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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS1976

Phase B: Final definition and preliminary design study for the initial Atmospheric Cloud Physics Laboratory (ACPL): A spacelab mission payload. Final review (DR-MA-03)

Systems design for an initial atmospheric cloud physics laboratory to study microphysical processes in zero gravity is presented. Included are descriptions of the fluid, thermal, mechanical, control and data, and electrical distribution interfaces with Spacelab. Schedule and cost analysis are discussed.

Clausen, O. W.↗
NASA NTRS2003

SIRTF Finally Aloft: NASA s Final Great Observatory to Peer Deeply into the Infrared Universe

The last of NASA's Great Observations, the Space Infrared Telescope Facility (SIRTF), is undergoing checkout 15,000 mi. from Earth this week following launch of the $1.2-billion mission here on board a Boeing Delta II Heavy booster Aug. 25. The SIRTF mission has been 25 years in the making. By using innovative technology and a unique "Earth-trailing" orbit, the Jet Propulsion Laboratory and Lockheed-Martin were able to reduce mission cost by about $800 million with no loss in expected science or mission life-time.

Covault, Craig↗
DOE OSTI2023

MARVEL 90% Final Design Report

This document provides documentation of the Microreactor Applications Research Validation and Evaluation Project’s (MARVEL) 90% Final Design, as required by U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Standard-1189, “Integration of Safety into the Design Process." Per DOE-STD-1189-2016, the 90% Final Design documentation focuses on design completion, at a level capable of supporting procurement, construction, testing, and operation. At this phase, the design organization finalizes the hazards and accident analyses, Fire Hazard Analysis (FHA), security vulnerability assessments, and other supporting analyses for design completion. The objective of this report is to provide a high-level summary of the design thus far and provide references including, but not limited to, the following design deliverables: • Complete final drawings, specifications and commercial grade dedications that may be released for bid and/or construction. • Clearly defined testing plans for the safety and functionality of all subsystems. • Quality Assurance Program for Design, Testing and Procurement. • Software Quality Assurance Plan. • Code of Record (COR), applicable design requirements including codes and standards. • Final design that meets all the requirements stipulated in the COR. • Final design review, consisting of final validation of comment resolution from previous reviews, and a review of any additional developments since the last review. • Updated Safety Design Strategy. • Hazard Analysis. • Fire Hazard Analysis. • Accident analysis. • Security vulnerability assessment. • Current and detailed cost estimate. • Current construction schedule, and • Risk & Opportunities Assessment.

21 SPECIFIC NUCLEAR REACTORS AND ASSOCIATED PLANTS↗
DOE OSTI2025

Coal to Carbon Fiber (C2CF) Continuous Processing for High Value Composites (Final Report)

Coal tar is a condensed and recovered by-product of the coking of metallurgical coal for steel production. The heaviest fraction of distilled coal tar is an isotropic pitch largely used as a binder in the manufacturing of carbonaceous electrodes for primary aluminum smelting and in electric arc furnaces. Coal tar pitch offers high carbon yield upon carbonization. In this project, a process to convert the domestically sourced isotropic coal tar pitch, containing very low particulates (QI = 0.32 wt.%), to form flow-domain mesophase pitch amenable for melt spinning into precursor (green) fibers for carbon fiber, was developed and optimized. The final reproducible processing developed is reviewed in this report, along with several characterizations of the mesophase pitch. A final definition of the characteristics of a ‘spinnable’ mesophase pitch is presented. With this mesophase pitch, reproducible and stable multifilament melt spinning was developed, producing green fiber tows with filament diameters of approximately 20 m. The multifilament melt spinning was the most challenging aspect of the project and required the most effort. The best practices learned from this project for melt spinning are reviewed in this report. Once spun, the green fibers were oxidatively stabilized, carbonized and graphitized under inert gas atmosphere to form the final carbon fibers. Given the relatively high softening point of the mesophase pitch, no issues of interfilament fusion were observed during batch oxidation, and subsequent batch carbonization and graphitization went smoothly in all cases. An ~ 80 wt.% conversion of the green fiber mass to final carbon fiber was achieved. After graphitization, the carbon fibers showed high tensile moduli (most were ~ 600 GPa, or 87 Msi) consistent with commercially-available high-performance pitch-based carbon fiber. However, tensile strength and strain to failure were comparatively low. Further work to reduce defects in and on the fiber surfaces would increase these properties. SEM imaging of the graphitic fiber textures is presented herein. Rudimentary composites were fabricated from the carbon fibers and characterized showing similar modulus to baseline composites fabricated with commercial carbon fiber. Finally, a basic economic analysis was done showing the potential to increase the value of the isotropic coal tar pitch by up to 13.6 to 136 times based on a carbon fiber value of $\$$5/lb to $\$$50/lb, respectively. Moreover, the site case study suggests that the coal tar from the single integrated steel mill could supply production of up to 16 kt/yr of carbon fiber. Finally, a technological gap analysis was done which shed light on remaining technical challenges. These challenges included: recovery and utilization of condensates from the mesophase pitch processing, further advancing and increasing stability of the multifilament melt spinning processing, optimization of the oxidation processing, defect reduction for increased carbon fiber strength, and the development of a weaving process towards carbon fiber fabrics. To maximize the coal value chain, the primary objectives of this project were to (a) develop and scale efficient processing technology for producing melt-spinnable mesophase pitch from isotropic coal tar pitch, (b) clarify and simplify tedious continuous fiber processing technologies (particularly multifilament melt spinning of mesophase pitch) towards the efficient production of high performance carbon fiber, and (c) demonstrate and characterize representative composite parts derived from the final carbon fiber. Immense progress was made on all 3 objectives and is detailed in this report.

