Measuring an ultrashort, ultraviolet pulse in a slowly responding, absorbing medium
Frequency-resolved optical gating (FROG) is a common technique for measuring ultrashort laser pulses using an instantaneous, nonlinear-optical interaction as a fast time-gate to measure the pulse intensity and phase. But at high frequencies, materials are often absorbing and it is not always possible to find a medium with a fast nonlinear-optical response. Here we show that an ultrashort, ultraviolet (UV) pulse can be measured in a strongly absorbing medium, using the absorption as the nonlinear-optical time-gate. To do this, we build on our recent implementation of FROG, known as induced-grating cross-correlation FROG (IG XFROG), where an unknown, higher-frequency pulse creates a transient grating that is probed with a lower-frequency, more easily detectable reference pulse. We demonstrate this with an 800 nm reference pulse to characterize 400 nm or 267 nm pulses using ZnS as the nonlinear-optical medium, which is absorptive at and below 400 nm. By scanning the delay between the two UV pulses which create the transient grating, we show that the phase-sensitive instantaneous four-wave-mixing contribution to the nonlinear signal field can be detected and separated from the slower, incoherent part of the response. Measuring a spectrally-resolved cross-correlation in this way and then applying a simple model for the response of the medium, we show that a modified generalized projections (GP) phase-retrieval algorithm can be used to extract the pulse amplitude and phase. We test this approach by measuring chirped UV pulses centered at 400 nm and 267 nm. Since interband absorption (or even photoionization) is not strongly wavelength-dependent, we expect IG XFROG to be applicable deeper into the UV.