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36 records · Page 2

Iron oxide bands in the visible and near-infrared reflectance spectra of primitive asteroids

High resolution reflectance spectra of primitive asteroids (C, P, and D class and associated subclasses) have commonly revealed an absorption feature centered at 0.7 microns attributed to an Fe(2+)-Fe(3+) charge transfer transition in iron oxides and/or oxidized iron in phyllosilicates. A smaller feature identified at 0.43 microns has been attributed to an Fe(3+) spin-forbidden transition in iron oxides. In the spectra of the two main-belt primitive asteroids 368 Haidea (D) and 877 Walkure (F), weak absorption features which were centered near the location of 0.60-0.65 microns and 0.80-0.90 microns prompted a search for features at these wavelengths and an attempt to identify their origin(s). The CCD reflectance spectra obtained between 1982-1992 were reviewed for similar absorption features located near these wavelengths. The spectra of asteroids in which these absorption features have been identified are shown. These spectra are plotted in order of increasing heliocentric distance. No division of the asteroids by class has been attempted here (although the absence of these features in the anhydrous S-class asteroids, many of which have presumably undergone full heating and differentiation should be noted). For this study, each spectrum was treated as a continuum with discrete absorption features superimposed on it. For each object, a linear least squares fit to the data points defined a simple linear continuum. The linear continuum was then divided into each spectrum, thus removing the sloped continuum and permitting the intercomparison of residual spectral features.

Jarvis, Kandy S.↗

Plausible inference: A multi-valued logic for problem solving

A new logic is developed which permits continuously variable strength of belief in the truth of assertions. Four inference rules result, with formal logic as a limiting case. Quantification of belief is defined. Propagation of belief to linked assertions results from dependency-based techniques of truth maintenance so that local consistency is achieved or contradiction discovered in problem solving. Rules for combining, confirming, or disconfirming beliefs are given, and several heuristics are suggested that apply to revising already formed beliefs in the light of new evidence. The strength of belief that results in such revisions based on conflicting evidence are a highly subjective phenomenon. Certain quantification rules appear to reflect an orderliness in the subjectivity. Several examples of reasoning by plausible inference are given, including a legal example and one from robot learning. Propagation of belief takes place in directions forbidden in formal logic and this results in conclusions becoming possible for a given set of assertions that are not reachable by formal logic.

Friedman, L.↗

Search for Q ~0 Order near a Forbidden Bragg Position in Bi 2.1 Sr 1.9 CaCu 2 O 8+x with Resonant Soft X-ray Scattering

Identifying what broken symmetries are present in the cuprates has become a major area of research. Many authors have reported evidence for so-called “Q ~ 0” order that involves broken inversion, mirror, chiral, or time-reversal symmetry that is uniform in space. Not all these observations are well understood and new experimental probes are needed. Here we use resonant soft x-ray scattering (RSXS) to search for Q ~ 0 order in Bi 2.1 Sr 1.9 CaCu 2 O 8+x (Bi-2212) by measuring the region of a forbidden Bragg peak, (0,0,3), which is normally extinguished by symmetry but may become allowed on resonance if valence band order is present. Using circularly polarized light, we found that this reflection becomes allowed on the CuL 3 resonance for temperatures T c < T < T*, though remains absent in linear polarization and at other temperatures. This observation suggests the existence of spatially uniform valence band order near the pseudogap temperature. In addition, we observed periodic oscillations in the specular reflectivity from the sample surface that resemble thin film interference fringes, though no known film is present. These fringes are highly resonant, appear in all polarizations, and exhibit a period that depends on the location where the beam strikes the sample surface. We speculate that these fringes arise from interaction between some intrinsic valence band instability and extrinsic structural surface morphologies of the material. Our study supports the existence of some kind of Q ~ 0 broken symmetry state in Bi-2212 at intermediate temperatures. Further studies using a microfocused beam, which could disentangle microscopic effects from macroscopic heterogeneities, are needed to ascertain the universality of the effect.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗

