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DOE OSTI2020

Numerical simulation of streamer evolution in surface dielectric barrier discharge with electrode-array

Atmospheric pressure surface dielectric barrier discharges (SDBDs) may be composed of streamers fast propagating along a dielectric surface in ambient air, producing reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, and inducing a force on the neutral gas, which can find applications, respectively, in plasma medicine and aerodynamics. In this work, a two-dimensional self-consistent fluid model was developed to study SDBDs with an electrode-array. Emphasis was placed on the interaction of counter-propagating streamers and discharge uniformity for different applied voltages and geometric configurations of the electrode-array. When two counter-propagating streamers collide, the streamers come to a stop within a certain (ultimate) distance between the streamer heads. Optimizing the applied voltages is a convenient way to improve uniformity, making the streamer heads reach a minimum distance between each other. Shortening the electrode spacing can simultaneously shorten the streamer length and the ultimate distance between streamers. Under certain discharge parameters (such as applied voltage), there exists an optimum electrode spacing maximizing uniformity.

42 ENGINEERING↗

DOE OSTI2022

Multifunctional nanopore electrode array method for characterizing and manipulating single entities in attoliter-volume enclosures

Structurally regular nanopore arrays fabricated to contain independently controllable annular electrodes represent a new kind of architecture capable of electrochemically addressing small collections of matter—down to the single entity (molecule, particle, and biological cell) level. Furthermore, these nanopore electrode arrays (NEAs) can also be interrogated optically to achieve single entity spectroelectrochemistry. Larger entities such as nanoparticles and single bacterial cells are investigated by dark-field scattering and potential-controlled single-cell luminescence experiments, respectively, while NEA-confined molecules are probed by single molecule luminescence. By carrying out these experiments in arrays of identically constructed nanopores, massively parallel collections of single entities can be investigated simultaneously. The multilayer metal–insulator design of the NEAs enables highly efficient redox cycling experiments with large increases in analytical sensitivity for chemical sensing applications. NEAs may also be augmented with an additional orthogonally designed nanopore layer, such as a structured block copolymer, to achieve hierarchically organized multilayer structures with multiple stimulus-responsive transport control mechanisms. Finally, NEAs constructed with a transparent bottom layer permit optical access to the interior of the nanopore, which can result in the cutoff of far-field mode propagation, effectively trapping radiation in an ultrasmall volume inside the nanopore. Furthermore, the bottom metal layer may be used as both a working electrode and an optical cladding layer, thus, producing bifunctional electrochemical zero-mode waveguide architectures capable of carrying out spectroelectrochemical investigations down to the single molecule level.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

DOE OSTI2018

Asymmetric Nafion-Coated Nanopore Electrode Arrays as Redox-Cycling-Based Electrochemical Diodes

Inspired by the functioning of cellular ion channels, pore-based structures with nanoscale openings, have been fabricated and integrated into ionic circuits, e.g. ionic diodes and transistors, for signal processing and detection. In these systems, the nonlinear current responses arise either because asymmetric nanopore geometries break the symmetry of the ion distribution, creating unequal surface charge across the nanopore, or by coupling unidirectional electron transfer within a nanopore electrode. Here, we develop a high-performance redox cycling-based electrochemical diode by coating an asymmetric ion-exchange membrane, i.e. Nafion, on the top surface of a nanopore electrode array (Nafion@NEA), in which each pore in the array exhibits one or more annular electrodes. Nafion@NEAs exhibit highly sensitive and charge-selective electroanalytical measurements due to efficient redox cycling reaction, the permselectivity of Nafion, and strong confinement of redox species in the nanopore array. In addition, the top electrode of dual electrode Nafion@NEAs can serve as a voltage-controlled switch to gate ion transport within the nanopore. Thus, Nafion@NEAs can be operated as a diode by switching voltages applied to the top and bottom electrodes of the NEA, leading to a large rectification ratio, fast response times, and simplified circuitry without the need for external electrodes. Here by taking advantage of closely spaced and individually addressable electrodes, the redox cycling electrochemical diode has the potential for application to large-scale production and electrochemically-controlled circuit operations which go well beyond conventional electronic diodes or transistors.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

