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The CO morphology shows two molecular gas components associated with the stellar nuclei of the progenitors, consistent with the idea that the molecular disks are gravitationally bound by the dense bulges of the progenitor galaxies as the interaction proceeds.
Mergers of identical galaxies consisting of self-gravitating disks, bulges, and halos are examined in the context of the suggestion that such events may form elliptical galaxies. Unlike earlier studies, the simulations reported here include effects arising from intrinsic spin of bulges. It is found that the disks and bulges are able to redistribute their angular momentum so that the luminous remnants rotate slowly near their centers. In addition, if the bulges are sufficiently concentrated, the core radii of the remnants are significantly reduced relative to those of end-states formed in mergers between pure stellar disks to the extent that the remnants share structural properties with observed elliptical galaxies. Nevertheless, it does appear that stellar-dynamical mergers between spiral progenitors will represent a viable mechanism for the production of massive elliptical galaxies only if sufficient mass resides already in dense, spheroidal components. These results suggest that any ellipticals formed in this manner having featureless light profiles were victims of a 'disk-bulge conspiracy' analogous to the disk-halo conspiracy thought to give rise to smooth rotation curves in spiral galaxies. Possible observational signatures of mergers are discussed, along with implications of the findings for our understanding of galaxy formation and evolution.
The old, red stars that constitute the bulges of galaxies, and the massive black holes at their centres, are the relics of a period in cosmic history when galaxies formed stars at remarkable rates and active galactic nuclei (AGN) shone brightly as a result of accretion onto black holes. It is widely suspected, but unproved, that the tight corre1ation between the mass of the black hole and the mas. of the stellar bulge results from the AGN quenching the surrounding star formation as it approaches its peak luminosity. X-rays trace emission from AGN unambiguously, whereas powerful star-forming ga1axies are usually dust-obscured and are brightest at infrared and submillimeter wavelengths. Here we report submillimetre and X-ray observations that show that rapid star formation was common in the host galaxies of AGN when the Universe was 2-6 billion years old, but that the most vigorous star formation is not observed around black holes above an X-ray luminosity of 10(exp 44) ergs per second. This suppression of star formation in the host galaxy of a powerful AGN is a key prediction of models in which the AGN drives an outflow, expe11ing the interstellar medium of its host and transforming the galaxy's properties in a brief period of cosmic time.
We have obtained spectroscopic redshifts for 24 sources from a sample of bright, K-selected extremely red objects (EROs) using the Keck I Telescope.
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A stable galaxy, if excited above its ground state, oscillates about that ground state. If it is resonably robust, it can support oscillations of large amplitude. Normal mode oscillations, with surprisingly large amplitudes, have been seen in numerical experiments. Observational evidence shows that real galaxies also oscillate. Galaxies ring like a bell in the experiments, and ringing continues undamped long after initial transients have died out. Their total kinetic energy oscillates with an amplitude as large as 10% of the mean. A fundamental mode dominates. It is homologous expansion/contraction of the entire galaxy (no nodes). Inward or outward velocities due to this mode are sufficiently large in the outer reaches of a galaxy to account for kinematic warps in observed velocity fields. A second spherically symmetrical mode has one node and is important near the center of the galaxy. It may be the driving force behind bulges in spiral galaxies. Two other normal modes have been identified as well. This appears to be the first experimental demonstration of normal mode oscillations within stable galaxy models.
We analyze UV imagery of two Sb bulges and two E galaxies obtained with the Ultraviolet Imaging Telescope during the Astro-1 mission. The UV brightness of these systems is not produced by recent massive star formation. Instead it must originate in relatively low-luminosity objects, probably low-mass, post-giant-branch stars. We find extended, large-amplitude UV color gradients, which are probably related to abundance gradients within the galaxies. M32 has a color gradient opposite to the other three objects, possibly because of an intermediate-age population.
