater Vehicles

Since the 2000, there have been numerous investigations into electrical energy storage types that use ocean thermal-to-electricity conversion techniques. Field tests have demonstrated that this technology is feasible for UUVs with long-term missions of over 3,000 km per deployment. Nonetheless, the energy generated by this method is not sufficient to meet the energy requirements of Unscrewed Underwater Vehicles (UUVs). The objective of this study is to design a highly effective ocean thermal gradient energy system to support long-term missions of a UUV. To enhance the performance of the thermal gradient energy system, we have developed a hybrid type (buoyancy regulation and electrical storage). Phase Change Material (PCM)-based energy harvesting system to facilitate efficient UUV operations. A prototype of the hydraulic-to-electric conversion system was implemented, and experimental findings indicate that the hybrid system successfully delivers hydraulic energy for buoyancy change and improved efficiency of hydraulic-to-electric energy conversion, demonstrating its potential as a promising technology for supporting long-term UUV missions.

Deng, Zhiqun↗

High-Performance Integrated Window and Façade Solutions for California

The researchers developed a new generation of high-performance façade systems and supporting design and management tools to support industry in meeting California’s greenhouse gas reduction targets, reduce energy consumption, and enable an adaptable response to minimize real-time demands on the electricity grid. The project resulted in five outcomes: (1) The research team developed an R-5, 1-inch thick, triplepane, insulating glass unit with a novel low-conductance aluminum frame. This technology can help significantly reduce residential cooling and heating loads, particularly during the evening. (2) The team developed a prototype of a windowintegrated local ventilation and energy recovery device that provides clean, dry fresh air through the façade with minimal energy requirements. (3) A daylight-redirecting louver system was prototyped to redirect sunlight 15–40 feet from the window. Simulations estimated that lighting energy use could be reduced by 35–54 percent without glare. (4) A control system incorporating physics-based equations and a mathematical solver was prototyped and field tested to demonstrate feasibility. Simulations estimated that total electricity costs could be reduced by 9-28 percent on sunny summer days through adaptive control of operable shading and daylighting components and the thermostat compared to state-of-the-art automatic façade controls in commercial building perimeter zones. (5) Supporting models and tools needed by industry for technology R&D and market transformation activities were validated. Attaining California’s clean energy goals require making a fundamental shift from today’s ad-hoc assemblages of static components to turnkey, intelligent, responsive, integrated building façade systems. These systems offered significant reductions in energy use, peak demand, and operating cost in California.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