01 COAL, LIGNITE, AND PEAT↗
DOE OSTI2020

Interseasonal Connections between the Timing of the Stratospheric Final Warming and Arctic Sea Ice

Connections across seasons in atmospheric circulation and sea ice have long been sought to advance seasonal prediction. This study presents a link between the springtime stratosphere and Arctic sea ice in summer through autumn. The polar stratospheric vortex dominates the winter stratosphere before breaking down each spring, which is called the stratospheric final warming, as solar radiation returns to the pole. Interannual variability of this breakdown is dynamically driven, leading to different springtime tropospheric and surface circulation patterns. To examine the different impacts of delayed and early final warmings, a multimodel composite was generated from selected CMIP5 models. Additionally, regressions were performed on JRA-55 against an index of springtime polar vortex strength. In both the multimodel composites and reanalysis regressions, significant anomalies in sea ice thickness persist several months following an anomalous timing of the final warming. A later final warming or stronger springtime polar stratospheric vortex leads to negative sea ice thickness anomalies in the East Siberian Sea and positive anomalies in the Beaufort Sea in comparison with an earlier final warming or weaker polar vortex. The spring polar stratospheric vortex is related to spring polar surface circulation patterns. The winds associated with this pattern induce anomalous sea ice motion, moving ice from the East Siberian Sea toward the Beaufort Sea. Reduced sea ice in the East Siberian Sea is linked to anomalous warmth over this region in autumn. Our results suggest that the timing of the stratospheric final warming exerts an influence on the tropospheric circulation and sea ice through autumn, which has implications for seasonal climate prediction.

Kelleher, Michael↗
DOE OSTI2023

Tuning Organic Semiconductor Packing and Morphology through Non-equilibrium Solution Processing (Final Report)

Organic semiconductors (OSCs) are a promising candidate to produce low-cost, large area, and flexible electronics. There has previously been successful development of organic field effect transistors (OFETs), photovoltaics (OPV), and bioelectronics using OSCs. Solution processing of these materials allows for the fabrication of large-area devices in the kinetic crystallization regime. The charge transport capabilities have been shown to depend on the morphology and molecular packing of the OSC within thin films. Our hypothesis is that solution processing conditions may significantly impact OSC morphology and as a result the charge transport. Therefore, this work has focused on obtaining a fundamental understanding of the morphology and molecular packing of OSCs for optimal device performance. Through our work, we have gained a better understanding of how these structural conditions were influenced by the solution processing conditions. Our studies have led to a more systematic understanding of the various parameters that impact OSC morphology. Solution processing leads to non-equilibrium films, thus allowing for the formation of diverse morphologies that are inaccessible by other fabrication methods. Previously, our group has focused on tuning the morphology of small-molecular OSCs [53, 55-57]. However, little work had been devoted to polymer OSCs. There was a lack of detailed studies characterizing the solution-state of polymer OSCs in terms of their conformation, degree of entanglement, polymer aggregation, and chain relaxation dynamics. The solution state properties are also likely to be influenced by the rigidity and molecular weight of the polymer OSCs investigated. Thus, we have focused our attention on gaining a better insight of polymer OSC films and solution processing methods. Through this proposal, our approach is to investigate the correlation between solution-state properties and the morphology of the resulting polymer OSC films. We worked three specific aims: investigate the effects of 1) polymer OSC solution-state properties on final film morphology; 2) molecular additives on the solution-state and final film properties; 3) controlled pre-aggregation in the solution-state in the final film morphology. More rigid and planar polymer backbones should promote interchain charge transport and more efficient interchain hopping between polymer chains. Through tailoring the polymer backbone, polymer sidechains, and molecular weight, we expected the altered solution-state properties to affect the final film morphology. In addition, reducing the entanglements and promoting chain alignment will likely prevent charge carrier trapping through conformation disorders. We thus studied different mechanisms, such as molecular additives, to reduce entanglements in solution. Devices fabricated from these solutions were expected to have improved charge transport abilities. In addition to tailoring the solution-state characteristics of the polymer OSCs, we investigated the effect of solution processing methods on the molecular packing and morphology of polymer OSC films. Two main solution processing techniques, e.g., spin-coating and solution shearing, were employed to fabricate OFETs. Spin coating was employed to prepare OSC films, which produce isotropic films. This technique creates several parameters to tune such as spin coating speed, acceleration, and time. Additionally, our research group developed the solution shearing method, which consists of the solution initially sandwiched between two plates. By sliding the top plate, the solution front is exposed and drying begins. This technique allows for the creation of aligned large crystalline domains. Solution shearing consists of different processing parameters which can affect the final morphology, such as shearing speed, substrate temperature and temperature gradient, distance between both plates, and the tilt angle of the top plate. Due to the complexity of the polymer systems investigated, numerous techniques were employed to characterize the polymer OSC solution state and films. All the materials were characterized using the DOE supported synchrotron X-ray scattering facilities at the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource (SSRL). Using grazing incidence X-ray scattering (GIXS) and Near Edge X-ray Absorption Fine Structure (NEXAFS) techniques, the crystalline structure and molecular orientations of the thin films were measured. Optical absorption (UV-Vis) spectroscopy was employed to determine the aggregation state in solution and films of the polymer systems. Polarized UV-Vis also allowed for the determination of the relative degree of polymer chain alignment for solution sheared films. Additionally, various other techniques were used to investigate other properties within the film, such as atomic force microscopy (AFM) and solution rheology. Finally, the device performance is quantified through the fabrication and characterization of OFETs, which will highlight the effects of morphology on charge transport.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
NASA NTRS2011

