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At least 37 records · Page 2

Expansion of the Fast Neutron Hodoscope at TREAT to Support Fuel Safety Experiments

In 2024 the Fuel Motion Monitoring System (FMMS), or Hodoscope, at the Transient Reactor Test Facility, is being expanded from 96 viewing channels to 192 viewing channels, effectively doubling the FMMS field of view. Here, this increase in capability will allow the FMMS to support larger scale fuel tests, encompassing height-of-core test devices, test devices with multi-pin fuel assemblies, and test devices with recirculating coolant flow. Work supporting the expansion included refurbishing 96 additional proton recoil scintillator (PRS) detectors, doubling the data acquisition system (DAS) installed architecture, improving time synchronization in the DAS, and new research to measure the PRS detector energy-dependent, fast-neutron detection efficiency. In addition, laboratory activities have produced an improved benchtop testing capability for assessing the DAS, time synchronization, and external start triggering, along with an updated capability to scan PRS detectors to develop a preliminary flat-field normalization prior to deployment to TREAT.

46 - INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AN↗

LANL12-RS-108J Report on Device Modeler Testing of the Device Modeler Tool Kit. DMTK in FY14

This document covers the various testing and modifications of the Device Modeler Tool Kit (DMTK) for project LANL12-RS-108J in FY14. The testing has been comprised of different device modelers and trainees for device modeling using DMTK on the secure network for a few test problems. Most of these problems have been synthetic data problems. There has been a local secure network training drill where one of the trainees has used DMTK for real data. DMTK has also been used on a laptop for a deployed real data training drill. Once DMTK gets into the home team, it will be used for more training drills (TDs) which will contain real data in the future.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗

Method and device for tensile testing of cable bundles

A standard tensile test device is improved to accurately measure the mechanical properties of stranded cables, ropes, and other composite structures wherein a witness is attached to the top and bottom mounting blocks holding the cable under test. The witness is comprised of two parts: a top and a bottom rod of similar diameter with the bottom rod having a smaller diameter stem on its upper end and the top rod having a hollow opening in its lower end into which the stem fits forming a witness joint. A small gap is present between the top rod and the larger diameter portion of the bottom rod. A standard extensometer is attached to the top and bottom rods of the witness spanning this small witness gap. When a force is applied to separate the mounting blocks, the gap in the witness expands the same length that the entire test specimen is stretched.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗

A dark matter search using the final CDMS-II data and 100 mm SuperCDMS germanium detector ionization test

Astrophysical observations indicate that approximately 85% of the matter in the universe is nonluminous, nonbaryonic, and nonrelativistic (cold) dark matter. Weakly Interacting Massive Particles (WIMPs) are a particularly well motivated dark matter particle candidate. They would be thermally produced in the early universe and their relics account for the current dark matter abundance. WIMP candidate particles are naturally provided by extensions to the Standard Model of particle physics, such as supersymmetry. The Cryogenic Dark Matter Search (CDMS) experiment operates cryogenic germanium and silicon particle detectors in the low-background environment of the Soudan Underground Laboratory in northern Minnesota to search for WIMP-nucleus scatters while rejecting electron-recoil background. The detectors simultaneously measure the ionization and phonon energies of each scattering event. The difference in ionization yield (ratio of ionization energy to recoil energy) discriminates nuclear recoils from the electron-recoil background efficiently.More sensitive detectors are required to probe the WIMP parameter space with lower WIMP-nucleon scattering cross sections. To support the R&D effort especially the detector R&D and characterization of the SuperCDMS experiment, a new CDMS test facility has been developed on the University of Minnesota campus. This thesis documents the test facility and the work involved in its development. In the test facility, we performed the first ionization collection efficiency measurements of the ionization test devices. The test devices are fabricated with detector-grade germanium crystals that are 100 mm in diameter, which is the largest available, and 33 mm in thickness. The measured efficiencies are consistent with the earlier measurements conducted with smaller Ge crystals, demonstrating that these 100 mm crystals can be used for development of the next generation dark matter detectors.Improvements of data analysis methods can also potentially improve the sensitivity of an experiment. The data taken during the last four runs of CDMS II with total raw exposure 612 kg-day were reprocessed with improved ionization pulse reconstruction algorithm. We present the classic timing analysis with the reprocessed data in this thesis. For the four runs combined, this analysis resulted in a new WIMP-nucleon cross section 4.4×10 -44 cm 2 for a WIMP mass of 70 GeV, which is a factor of 1.6 improvement compared to the original c58 classic timing analysis.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗

A Holographic Prism Based on Photo-Thermo-Refractive Glass: Requirements and Possibilities

A technology for multivalued holographic measurement of a plane angle—a holographic prism, which serves as the basis for a device for calibrating the testing tools for navigational equipment under rolling— has been developed. The holographic prism is a miniature sample of photosensitive material, which contains a system of superimposed holographic gratings, and a laser the radiation of which passes through gratings to form a fan of diffracted beams. The fan in a prism based on a calcium fluoride (fluorite) crystal with color centers contained six out-of-plane beams radiating from a region with a hard-to-localize center. This fact hindered calibration of the measure and its application in the testing device. The use of photothermo-refractive glass as a material for preparing a sample and recording a system of holograms in it makes it possible to eliminate the drawbacks of fluorite-based prism. The number of holograms rises up to 21, the fan becomes in-plane, and its center is localized in a small region, with a size of several tenths of the sample thickness (1–2 mm). The fan beams are energetically homogeneous, and each can be identified when using the fan in a testing device.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗

International Benchmarking: A Global Perspective of Workplace Drug and Alcohol Testing

Workplace drug and alcohol testing has been widely implemented in diverse industries and is designed to detect the use of and deter the influence of legal and illegal substances that would impair the ability to perform work that has significant security and safety implications. Across the globe, patterns of drug and alcohol use and abuse and the regulations controlling drug and alcohol use vary by location (e.g., regions, countries, etc.). The prevalence of workplace drug and alcohol testing and protection of individuals’ rights in the workplace similarly tend to exhibit contextual differences. With the advancements in drug-testing technologies and the recent issuance of guidance for additional testing matrices (e.g., oral fluid, hair, etc.) by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, gaining a global perspective on the current state of drug and alcohol testing practices and regulations is important for leveraging such advancements to improve the effectiveness of drug and alcohol testing. The U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) tasked the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) fitness for duty (FFD) team to conduct a benchmarking analysis of international drug and alcohol testing regulations and programs to identify similarities and differences in workplace testing programs and the basis for any differences. The benchmarking study focuses on a policy analysis and benchmarking metrics comparison among different countries and regions. The policy analysis includes the following three types of relevant international and national policies relevant to drug and alcohol testing in the nuclear industry: 1. National drug and alcohol policy 2. Workplace drug and alcohol testing 3. FFD regulations for Nuclear Power Plants The international drug and alcohol benchmarking metrics focusses on the use of blood, breath, urine, hair, and oral fluid in testing; drug and drug metabolite cutoff values; point-of-collection testing devices; roadside testing methodologies; innovations in drug testing; and the extent of availability of such data. Gaining an understanding of workplace drug and alcohol testing in other countries as well as information about new testing methods, matrices, tools, and technologies that other countries have adopted provides NRC with international comparative information regarding the technical basis for such programs and methods as it relates to the protection of worker and public health and safety.

98 NUCLEAR DISARMAMENT, SAFEGUARDS, AND PHYSICAL P↗

Multispectral impedance determination under dynamic load conditions

Impedance testing devices, circuits, systems, and related methods are disclosed. A Device Under Test (DUT) is excited with a multispectral excitation signal for an excitation time period while the DUT is under a load condition from a load operably coupled to the DUT. A response of the DUT is sampled over a sample time period. The sample time period is configured such that it includes an in-band interval during the excitation time period and one or more out-of-band intervals outside of the in-band interval. A response of the DUT to the load condition during the in-band interval is estimated by analyzing samples of the response from the one or more out-of-band intervals. Adjusted samples are computed by subtracting the estimated load response during the in-band interval from the samples from the in-band interval. An impedance of the DUT is estimated by analyzing the adjusted samples.