New and revised ultraviolet energy distributions ar presented based on 97 IUE spectra of 31 early-type galaxies and the bulge of M31. Based on optical spectra and morphology, the sample galaxies are divided into star-forming galaxies, active galaxies, and quiescent galaxies. A well-defined nonlinear relationship between (1550-V) color and Mg2 for the 24 quiescent galaxies is obtained. The ultraviolet spectra of these galaxies can be modeled as a sum of two components: a normal, cool stellar population of main-sequence and giant branch stars that is redder at high Mg2, plus a very blue population having a steeply rising UV flux below 2000 A that increases in strength with metallicity. The UV spectra of star-forming galaxies are significantly flatter than the very blue component of quiescent galxies and are consistent with aging bursts of star formation. Two sample population models are explored for the blue stellar component of quiescent galaxies: postasymptotic giant branch stars and young stars from continuing star formation.
New long-slit optical spectroscopy and optical and NIR images of NGC 520 are presented. Velocity-dispersion and radial-velocity profiles are obtained from the spectra with the Fourier quotient and cross-correlation techniques. At the NW optical emission peak, a sharp rise in the velocity dispersions implies a concentration of mass. The NW optical peak is also apparent as a peak in the K-band image, whose NIR colors are consistent with the presence of a typical bulge steller population. These data suggest that the NW peak may be the bulge of one of two galaxies in the system. A larger bulge is clearly evident in the K-band image in the middle of an optical dust lane. The optical colors and H-alpha emission imply that both bulges and the disk of the NW galaxy have experienced recent star formation. The radial-velocity profile in the central 10 arcsec at the larger bulge is consistent with a counterrotating core, in agreement with the CO radial-velocity profile (Sanders et al., 1988). This core could be explained as an accreted gas-rich irregular galaxy which is forming a counterrotating stellar disk.
The morphology of disk galaxies is usually described by two major components, the centrally concentrated spheroidal component, called the bulge, and an oblate disk. The ratio of there contribution to the total luminosity - the bulge-to-disk ratio - is one of the parameters characterizing the Hubble sequence. Following de Vaucouleurs (1948), for most galaxies the radial distribution of the outer spheroid is fairly well described by the r exp 1/4 law I(r)=I(sub 0) exp(-(alpha)r), whereas the radial luminosity distribution of the disk follows an exponential law: I(r)=I(sub 0) exp(-alpha(r exp 1/4)) (Freeman 1970), with r the radial distance from the center. I(sub 0) and alpha are characteristic constants for each individual galaxy. Parameters for the structural properties of these components give important constraints for models of the formation and evolution of galaxies. Therefore we have tried to decompose disk and bulge components from high S/N CCD observations of a sample of edge-on disk galaxies. A common procedure for the decomposition is to model one component in a region where it dominates and subtract it from the combined light distribution. This technique was successfully carried out e.g. by van der Kruit & Earl (1981, 1982) and Wakamatsu & Hamabe (1984, 1989). Here we present two more examples of bulge-dominated edge-on SO galaxies, namely ESO 506-G33 and NGC 7123, which show an additional small and concentrated central component besides disk and 'bulge'.
The current dynamic state and rate of destruction for the system of globular clusters in the Galaxy are modeled. It is found that gravitational shocks due to the central bulge of the Galaxy are very efficient in destroying clusters on highly radial orbits. This effect, extrapolated at the present unweighted destruction rate over 10 to the 10th yr, can account for the observed difference between the velocity distribution of globular clusters and other tracers of the halo population.
We present here the results based on analysis of broad band optical images of radio loud and radio quiet galaxies selected from a set of x-ray galaxies. Data reduction techniques, and surface photometry using the IRAF data reduction package are described. The radial surface brightness profile of each galaxy is obtained. The disc, bulge, and nucleus of the galaxy are modeled based on the estimated brightness profile. The model of the galaxy is constructed, which is subtracted from the observed image to enhance the small scale features in the galaxy. Color maps of the galaxy are obtained and compared with those of normal galaxies. The optical properties of the galaxy are compared with its x-ray and radio properties.