NASA NTRS2008

Fabrication of nano-gap electrode arrays by the construction and selective chemical etching of nano-crosswire stacks

Methods of fabricating nano-gap electrode structures in array configurations, and the structures so produced. The fabrication method involves depositing first and second pluralities of electrodes comprising nanowires using processes such as lithography, deposition of metals, lift-off processes, and chemical etching that can be performed using conventional processing tools applicable to electronic materials processing. The gap spacing in the nano-gap electrode array is defined by the thickness of a sacrificial spacer layer that is deposited between the first and second pluralities of electrodes. The sacrificial spacer layer is removed by etching, thereby leaving a structure in which the distance between pairs of electrodes is substantially equal to the thickness of the sacrificial spacer layer. Electrode arrays with gaps measured in units of nanometers are produced. In one embodiment, the first and second pluralities of electrodes are aligned in mutually orthogonal orientations.

Son, Kyung-Ah↗

DOE OSTI2019

Electrochemical properties of the interaction between cytochrome c and a hematite nanowire array electrode

We investigate the interaction of horse heart cytochrome c (cyt c ) with hematite nanowire array electrodes by cyclic voltammetry to study the electron transfer between redox active proteins and mineral surfaces. Using this model system, we quantify electron transfer rates between cyt c and hematite under varying electric potential and pH conditions. The results are consistent with two cyt c conformations adsorbed at the hematite surface: the native and a partially unfolded form. The partially unfolded protein maintained redox activity, but at a lower redox potential than the native protein. Adsorption of cyt c allowed direct electron transfer between cyt c and hematite, with an interfacial electron transfer rate, k ° ET , of 0.4 s -1 for the native form and 0.55 s -1 for the partially unfolded protein at pH 7.07. At pH 4.66, protein adsorption decreased compared to neutral pH and the fraction of partially unfolded protein increased. Additionally, the diffusion controlled electron transfer rate between hematite and the electron shuttling compound anthraquinone-2,6-disulfonate (AQDS) was determined to be k ° ET = 8.0·10 -3 cm·s -1 at pH 7.07. In conclusion, modulation of electron transfer rates as a result of conformational changes by redox active proteins has broad implications for describing chemical transformations at biological-mineral interfaces.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

DOE OSTI2023

Spatiotemporal analysis of 3D human iPSC-derived neural networks using a 3D multi-electrode array

While there is a growing appreciation of three-dimensional (3D) neural tissues (i.e., hydrogel-based, organoids, and spheroids), shown to improve cellular health and network activity to mirror brain-like activity in vivo , functional assessment using current electrophysiology techniques (e.g., planar multi-electrode arrays or patch clamp) has been technically challenging and limited to surface measurements at the bottom or top of the 3D tissue. As next-generation MEAs, specifically 3D MEAs, are being developed to increase the spatial precision across all three dimensions (X, Y, Z), development of improved computational analytical tools to discern region-specific changes within the Z dimension of the 3D tissue is needed. In the present study, we introduce a novel computational analytical pipeline to analyze 3D neural network activity recorded from a “bottom-up” 3D MEA integrated with a 3D hydrogel-based tissue containing human iPSC-derived neurons and primary astrocytes. Over a period of ~6.5 weeks, we describe the development and maturation of 3D neural activity (i.e., features of spiking and bursting activity) within cross sections of the 3D tissue, based on the vertical position of the electrode on the 3D MEA probe, in addition to network activity (identified using synchrony analysis) within and between cross sections. Then, using the sequential addition of postsynaptic receptor antagonists, bicuculline (BIC), 2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid (AP-5), and 6-cyano-5-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (CNQX), we demonstrate that networks within and between cross sections of the 3D hydrogel-based tissue show a preference for GABA and/or glutamate synaptic transmission, suggesting differences in the network composition throughout the neural tissue. The ability to monitor the functional dynamics of the entire 3D reconstructed neural tissue is a critical bottleneck; here we demonstrate a computational pipeline that can be implemented in studies to better interpret network activity within an engineered 3D neural tissue and have a better understanding of the modeled organ tissue.