Emission-line objects near R Coronae Australis

New CCD images show additional emission-line objects close to R Coronae Australis in the Corona Australis cloud. Two faint knots, strong in forbidden S II, are seen against the receding CO flow associated with R CrA. They are closely aligned with HH 104 A,B and R CrA and have thus been labeled HH 104 C,D. The position angle corresponds to that of the transient spike described by Hartigan and Graham (1987). HH 104 C,D lie on the edge of a diffuse patch of nebulosity, strongest in H-alpha. It is suggested that this is illuminated by light scattered from R CrA in the direction of the receding CO flow. The emission-line star 1-100 observed by Hartigan and Graham has a variable spectrum. There is a forbidden S II knot 17 arc sec W, 9 arcsec S of this star. A faint 19th magnitude emission-line star is identified. A change in the morphology of the HH 100 reflection nebula between 1973 and 1983 is noted.

Graham, J. A.↗

High-Resolution X-Ray Spectroscopy of the Galactic Supernova Remnant Puppis A with the XMM-Newton RGS

We present high-resolution X-ray spectra of cloud-shock interaction regions in the eastern and northern rims of the Galactic supernova remnant Puppis A, using the Reflection Grating Spectrometer onboard the XMM-Newton satellite. A number of emission lines including K(alpha) triplets of He-like N, O , and Ne are clearly resolved for the first time. Intensity ratios of forbidden to resonance lines in the triplets are found to be higher than predictions by thermal emission models having plausible plasma parameters. The anomalous line ratios cannot be reproduced by effects of resonance scattering, recombination, or inner-shell ionization processes, but could be explained by charge-exchange emission that should arise at interfaces between the cold/warm clouds and the hot plasma. Our observations thus provide observational support for charge-exchange X-ray emission in supernova remnants.

Katsuda, Satoru↗

Quantum mechanical streamlines. I - Square potential barrier

Exact numerical calculations are made for scattering of quantum mechanical particles hitting a square two-dimensional potential barrier (an exact analog of the Goos-Haenchen optical experiments). Quantum mechanical streamlines are plotted and found to be smooth and continuous, to have continuous first derivatives even through the classical forbidden region, and to form quantized vortices around each of the nodal points. A comparison is made between the present numerical calculations and the stationary wave approximation, and good agreement is found between both the Goos-Haenchen shifts and the reflection coefficients. The time-independent Schroedinger equation for real wavefunctions is reduced to solving a nonlinear first-order partial differential equation, leading to a generalization of the Prager-Hirschfelder perturbation scheme. Implications of the hydrodynamical formulation of quantum mechanics are discussed, and cases are cited where quantum and classical mechanical motions are identical.

Hirschfelder, J. O.↗

New Herbig-Haro objects in star-forming regions

A list of 25 new Herbig-Haro objects, HH 58 to HH 82, in the Orion molecular clouds and in southern molecular cloud complexes has been compiled. CCD images in the S II 6717, 6731 forbidden lines are presented for the objects, together with a few spectra and some IR observations. The individual objects and, when identified, their energy sources are discussed. HH 65 is located in the red lobe of the bipolar outflow associated with the highly variable reflection nebula Re 50. HH 67 is a 22-arcsec long sinusoidal jet. HH 68/69 consists of a long, linear chain of four HH knots. HH 72 emerges from a 120-solar luminosity IRAS source embedded in a Bok globule. HH 79 is the first HH object discovered in the Ophiuchus clouds. HH 80/81 in Sagittarius are among the brightest HH objects known, have complex velocities, high excitation conditions and emerge from a 6000-solar luminosity young B-star. HH 82 is associated with the bright variable star S Coronae Australis.

Reipurth, BO↗

FOS spectroscopy of resolved structure in the nucleus of NGC 1068

The results of FOS spectroscopy of the continuum peak of NGC 1068 in the wavelength range 2200-7000 A are reported. Detailed analysis reveals the emission lines to be complex in shape and to consist of a number of different velocity components. Both the Balmer lines and the strong forbidden lines have a contribution from a component with full width at half-maximum on the order of 2200 km/s. However, the broad H-beta emission observed in polarized light is not detected. This implies that the continuum peak is not the mirror which reflects light from the hidden Seyfert I nucleus. It could possibly contribute some of the reflected light, but the equivalent width of the H-beta BLR line, if present at all, is much weaker than expected from the ground-based nuclear polarized-flux spectrum.