X-43A Final Flight Observations

The presentation will provide an overview of the final flight of the NASA X-43A project. The project consisted of three flights, two planned for Mach 7 and one for Mach 10. The first flight, conducted on June 2, 2001, was unsuccessful and resulted in a nine-month mishap investigation. A two-year return to flight effort ensued and concluded when the second Mach 7 flight was successfully conducted on March 27, 2004. The third and final flight, which occurred on November 16, 2004, was the first Mach 10 flight demonstration of an airframe-integrated, scramjet-powered, hypersonic vehicle. As such, the final flight presented first time technical challenges in addition to final flight project closeout concerns. The goals and objectives for the third flight as well as those for the project will be presented. The configuration of the Hyper-X stack including the X-43A, Hyper-X launch vehicle, and Hyper-X research vehicle adapter wil also be presented. Mission differences, vehicle modifications and lessons learned from the first and second flights as they applied to the third flight will also be discussed. Although X-43A flight 3 was always planned to be the final flight of the X-43A project, the X-43 program had two other vehicles and corresponding flight phases in X-43C and X-43B. Those other projects never manifested under the X-43 banner and X-43A flight 3 also became the final flight of X-43 program.

Grindle, Laurie↗
NASA NTRS2017

Orbit Determination Adaptations for the Cassini Grand Finale

satellite encounters. Over this period, there have been several papers describing the orbit determination process and performance up through 2016 [1-5]. In April of 2017, Cassini will enter its Grand Finale mission phase when it will traverse the gap between the D-ring and the Saturn atmosphere twenty-two times before plunging deep into the atmosphere to end the mission. The lack of targeted satellite encounters during this period necessitates updates to the nominal Cassini Orbit Determination (OD) process. This paper describes these planned adaptations for the operation of the Grand Finale. During the Equinox and Solstice Mission Phase (2008-2016), navigation analysis has been divided into segments focused on two particular targeted satellite encounters, called an “arc”. Maneuvers in an arc were usually targeted to encounter B-plane position and time, so the OD state and covariance were mapped forward to the B-plane of the encounter within the arc. Trajectory dispersions during the Grand Finale need instead to be mapped to equator crossings and targeted Cartesian positions. In addition, trajectory arcs have typically covered a few orbital revolutions (~2-8 weeks), in order to span the time between two encounters. However, the Grand Finale will encompass five months of time without an encounter which necessitates an adjusted arc strategy. A modified arc strategy was developed based on OD behavior during long multi-rev periods between encounters in the year leading up to the Grand Finale. The OD covariance study conducted for the Grand Finale mission phase will also be examined.

Criddle, Kevin↗
DOE OSTI2025

Final state radiation from high and ultrahigh energy neutrino interactions

Charged leptons produced by high-energy and ultrahigh-energy neutrinos have a substantial probability of emitting prompt internal bremsstrahlung ν ℓ + N → ℓ + X + γ . This can have important consequences for neutrino detection. We discuss observable consequences at high- and ultrahigh-energy neutrino telescopes and the Large Hadron Collider’s (LHC’s) Forward Physics Facility. Logarithmic enhancements can be substantial (e.g., ∼ 20 % ) when either the charged lepton’s energy or the rest of the cascade is measured. We comment on final state radiation’s impacts on measuring the inelasticity distribution, ν / ν ¯ flux ratio, throughgoing muons, and double-bang signatures for high-energy neutrino observation. Furthermore, for ultrahigh-energy neutrino observation, we find that final state radiation increases the overall detectable energy by as much as 20%, affects flavor measurements, and decreases the energy of both Earth-emergent tau leptons and regenerated tau neutrinos. Many of these have significant impacts on measuring neutrino fluxes and spectra. Finally, for the LHC’s Forward Physics Facility, we find that final state radiation will impact future extractions of strange quark parton distribution functions. Final state radiation should be included in future analyses at neutrino telescopes and the Forward Physics Facility. Published by the American Physical Society 2025

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