We compare the restframe far-ultraviolet (FUV) morphologies of 8 nearby interacting and starburst galaxies (Arp 269, M 82, Mrk 08, NGC 0520, NGC 1068, NGC 3079, NGC 3310, NGC 7673) with 54 galaxies at z approx.1.5 and 46 galaxies at z approx.4 in the Great Observatories Origins Deep Survey (GOODS) images taken with the Advanced Camera for Surveys onboard the Hubble Space Telescope. We calculate the Gini coefficient (G), the second order moment of 20% of the brightest pixels (M20), and the S ersic index (n). We find that 20% (11/54) of z approx.1.5 and 37% (17/46) of z approx.4 galaxies are bulge-like, using G and M20. We also find approx.70% of the z approx.1.5 and z approx.4 galaxies have exponential disks with n > 0.8. The 2D profile combined with the nonparametric methods provides more detail, concerning the nature of disturbed systems, such as merger and post-merger types. We also provide qualitative descriptions of each galaxy system and at each redshift. We conclude that Mrk 08, NGC 3079, and NGC 7673 have similar morphologies as the starburst FUV restframe galaxies and Lyman-break galaxies at z approx.1.5 and 4, and determine that they are Lyman-break analogs.
The peculiar galaxy NGC 520 (Arp 157) is often interpreted as an interacting pair of galaxies. The identification of the two bulges and overall morphology of the two galaxies has long been a puzzle which the authors attempt to solve here. New longslit optical spectroscopy and near-infrared images of NGC 520 are presented. These data suggest that the northwest peak is the bulge of one of two galaxies in the system. The other larger bulge is clearly evident in the K band image in the middle of the dust lane. The stellar radial velocity profile in the central 10 seconds of the larger bulge is consistent with counterrotation seen in the molecular gas component. This kinematic subsystem could be the remains of a merged gas-rich irregular.
The normal mode oscillations of galaxies we reported recently are large enough to produce observational consequences. The two lowest order modes were both very strong and long lived: the fundamental is a "breathing" mode in which the entire galaxy expands and contracts homologously, while the second radial mode is spherically symmetrical and has one radial node. A sheet of neutral hydrogen in an oscillating galaxy partakes of the general oscillations, and the resulting velocity fields would normally be interpreted in terms of warps or oval distortions. More interestingly, the second radial mode might be a dynamical driver for bulges in early-type spiral galaxies. If bulges result from a dynamical process within the galaxy, there might be other observable properties driven by the same dynamical process. The hole often reported in neutral hydrogen in early type spiral galaxies is one such candidate. It has sometimes been reported to be about the same size as the bulge. We will discuss evidence from velocity fields concerning the fundamental mode and from the coincidence of bulge and HI hole sizes as evidence for the second mode.
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Various papers covering recent findings on stellar populations are presented. The topics addressed include: the bulges of the Galaxy and M31, kinematics of the local subdwarfs and the collapse of the Galaxy, the red stellar population of the local group dwarf galaxies, globular clusters in the local group galaxies, the initial mass function, and star formation histories of galactic disks. Also discussed are: yield and abundance constraints on galactic chemical evolution, population synthesis in early type galaxies, the evolution of stellar populations in galaxies, a theoretical perspective on spectral evolution of galaxies, and the structure and kinematics of galaxy populations.
A relatively direct technique of determining extragalactic distances is described. The method relies on measuring the luminosity fluctuations that arise from the counting statistics of the stars contributing the flux in each pixel of a high signal-to-noise CCD image of a galaxy. The amplitude of these fluctuations is inversely proportional to the distance of the galaxy. This approach bypasses most of the successive stages of calibration required in the traditional extragalactic distance ladder; the only serious drawback to this method is that it requires an accurate knowledge of the bright end of the luminosity function. Potentially, this method can produce accurate distances of elliptical galaxies and spiral bulges at distances out to about 20 Mpc. In this paper, it is explained how to calculate the value of the fluctuations, taking into account various sources of contamination and the effects of finite spatial resolution, and the feasibility and limitations of this technique are demonstrated via simulations and CCD images of M 32 and N 3379.