3D culture↗

DOE OSTI2016

Ion Accumulation and Migration Effects on Redox Cycling in Nanopore Electrode Arrays at Low Ionic Strength

Ion permselectivity can lead to accumulation in zero-dimensional nanopores, producing a significant increase in ion concentration, an effect which may be combined with unscreened ion migration to improve sensitivity in electrochemical measurements, as demonstrated by the enormous current amplification (~2000-fold) previously observed in nanopore electrode arrays (NEA) in the absence of supporting electrolyte. Ionic strength is a key experimental factor that governs the magnitude of the additional current amplification (AF ad ) beyond simple redox cycling through both ion accumulation and ion migration effects. Here, separate contributions from ion accumulation and ion migration to the overall AF ad were identified by studying NEAs with varying geometries, with larger AF ad values being achieved in NEAs with smaller pores. In addition, larger AF ad values were observed for Ru(NH 3 ) 6 3/2+ than for ferrocenium/ferrocene (Fc + /Fc) in aqueous solution, indicating that coupling efficiency in redox cycling can significantly affect AF ad . While charged species are required to observe migration effects or ion accumulation, poising the top electrode at an oxidizing potential converts neutral species to cations, which can then exhibit current amplification similar to starting with the cation. The electrical double layer effect was also demonstrated for Fc/Fc + in acetonitrile and 1,2-dichloroethane, producing AF ad up to 100× at low ionic strength. The pronounced AF ad effects demonstrate the advantage of coupling redox cycling with ion accumulation and migration effects for ultrasensitive electrochemical measurements.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

DOE OSTI2020

Ion Gating in Nanopore Electrode Arrays with Hierarchically Organized pH-Responsive Block Copolymer Membranes

Inspired by biological ion channels, artificial nanopore-based architectures have been developed for smart ion/molecular transport control with potential applications to iontronics and energy conversion. Advances in nanofabrication technology enable simple, versatile construction methods, and post-fabrication functionalization delivers nanochannels with unique ion transport-control attributes. Here, we characterize a pH-responsive, charge-selective dual-gating block copolymer (BCP) membrane composed of polystyrene-b-poly(4-vinylpyridine) (PS 48400 -b-P4VP 21300 ), capable of self-organizing into highly ordered nanocylindrical domains. Because the PS-b-P4VP membrane exhibits pH-dependent structural transitions, it is suitable for designing intelligent pH-gated biomimetic channels, for example, exhibiting on–off transport switching at pH values near the pK a of P4VP with excellent anion permselectivity at pH < pK a . Introducing the BCP membrane onto nanopore electrode arrays (BCP@NEAs) allows the BCP to serve as a pH-responsive gate controlling ion transfer into the NEA nanopores. Such selectively transported and confined ions are detected by using a 100 nm gap dual-ring nanoelectrode structure capable of enhancing current output by efficient redox cycling with an amplification factor >10 2 . In addition, BCP@NEAs exhibit extraordinary pH-gated ion selectivity, resulting in a 3380-fold current difference between anion and cation probes at pH 3.0. Furthermore, this hierarchically organized BCP-gated NEA system can serve as a template for the development of other stimulus-responsive ion gates, for example, those based on temperature and ligand gating, thus exploiting the intrinsic advantages of NEAs, such as enhanced sensitivity based on redox cycling, which may lead to technological applications such as engineered biosensors and iontronic devices.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2020

Single Entity Electrochemistry in Nanopore Electrode Arrays: Ion Transport Meets Electron Transfer in Confined Geometries