Caganoff, S.↗

High-resolution 6450-24500 A spectra of eta Carinae

We discuss high-resolution (Delta lambda/lambda approximately equals 3000-8600) spectra of the central knot or 'star' in eta Car between approximately 6450 and approximately 24,500 A, and of the Homunculus approximately 7 sec southeast of the knot between approximately 6450 and approximately 9250 A. A complete flux calibrated list of more than 170 emission lines is provided longward of approximately 8780 A, with additional measurements of the strongest forbidden lines and Fe II features down to approximately 6700 A. The continuum flux increased by a factor of approximately 1.6 to approximately 2.0 at 23,000 A compared to recent measurements, by remained the same at approximately 11,000 A. This brightening and reddening of the IR continuum was accompanied by stronger H I and He I lines, constant or slightly weaker Fe II and (Fe II) lines, and increased extinction to A(sub V) approximately 5 mag to 6 mag (from A(sub V) approximately less than 3.2 mag previously). The complex line profiles fall into two categories: (1) broad emission and sometimes blueshifted absorptions that form in a high-velocity wind reaching at least 700 km/s and (2) narrow emission cores that may be associated with a low-velocity (equatorial?) wind with speeds approximately less than 100 km/s. The broad lines in the Homunculus have profiles and equivalent widths similar to the broad components in the know, but they are redshifted by approximately greater than 250 km/s due to rapid expansion of the reflecting dust. The reflected light spectrum of the Homunculus offers a better 'view' of the high-velocity wind because it is free of the many strong narrow lines in the knot. The range of excitation in both the high- and low-velocity regions encompasses He I recombination and Fe II emission, but excludes the lower ionization required for Fe I, the CO band heads, and the infrared Ca II triplet, which are not detected. The narrow forbidden lines indicate densities in excess of the critical densities, ranging from approximately 10(exp 4) to nearly 10(exp 7)/cu cm. The narrow permitted lines are slightly broader than the forbidden lines and probably form in a denser region nearer the central star. All of the strongest Fe II lines at wavelengths approximately greater than 7000 A, in both the broad and narrow-line regions, can be attributed to cascades from excited states that are 'pumped' by resonant absorption of H I Lyman alpha.

Hamann, Fred↗

Ferric iron in primitive asteroids - A 0.43-micron absorption feature

A search of reflectance spectra of C- P-, D- and S-class asteroids to hunt for the Soret band near 0.4 micron that is indicative of porphyrins yielded an identification of an 0.43 micron absorption feature in 11 primitive asteroids of the C, P, and G classes and in one S-class asteroid. It is proposed that the feature is an Fe(3+) spin-forbidden transition in aqueously altered material, possibly located near 0.43 micron due to an enhancement effect similar to the mechanism operating in jarosite. The significance of the feature for the aqueous alteration history of these asteroids is addressed.

Vilas, Faith↗

Narrow bandgap semiconducting silicides: Intrinsic infrared detectors on a silicon chip

Polycrystalline thin films of CrSi2, LaSi2, and ReSi2 were grown on silicon substrates. Normal incidence optical transmittance and reflectance measurements were made as a function of wavelength. It was demonstrated that LaSi2 is a metallic conductor, but that CrSi2 and ReSi2 are, in fact, narrow bandgap semiconductors. For CrSi2, the complex index of refraction was determined by computer analysis of the optical data. From the imaginary part, the optical absorption coefficient was determined as a function of photon energy. It was shown that CrSi2 possesses an indirect forbidden energy gap of slightly less than 0.31 eV, and yet it is a very strong absorber of light above the absorption edge. On the other hand, the ReSi2 films exhibit an absorption edge in the vicinity of 0.2 eV. Measurements of the thermal activation energy of resistivity for ReSi2 indicate a bandgap of 0.18 eV. It is concluded that the semiconducting silicides merit further investigation for development as new silicon-compatible infrared detector materials.