Christophersen, Jon P.↗

Characterizing the Distribution of Microwave Surface Resistance of HTS Film Based on Metal Ring

This paper presents a novel method for measuring the microwave surface resistance distribution of high-temperature superconducting thin films by a dielectric resonator with a metal ring. After calibration, the effect of metal ring loss on measurement accuracy is negligible. The measurement resolution is determined by the internal diameter of the metal ring, which makes the design of the device more flexible. Therefore, measurement with high resolution and convenience can be achieved simultaneously by using a metal ring with proper size and operating at a relatively low frequency. A test device working at 32 GHz with TE{sub 01(1 + δ)} mode was developed. Its resolution is a circular area with a diameter of 5 mm and an area of 19.6 mm{sup 2}. The unloaded quality factor of the test device is more than 140,000, when it is loaded by the calibration cavity. The test device has a relative uncertainty of less than 6%, which complies with the uncertainty (20%) specified by the international standard for the microwave surface resistance measurement of high-temperature superconducting (HTS) thin film. The surface resistance distribution of a 2-in. YBCO/LAO/YBCO superconducting film sample was measured by this test device.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗

Control blade degradation test under temperature gradient in steam atmosphere

The core of a boiling water reactor (BWR) consists of an array of fuel assemblies with cross-shaped control blades located between these assemblies. The typical control blade consists of a control blade sheath made of 316L-type S.S., a center pole made of 316L-type S.S., and control rods. In order to understand the degradation process of the control blade channel, control blade degradation tests were performed under various atmospheres with a temperature increase condition and in the presence of a temperature gradient. A test device was built. Four carbon heaters are set on both sides at the upper and the middle parts of the test device. The bottom ceramic part of the test device is cooled by water. Heating in the upper region and cooling at the bottom of the test piece give rise to the temperature gradient in the test piece. Temperatures of the test piece are measured by five W-Re type thermocouples placed close to the test piece. Steam carried by the argon gas is supplied from the bottom of the device and flows to the top inside a square carbon muffle in which the test piece is set. Three windows for visual observations are installed, with one located above the furnace and the others located at the back of the furnace. In the steam atmosphere with a steam flow rate of 0.0125 g/s/rod, the control blade, channel box, and fuel rods were degraded, especially at the upper part of the test piece. This result was similar to that observed in the argon atmosphere test. However, the observed degradation was rather different at a higher steam flow rate of 0.0417 g/s/rod. At the upper part of the test piece, only the control blade was degraded preferentially and did not react with the channel box wall. In contrast, the eutectic reaction of the stainless steel/boron carbide melt and zircaloy occurred at the lower part by coexisting with the relocated melt from the top part. These observations suggested the existence of a threshold condition for the control rod degradation between 0.0125 and 0.0417 g/s/rod which is significantly affected by the thickness of the oxide layer on zircaloy.

21 SPECIFIC NUCLEAR REACTORS AND ASSOCIATED PLANTS↗

SU-F-T-496: An Investigation of Two Novel Devices for Testing Linac Clearance During CT Simulation

Purpose: This work’s objective is to determine the efficacy of two newly patented devices termed the Mor-O rings, Mark1 and Mark2, developed to predict collisions between the patient and a linac at the time of CT simulation. Methods: Mark1: A ring with an inner radius equal to the distance between the isocenter and the nearest portion of a linac head(diso) was made. This is mounted to a stand that allows vertical repositioning. The ring is placed around the patient on the CT table and aligned with isocenter. The patient is moved through the ring. If the ring touches the patient, a collision is predicted. To test this device, predicted collisions were marked on a phantom. The phantom was then repositioned on the linac table where the collisions were verified. Mark2: An arc with the radius diso was created with a re-locatable half-linac head wire-frame. The Mark2 is positioned in the same way as the Mark1 but can additionally mimic couch and gantry angulations. The Mark2 was tested with a volunteer using multiple couch, gantry and isocenter positions. The volunteer was then repositioned on the linac table to verify the angles of collisions. Results: Mark1: One isocenter out of ten showed negative clearance (0.9mm) on the linac table. All other collisions were predicted with 1 to 36mm of additional clearance. Mark2: All collisions were prevented with an additional 1.3 to 14.8 degrees of clearance. Conclusion: The Mark1 prototype is able to predict all collisions when no couch angulation is used. This device takes less than a minute to setup and is simple to use. The Mark2, when testing beam geometries used for noncoplanar SBRT, was able to prevent all collisions with 1.3 to 14.8 degrees additional clearance. Improvements in construction for both devices could increase accuracy and usability. Andrew Morrow owns Morrow Physics, LLC and Brian Massingill owns Spur Physics, LLC. We are both listed on the patent for the devices investigated in this work (patent 9220922). Our current employer, Baylor Scott and White, is also on the patent.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗

Performance Testing using Silicon Devices - Analysis of Accuracy: Preprint

Accurately determining PV module performance in the field requires accurate measurements of solar irradiance reaching the PV panel (i.e., Plane-of-Array - POA Irradiance) with known measurement uncertainty. Pyranometers are commonly based on thermopile or silicon photodiode detectors. Silicon detectors, including PV reference cells, are an attractive choice for reasons that include faster timeresponse (10 us) than thermopile detectors (1 s to 5 s), lower cost and maintenance. The main drawback of silicon detectors is their limited spectral response. Therefore, to determine broadband POA solar irradiance, a pyranometer calibration factor that converts the narrowband response to broadband is required. Normally this calibration factor is a single number determined under clear-skyconditions with respect to a broadband reference radiometer. The pyranometer is then used for various scenarios including varying airmass, panel orientation and atmospheric conditions. This would not be an issue if all irradiance wavelengths that form the broadband spectrum responded uniformly to atmospheric constituents. Unfortunately, the scattering and absorption signature varies widely withwavelength and the calibration factor for the silicon photodiode pyranometer is not appropriate for other conditions. This paper reviews the issues that will arise from the use of silicon detectors for PV performance measurement in the field based on measurements from a group of pyranometers mounted on a 1-axis solar tracker. Also we will present a comparison of simultaneous spectral andbroadband measurements from silicon and thermopile detectors and estimated measurement errors when using silicon devices for both array performance and resource assessment.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗

Phonon Sensor Dynamics for Cryogenic Dark Matter Search Experiment

Understanding the quasiparticle diffusion process inside sputtered aluminum (Al thin films (∼ 0.1-1 μm is critical for the Cryogenic Dark Matter Search (CDMS experiment to further optimize its detectors to directly search for dark matter. An initial study with Al films was undertaken by our group ∼ 20 years ago, but some important questions were not answered at the time. This thesis can be considered a continuation of that critical study. The CDMS experiment utilizes high purity silicon and germanium crystals to simultaneously measure ionization and phonons created by particle interactions. In addition to describing some of the rich physics involved in simultaneously detecting ionization and phonons with a CDMS detector, this thesis focuses on the detailed physics of the phonon sensors themselves, which are patterned onto CDMS detector surfaces. CDMS detectors use thin sputtered Al films to collect phonon energy when it propagates to the surfaces of the detector crystals. The phonon energy breaks Cooper pairs and creates quasiparticles (qps). These qps diffuse until they get trapped in an proximitized “overlap” region where lower-Tc tungsten films connect to the Al film. These tungsten films are the transition edge sensors (W-TESs CDMS uses to readout phonon signals. We performed a wide range of experiments using several sets of test devices designed and fabricated specifically for this work. The devices were used mostly to study quasiparticle (qp transport in Al films and qp transmission through Al/W interfaces. The results of this work are being used to optimize the design of detectors for SuperCDMS SNOLAB. This thesis is intended for CDMS collaborators who are interested in knowing more about the detailed fundamentals of how our phonon sensors work so they can take full advantage of their benefits. However, this work can also be read by general readers who are interested in particle detection using TES technology. This thesis contains eight chapters. The first chapter gives basic background information about dark matter and searches for it. We then describe the basic CDMS detector technology in Chapter two. Chapter three focuses on superconductivity and explains some of the solid state physic most relevant to our Al and W film studies. We then turn our attention to the fabrication processes used to make test devices, and describe some of the studies done to characterize our W and Al film properties. Chapter five explains the experimental setup including how a 3He/4He dilution refrigerator works, and how our electronics were configured. We then get to chapter six where we present key experimental results. Chapter seven covers the TES model we used for our test devices to simulate the data pulse shapes and reconstruct the pulse energies. We also describe the diffusion models used to fit our data. Finally, we end with a short summary of our findings and provide a few suggestions for future studies.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗

Degradation Mode Identification by Photocarrier Lifetime Spectroscopy on Devices and Test Structures

In this presentation, I examine the basic concepts of the device physics that can be used to distinguish various degradation and recovery modes on a cell level. The known degradation modes (bulk LeTID and LID, UVID, etc.) are due to defects and impurities that cause the photocarrier recombination according to Shockley-Reed-Hall (SRH) statistics. The SRH recombination rate strongly depends on the balance of electron and hole capture rates into the defects, which in turn, are governed by their local concentrations. The strongest recombination takes place at approximately equal concentrations of electrons and holes, while at low injection conditions (when one type of carrier dominates) the SRH recombination is suppressed. For cell degradation modes that affect the passivated interface (UVID, H-induced TOPCon contact degradation) the defects are at the interface under low-injection conditions due to either high local doping or the adjacent built-in charge in the dielectric. This mode is characterized by changes in the "diode prefactor" J01 slope in the inverse lifetime-injection level curve. In contrast, bulk degradation (LeTID, LID) affects bulk lifetime, with J01 slope unchanged. Carrier lifetime - injection level plots therefore serve as clear indicators of different degradation modes and are shown by experimental examples.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗

Persistent energy harvesting in the harsh desert environment using a thermal resonance device: Design, testing, and analysis

Thermal fluctuations in the environment are a ubiquitous, yet untapped energy source for harvesting. Our laboratory has introduced the concept of a thermal resonance device for this purpose, with potential to power wireless sensor networks (WSNs), devices embedded into structural elements, and electronics deployed in relatively inaccessible areas. This approach has particular advantages for the desert environment, where conventional energy harvesting devices are severely confounded by frequent sandstorms, extreme temperature and high solar fluence. Herein, we design, fabricate, and test a thermal resonator for the conversion of diurnal temperature fluctuations to electrical power in a harsh desert environment using a thermally conductive phase change composite as a high thermal effusivity material, specifically tuned to the temperature fluctuating environment of Thuwal, Saudi Arabia (22.3095°N, 39.1047°E). The composite consists of a highly porous and thermally conductive nickel foam impregnated with eicosane as a phase change material for enhanced thermal capacity. The high thermal effusivity material is incorporated into a rationally-designed thermal resonance device, which is tested for a period of two weeks in Saudi Arabia, extracting as high as 2 mW from approximately 10 °C diurnal temperature fluctuations. These experimental data provide a test of the theoretical model for the design and operation of the device. Overall, these results highlight the opportunity of employing thermal resonance devices for energy harvesting, particularly in the desert environment.

30 DIRECT ENERGY CONVERSION↗

Corrective Action Investigation Plan for Corrective Action Unit 366: Area 11 Plutonium Valley Dispersion Sites, Nevada National Security Site, Nevada, Revision 0

Corrective Action Unit 366 comprises the six corrective action sites (CASs) listed below: (1) 11-08-01, Contaminated Waste Dump No.1; (2) 11-08-02, Contaminated Waste Dump No.2; (3) 11-23-01, Radioactively Contaminated Area A; (4) 11-23-02, Radioactively Contaminated Area B; (5) 11-23-03, Radioactively Contaminated Area C; and (6) 11-23-04, Radioactively Contaminated Area D. These sites are being investigated because existing information on the nature and extent of potential contamination is insufficient to evaluate and recommend corrective action alternatives (CAAs). Additional information will be obtained by conducting a corrective action investigation before evaluating CAAs and selecting the appropriate corrective action for each CAS. The results of the field investigation will support a defensible evaluation of CAAs that will be presented in the Corrective Action Decision Document. The sites will be investigated based on the data quality objectives (DQOs) developed July 6, 2011, by representatives of the Nevada Division of Environmental Protection and the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), National Nuclear Security Administration Nevada Site Office. The DQO process was used to identify and define the type, amount, and quality of data needed to develop and evaluate appropriate corrective actions for CAU 366. The presence and nature of contamination at CAU 366 will be evaluated based on information collected from a field investigation. Radiological contamination will be evaluated based on a comparison of the total effective dose (TED) at sample locations to the dose-based final action level (FAL). The TED will be calculated by summing the estimates of internal and external dose. Results from the analysis of soil samples collected from sample plots will be used to calculate internal radiological dose. Thermoluminescent dosimeters placed at each sample location will be used to measure external radiological dose. Based on historical documentation of the releases associated with the nuclear tests, it was determined that CASs 11-23-02, 11-23-03, and 11-23-04 will be investigated as one release site. The three test areas associated with these CASs are in close proximity; the devices tested were all composed of plutonium and enriched uranium; and the ground zeroes are all posted high contamination areas (HCAs). Because the device tested at CAS 11-23-01 was composed primarily of enriched uranium and the ground zero is not a posted HCA, the CAS will be investigated as a separate release. The DQO process also resulted in an assumption that TED within the HCAs and contaminated waste dumps exceeds the FAL and requires corrective action. A field investigation will be performed to define where TED exceeds the FAL and to determine whether other contaminants of concern are present at the site associated with other activities that took place at the site or from spills or waste discovered during the investigation. The presence and nature of contamination from other types of releases (such as migration and any potential releases discovered during the investigation) will be evaluated using soil samples collected from the locations most likely containing contamination, if present. Appendix A provides a detailed discussion of the DQO methodology and the DQOs specific to each CAS.