Electrochemical measurements conducted in confined volumes provide a powerful and direct means to address scientific questions at the nexus of nanoscience, biotechnology, and chemical analysis. How are electron transfer and ion transport coupled in confined volumes and how does understanding them require moving beyond macroscopic theories? Also, how do these coupled processes impact electrochemical detection and processing? We address these questions by studying a special type of confined-volume architecture, the nanopore electrode array, or NEA, which is designed to be commensurate in size with physical scaling lengths, such as the Debye length, a concordance that offers performance characteristics not available in larger scale structures. The experiments described here depend critically on carefully constructed nanoscale architectures that can usefully control molecular transport and electrochemical reactivity. We begin by considering the experimental constraints that guide the design and fabrication of zero-dimensional nanopore arrays with multiple embedded electrodes. These zero-dimensional structures are nearly ideal for exploring how permselectivity and unscreened ion migration can be combined to amplify signals and improve selectivity by enabling highly efficient redox cycling. Our studies also highlight the benefits of arrays, in that molecules escaping from a single nanopore are efficiently captured by neighboring pores and returned to the population of active redox species being measured, benefits that arise from coupling ion accumulation and migration. These tools for manipulating redox species are well-positioned to explore single molecule and single particle electron transfer events through spectroelectrochemistry, studies which are enabled by the electrochemical zero-mode waveguide (ZMW), a special hybrid nanophotonic/nanoelectronic architecture in which the lower ring electrode of an NEA nanopore functions both as a working electrode to initiate electron transfer reactions and as the optical cladding layer of a ZMW. Furthermore, while the work described here is largely exploratory and fundamental, we believe that the development of NEAs will enable important applications that emerge directly from the unique coupled transport and electron-transfer capabilities of NEAs, including in situ molecular separation and detection with external stimuli, redox-based electrochemical rectification in individually encapsulated nanopores, and coupled sorters and analyzers for nanoparticles.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

DOE OSTI2025

Automated Redox Titrations via Interdigitated Electrode Arrays: Application to the Mediated Electron Transfer Interrogation of Charge and Rate on Electrodeposited Polymers

Mediated electron transfer (MET) plays a crucial role in energy storage and conversion technologies such as redox targeting flow batteries (RTFBs), yet its experimental investigation often requires labor-intensive and low-throughput setups. To address this, we developed a microfabricated interdigitated electrode array (IDA) platform that enables automated, high-throughput electrochemical redox titration measurement to be performed to study the MET process. Our redox titration method enables simultaneous measurement of the charge capacity and rate of MET processes on a material or surface. Automated redox titration (ART) facilitates systematic investigation of the MET process across a broad parameter space, exemplified through the study of polypyrrole (PPy) and a pyrene-4,5,9,10-tetrone azo group-based polymer (PTAP), both redox-active polymers relevant to various energy storage applications. Using PPy as a model material, 500 redox titration measurements were conducted within 50 h, varying the electrode gap widths, polymer charging potentials, voltammetric scan rates, and electrolyte concentrations. Finite-element simulations confirmed the electrochemical responses and elucidated the kinetics of the MET reactions. Our automated methodology was further tested with PTAP, revealing a surprising charging potential dependence on the rate of MET. The automation, flexibility, and scalability of our redox titration platform pave the way not only for advanced studies of MET processes relevant to RTFBs, but also with implications in the understanding of next-generation energy storage materials, molecular electrocatalysis, and biosensing.

electrochemical analysis↗

DOE OSTI2015

Coupling of Independent Electrochemical Reactions and Fluorescence at Closed Bipolar Interdigitated Electrode Arrays

Electrochemical reactions occurring at the opposite ends of bipolar electrodes (BPEs) are necessarily coupled, enabling electron transfer events at one end to be read out optically, for example, by coupling to fluorogenic reactions at the other end. In order to explore the potential of this technique for studying multiple redox events, arrays of parallel BPE interdigitated electrode arrays (IDEAs) were fabricated and integrated with separate analytical and reporter microfluidic channels, respectively, in a closed BPE configuration. The apparatus was initially evaluated employing Fe(CN) 6 3/4- in the analytical channel coupled to weakly emissive resazurin and strongly emissive resorufin as the fluorogenic redox reporter pair. We then used the device to investigate a proton-coupled electron transfer reaction, hydroquinone (QH 2 ) oxidation, in structures with an integrated pH modulation electrode (PME). A pH-sensitive dye, fluorescein, was co-introduced into the analytical channel to monitor PME modulation of solution pH, and its coupling to QH 2 oxidation, thereby permitting changes in solution pH, and consequently QH 2 oxidation rate, to be monitored directly in the analytical channel and compared to the fluorescence in the reporter channel. Additionally, diffusion of OH - generated at the PME produced a spatial pH profile that was visualized via fluorescein emission, and, because the oxidation of QH 2 at each BPE is strongly dependent on the local pH, via the coupled fluorogenic reaction at the opposite pole of the corresponding BPE digit in the reporter channel. Thus, BPE IDEAs support the coupling of independent redox reactions and the use of fluorescence imaging to explore a diverse set of spatially varying electrochemical phenomena realized in a variety of electrochemical geometries.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