Mahan, John E.↗

Further characterization of spectral features attributable to titanium on the moon

The following transitions are observed in the electronic absorption spectra of lunar titanaugites: Fe(2+) spin-allowed and spin-forbidden crystal field; Ti(3+) spin allowed and Jahn-Teller split crystal field; Ti(3+)-Ti(4+) CT; Fe(2+)-Ti(4+) CT; and O(2-)-Fe(2+), Ti(3+), Ti(4+) CT. Of these, the transitions involving Ti(3+) are unique to lunar or nonferric-bearing titanaugites. All titanaugites have the Fe(2+) crystal field and Fe(2+)-Ti(4+) CT transitions in common. These features in the diffuse reflectance spectra of lunar materials give rise to the '1.0 band' and to the observed absorption around 0.5-0.6 micron, respectively. Since regolith contains a variety of phases with coexisting Fe(2+), Ti(3+), and Ti(4+) ions, several metal-metal charge transfer processes are possible.

Burns, R. G.↗

Electron Excitation Cross Sections for the 2s(sup 2)2p(sup 3) (sup 4)S -> 2s(sup 2)2p(sup 3) (sup 2d) ->2s2p(sup 4) (sup 4p) (Resonance) Transitions in Oil

Experimental and theoretical excitation cross sections are reported for the first forbidden transition xxx and the first allowed (resonance) transition xxx in OII. Use is made of electron-energy loss and merged beams methods. The electron energy range covered is 3.33 eV (threshold) to 15 eV for the S->D transition, and 14.9 eV (threshold) to 40 eV for the S->P transition. Care was taken to assess and minimize the metastable fraction of the OII beam. An electron mirror was designed and tested to reflect inelastically back-scattered electrons into the forward direction to account for the full range of polar scattering angles. Comparisons are made between present experiments and 11-state R-Matrix calculations. Calculations are also presented for the xxx transition.

electron excitation↗

Accessing One-Dimensional Chains of Halogenoindates(III) in Organic–Inorganic Hybrids

Organic-inorganic hybrids of halogenoindates(III) are typically represented by one of the zero-dimensional units: InX 4 – , InX 5 2– , InX 6 3– , or In 2 X 11 5– . Higher dimensional anionic forms, although not forbidden, have remained almost elusive. Here, in this study, we report for the first time In 3+ -based organic–inorganic hybrids, (C 4 H 5 N 2 S) 2 InCl 5 and (C 4 H 5 N 2 S) 2 InBr 5 , with 1D anionic chains of trans-halide-bridged InX 6 octahedra whose formation is guided by 2-mercaptopyrimidinium cations (C 4 H 5 N 2 S + ). The chains are characterized by the significant ease of deformation, which is reflected in the elongation of the bridging bonds or the displacement of In 3+ ions. The materials show a robust band gap predominantly governed by C 4 H 5 N 2 S + cations. Dielectric relaxation processes in (C 4 H 5 N 2 S) 2 InBr 5 arise from the cations’ dynamics and suggest the ability of the brominated system to accommodate even larger cations. Our work represents a successful attempt to expand the structural diversity of halogenoindates(III) and opens a pathway to reach multifunctional 1D In 3+ -based hybrids.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Detection of Nitrogen and Neon in the X-ray Spectrum of GP Com with XMM/Newton