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗

Development of Modulator Pulse Stability Measurement Device and Test Results at SLAC

In this paper, the development of a pulse stability measurement device is presented. The measurement accuracy is better than 250uV, about 4.2ppm of a typical 60V input pulse. Pulse signals up to +/- 80V peak can be measured. The device works together with an oscilloscope. The primary function of the measurement device is to provide a precision offset, such that variations in the flattop of the modulator voltage pulse can be accurately resolved. The oscilloscope records the difference between the pulse flattop and the reference for a series of waveforms. The scope math functions are utilized to calculate the rms variations over the series. The frequency response of the device is characterized by the measured cutoff frequency of about 6.5MHz. In addition to detailing the design and calibration of the precision pulse stability device, measurements of SLAC line-type linac modulators and recently developed induction modulators will be presented. Factors affecting pulse stability will be discussed.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗

Microfluidic channel optimization to improve hydrodynamic dissociation of cell aggregates and tissue

Maximizing the speed and efficiency at which single cells can be liberated from tissues would dramatically advance cell-based diagnostics and therapies. Conventional methods involve numerous manual processing steps and long enzymatic digestion times, yet are still inefficient. In previous work, we developed a microfluidic device with a network of branching channels to improve the dissociation of cell aggregates into single cells. However, this device was not tested on tissue specimens, and further development was limited by high cost and low feature resolution. In this work, we utilized a single layer, laser micro-machined polyimide film as a rapid prototyping tool to optimize the design of our microfluidic channels to maximize dissociation efficiency. This resulted in a new design with smaller dimensions and a shark fin geometry, which increased recovery of single cells from cancer cell aggregates. We then tested device performance on mouse kidney tissue, and found that optimal results were obtained using two microfluidic devices in series, the larger original design followed by the new shark fin design as a final polishing step. We envision our microfluidic dissociation devices being used in research and clinical settings to generate single cells from various tissue specimens for diagnostic and therapeutic applications.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗

Marine Renewable Energy Center

Project Goals: The funding provided by this contract supported the following activities: A) Test Site Development; B) Seed Grant Funded Technology Development; C) Stakeholder Activities The first year of funding was dedicated to the formation of the NE MREC University Consortium which was comprised of University of Massachusetts Dartmouth (UMD) and Amherst (UMA), Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI), University of New Hampshire (UNH), and the University of Rhode Island (URI). The consortium worked together to encourage research and promote benefits of obtaining energy from ocean wind, waves, tides and currents. In addition, NE MREC’s goal was to fund projects aimed at potential test sites with the first year funding going to studies of the potential for tidal device testing in Muskeget Channel, at the General Sullivan Bridge in New Hampshire, and for wave device testing at the proposed National Offshore Renewable Energy Innovation Zone (NOREIZ) located off the Massachusetts coast. The project spanned 4.5 years and addressed three specific tasks that are interrelated but also served as independent investigations.

16 TIDAL AND WAVE POWER↗