DOE OSTI2020

Redox cycling-based detection of phenazine metabolites secreted from Pseudomonas aeruginosa in nanopore electrode arrays

The opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) produces several redox-active phenazine metabolites, including pyocyanin (PYO) and phenazine-1-carboxamide (PCN), which are electron carrier molecules that also aid in virulence. In particular, PYO is an exclusive metabolite produced by P. aeruginosa, which acts as a virulence factor in hospital-acquired infections and is therefore a good biomarker for identifying early stage colonization by this pathogen. Here, we describe the use of nanopore electrode arrays (NEAs) exhibiting metal–insulator–metal ring electrode architectures for enhanced detection of these phenazine metabolites. The size of the nanopores allows phenazine metabolites to freely diffuse into the interior and access the working electrodes, while the bacteria are excluded. Consequently, highly efficient redox cycling reactions in the NEAs can be accessed by free diffusion unhindered by the presence of bacteria. This strategy yields low limits of detection, i.e. 10.5 and 20.7 nM for PYO and PCN, respectively, values far below single molecule pore occupancy, e.g. at 10.5 nM < n pore > ~ 0.082 per nanopore – a limit which reflects the extraordinary signal amplification in the NEAs. Furthermore, experiments that compared results from minimal medium and rich medium show that P. aeruginosa produces the same types of phenazine metabolites even though growth rates and phenazine production patterns differ in these two media. Here, the NEA measurement strategy developed here should be useful as a diagnostic for pathogens generally and for understanding metabolism in clinically important microbial communities.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

DOE OSTI2015

Nanopore-enabled electrode arrays and ensembles

Here, (with 116 refs.) we address recent developments in nanoelectrode arrays and ensembles with particular attention to nanopore-enabled arrays and ensembles. Nanoelectrode-based arrays exhibit unique mass transport and ion transfer properties, which can be exploited for electroanalytical measurements with enhanced figures-of-merit with respect to microscale and larger components. Following an introduction into the topic, we cover (a) methods for fabrication of solid-state nanopore electrodes, (b) chemical and biochemical sensors, (c) nanochannel arrays with embedded nanoelectrodes; (d) recessed nanodisk electrode arrays; (e) redox cycling in nanopore electrode arrays, (f) finally discuss novel nanoarrays for electrochemistry, and then give a future outlook. We also discuss a wide variety of nanoelectrode array-based chemical and biochemical sensors properties in addition to faradaic, ion transfer and spectroelectrochemical applications.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

DOE OSTI2019

Tissue-specific extracellular matrix accelerates the formation of neural networks and communities in a neuron-glia co-culture on a multi-electrode array

Abstract The brain’s extracellular matrix (ECM) is a macromolecular network composed of glycosaminoglycans, proteoglycans, glycoproteins, and fibrous proteins. In vitro studies often use purified ECM proteins for cell culture coatings, however these may not represent the molecular complexity and heterogeneity of the brain’s ECM. To address this, we compared neural network activity (over 30 days in vitro ) from primary neurons co-cultured with glia grown on ECM coatings from decellularized brain tissue (bECM) or MaxGel, a non-tissue-specific ECM. Cells were grown on a multi-electrode array (MEA) to enable noninvasive long-term interrogation of neuronal networks. In general, the presence of ECM accelerated the formation of networks without affecting the inherent network properties. However, specific features of network activity were dependent on the type of ECM: bECM enhanced network activity over a greater region of the MEA whereas MaxGel increased network burst rate associated with robust synaptophysin expression. These differences in network activity were not attributable to cellular composition, glial proliferation, or astrocyte phenotypes, which remained constant across experimental conditions. Collectively, the addition of ECM to neuronal cultures represents a reliable method to accelerate the development of mature neuronal networks, providing a means to enhance throughput for routine evaluation of neurotoxins and novel therapeutics.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2012