We report on X-ray spectroscopic observations with XMM/Newton of the ultra-compact, double white dwarf binary, GP Com. With the Reflection Grating Spectrometers (RGS) we detect the L(alpha) and L(beta) lines of hydrogen-like nitrogen (N VII) and neon (Ne X), as well as the helium-like triplets (N VI and Ne IX) of these same elements. All the emission lines are unresolved. These are the first detections of X-ray emission lines from a double-degenerate, AM CVn system. We detect the resonance (r) and intercombination (i) lines of the N VI triplet, but not the forbidden (f) line. The implied line ratios for N VI, R = f/i less than 0.3, and G = (f + i ) / r approx. = 1, combined with the strong resonance line are consistent with a dense, collision-dominated plasma. Both the RGS and EPIC/MOS spectra are well fit by emission horn an optically thin thermal plasma with an emission measure (EM) is a member of (kT/6.5 keV)(sup 0.8) (model cevmkl in XSPEC). Helium, nitrogen, oxygen and neon are required to adequately model the spectrum, however, the inclusion of sulphur and iron further improves the fit, suggesting these elements may also be present at low abundance. We confirm in the X-rays the under- abundance of both carbon and oxygen relative to nitrogen, first deduced from optical spectroscopy by Marsh et al. The average X-ray luminosity of approx. = 3 x 10(exp 30) ergs/s implies a mass accretion rate dot-m approx. = 9 x 10(exp -13) solar mass/yr. The implied temperature and density of the emitting plasma, combined with the presence of narrow emission lines and the low dot-m value, are consistent with production of the X-ray emission in an optically thin boundary layer just above the surface of the white dwarf.

Strohmayer, Tod E.↗

Electron excitation cross sections for the 2s(2)2p(3)4S(O) -- 2s(2)2p(3)2D(O) (forbidden) and 4S(O) -- 2s2p(4) 4P (resonance) transitions in O II

Experimental and theoretical excitation cross sections are reported for the first forbidden transition 4S(O) -- 2S(2)2p(3) 2D(O) (lambda-lambda 3726, 3729) and the first allowed (resonance) transition 4S(O) -- 2s2p(4) 4P(lambda-833) in O II. Use is made of electron energy loss and merged-beams methods. The electron energy range covered is 3.33 (threshold) to 15 eV for the S -- D transition, and 14.9 (threshold) to 40 eV for the S -- P transition. Care was taken to assess and minimize the metastable fraction of the O II beam. An electron mirror was designed and tested to reflect inelastically backscattered electrons into the forward direction to account for the full range of polar scattering angles. Comparisons are made between present experiments and 11-state R-matrix calculations. Calculations are also presented for the 4S(O) -- 2s(2)2p(3)2P(O) (lambda-2470) transition.

Zuo, M.↗

High Resolution X-Ray Spectroscopy of zeta Puppis with the XMM-Newton Reflection Grating Spectrometer

We present the first high resolution X-ray spectrum of the bright O4Ief supergiant star Puppis, obtained with the Reflection Grating Spectrometer on- board XMM-Newton. The spectrum exhibits bright emission lines of hydrogen-like and helium-like ions of nitrogen, oxygen, neon, magnesium, and silicon, as well as neon-like ions of iron. The lines are all significantly resolved, with characteristic velocity widths of order 1000 - 1500 km/ s. The nitrogen lines are especially strong, and indicate that the shocked gas in the wind is mixed with CNO-burned material, as has been previously inferred for the atmosphere of this star from ultraviolet spectra. We find that the forbidden to intercombination line ratios within the helium-like triplets are anomalously low for N VI, O VII, and Ne IX. While this is sometimes indicative of high electron density, we show that in this case, it is instead caused by the intense ultraviolet radiation field of the star. We use this interpretation to derive constraints on the location of the X-ray emitting shocks within the wind that agree remarkably well with current theoretical models for this system.

Kahn, S. M.↗

The Cygnus loop - A detailed comparison of X-ray and optical emission

A comparison at a resolution of 17 arcsec is presented between optical emission from forbidden O III and forbidden S II and the thermal X-ray emission for a field on the southeast edge of the Cygnus Loop SNR. The relationship between optical and X-ray emission in the field is described, generalizing to the Loop as a whole when possible. Several possible explanations for the presence of bright X-ray emission in the vicinity of optical emission are presented and evaluated based on the data. These mechanisms involve evaporation, gradual variations and gradients in the density of the preshock intercloud medium, and additional compression of material which has already been heated to X-ray temperatures by the adiabatic blast wave. The additional compression could result from rapid deceleration of the blast wave itself or from reshocking by reflected or bow shocks around dense clouds. Implications of the observations for models of SNR evolution and the interstellar medium are discussed.

Cox, D. P.↗