Photoelectrochemical Activity of As-Grown, a-Fe2O3 Nanowire Array Electrodes for Water Splitting

Undoped hematite nanowire arrays grown using plasma oxidation of iron foils show significant photoactivity ({approx}0.38 mA cm{sup -2} at 1.5 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode in 1 M KOH). In contrast, thermally oxidized nanowire arrays grown on iron exhibit no photoactivity due to the formation of a thick (>7 {micro}m Fe{sub 1-x}O) interfacial layer. An atmospheric plasma oxidation process required only a few minutes to synthesize hematite nanowire arrays with a 1-5 {micro}m interfacial layer of magnetite between the nanowire arrays and the iron substrate. An amorphous oxide surface layer on hematite nanowires, if present, is shown to decrease the resulting photoactivity of as-synthesized, plasma grown nanowire arrays. The photocurrent onset potential is improved after removing the amorphous surface on the nanowires using an acid etch. A two-step method involving high temperature nucleation followed by growth at low temperature is shown to produce a highly dense and uniform coverage of nanowire arrays.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗

DOE OSTI2020

Intrinsically stretchable electrode array enabled in vivo electrophysiological mapping of atrial fibrillation at cellular resolution

Electrophysiological mapping of chronic atrial fibrillation (AF) at high throughput and high resolution is critical for understanding its underlying mechanism and guiding definitive treatment such as cardiac ablation, but current electrophysiological tools are limited by either low spatial resolution or electromechanical uncoupling of the beating heart. To overcome this limitation, here we introduce a scalable method for fabricating a tissue-like, high-density, fully elastic electrode (elastrode) array capable of achieving real-time, stable, cellular level-resolution electrophysiological mapping in vivo. Testing with acute rabbit and porcine models, the device is proven to have robust and intimate tissue coupling while maintaining its chemical, mechanical, and electrical properties during the cardiac cycle. The elastrode array records epicardial atrial signals with comparable efficacy to currently available endocardial-mapping techniques but with 2 times higher atrial-to-ventricular signal ratio and >100 times higher spatial resolution and can reliably identify electrical local heterogeneity within an area of simultaneously identified rotor-like electrical patterns in a porcine model of chronic AF.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2020

Electrowetting‐Mediated Transport to Produce Electrochemical Transistor Action in Nanopore Electrode Arrays

Abstract Understanding water behavior in confined volumes is important in applications ranging from water purification to healthcare devices. Especially relevant are wetting and dewetting phenomena which can be switched by external stimuli, such as light and electric fields. Here, these behaviors are exploited for electrochemical processing by voltage‐directed ion transport in nanochannels contained within nanopore arrays in which each nanopore presents three electrodes. The top and middle electrodes (TE and ME) are in direct contact with the nanopore volume, but the bottom electrode (BE) is buried beneath a 70 nm silicon nitride (SiN x ) insulating layer. Electrochemical transistor operation is realized when small, defect‐mediated channels are opened in the SiN x . These defect channels exhibit voltage‐driven wetting that mediates the mass transport of redox species to/from the BE. When BE is held at a potential maintaining the defect channels in the wetted state, setting the potential of ME at either positive or negative overpotential results in strong electrochemical rectification with rectification factors up to 440. By directing the voltage‐induced electrowetting of defect channels, these three‐electrode nanopore structures can achieve precise gating and ion/molecule separation, and, as such, may be useful for applications such as water purification and drug delivery.

Kwon, Seung‐Ryong↗

DOE OSTI2014

Planar multi-electrode array sensor for localized electrochemical corrosion detection

A planarized type of coupled multi-electrode corrosion sensing device. Electrode pads are fabricated on a thin backing, such as a thin film. Each pad has an associated electrical lead for connection to auxiliary electronic circuitry, which may include a resistor associated with each electrical pad. The design permits the device to be easily placed in small crevices or under coatings such as paint.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