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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 37 records · Page 2
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS1996

Electrical Conductivity, Relaxation and the Glass Transition: A New Look at a Familiar Phenomenon

Annealed samples from a single melt of a 10 mol% K2O-90SiO2 glass were reheated to temperatures ranging from 450 to 800 C, held isothermally for 20 min, and then quenched in either air or a silicon oil bath. The complex impedance of both the annealed and quenched samples was measured as a function of temperature from 120 to 250 C using ac impedance spectroscopy from 1 Hz to 1 MHz. The dc conductivity, sigma(sub dc), was measured from the low frequency intercept of depressed semicircle fits to the complex impedance data. When the sigma(sub dc) at 150 C was plotted against soak temperature, the results fell into three separate regions that are explained in terms of the glass structural relaxation time, tau(sub S). This sigma(sub dc) plot provides a new way to look the glass transition range, Delta T(sub r). In addition, sigma(sub dc) was measured for different soak times at 550 C, from which an average relaxation time of 7.3 min was calculated. It was found that the size and position of the Delta T(sub r) is controlled by both the soak time and cooling rate.

Angel, Paul W.↗
NASA NTRS1990

Molten (Mg0.88Fe0.12)2SiO4 at lower mantle conditions - Melting products and structure of quenched glasses

Infrared spectra of quenched magnesium silicate glasses synthesized by fusing olivine at pressures in excess of 50 GPa and temperatures greater than 2500 K demonstrate that silicon is dominantly present in four-fold coordination with respect to oxygen within these quenched glasses. This low coordination is attributed, by analogy with the structural behavior of glasses compressed at 300 K, to the instability of higher coordinations in glasses of these compositions on decompression. Spectra of glasses formed in a hydrous environment document that water is extensively soluble in melts at these high pressures and temperatures. Also, these results are consistent with the melting of (Mg0.88Fe0.12)2SiO4 compositions to liquids near pyroxene in stoichiometry under these conditions, with iron-rich magnesiowuestite being the liquidus phase.

Williams, Quentin↗
NASA NTRS1979

Automated Array Assembly, Phase 2

The solar cell module process development activities in the areas of surface preparation are presented. The process step development was carried out on texture etching including the evolution of a conceptual process model for the texturing process; plasma etching; and diffusion studies that focused on doped polymer diffusion sources. Cell processing was carried out to test process steps and a simplified diode solar cell process was developed. Cell processing was also run to fabricate square cells to populate sample minimodules. Module fabrication featured the demonstration of a porcelainized steel glass structure that should exceed the 20 year life goal of the low cost silicon array program. High efficiency cell development was carried out in the development of the tandem junction cell and a modification of the TJC called the front surface field cell. Cell efficiencies in excess of 16 percent at AM1 have been attained with only modest fill factors. The transistor-like model was proposed that fits the cell performance and provides a guideline for future improvements in cell performance.

Carbajal, B. G.↗
NASA NTRS1980

Late Eocene rings around the earth

The suggestion of O'Keefe (1980) that the terminal Eocene event was caused by rings of tektite material encircling the earth is discussed. It is argued that the assumption that the tektites are of lunar volcanic origin is unwarranted and contrary to existing data, including the lack of lunar rocks of suitable composition, the lack of lunar rocks of the correct age, the lack of evidence that the North American tektites fell throughout a sedimentary rock column of a few million years, and the nondetection of a tektite with a measurable cosmic ray exposure age. Alternatively, it is suggested that the terminal Eocene event may be associated with volcanic ash, air-fall tuff and bentonite in the late Eocene. O'Keefe replies that the hypothesis of the terrestrial origin of the tektites conflicts with the laws of physics, for example in the glass structure and shaping of the tektites. Furthermore, evidence is cited for lunar rocks of the proper major-element composition and ages, and it is noted that the proposed solar Poynting-Robertson effect would account for the particle fall distributions and cosmic ray ages.

King, E. A.↗
NASA NTRS1983

Spectral chemistry of green glass-bearing 15426 regolith

The detection of appreciable concentrations of ferric iron in a synthetic green glass equilibrated at an oxygen fugacity of 10 to the -11th atm prompted a Moessbauer spectral study of pristine emerald-green glass spherules carefully handpicked from regolith sample 15426. No Fe(3+) ions were detected in this lunar sample or in a synthetic green glass simulant equilibrated at fO2 = 10 to the -14th atm, suggesting that the green glass clods in rock 15426 formed under conditions of correspondingly low oxygen fugacities. The Moessbauer spectra indicated the presence of olivine crystallites in the lunar emerald green glass spherules. Measurements of homogeneous and partially devitrified synthetic silicate glasses revealed that significant changes of coordination environment about Fe(2+) ions in the glass structure occur during crystallization of olivine crystals from the melt.

Burns, R. G.↗
NASA NTRS2004

Microanalytical Efforts in Support of NASA's Materials Science Programs

Following a brief overview of NASA s Microgravity Materials Science programs, specific examples will be given showing electron beam and optical microscopic applications to two-phase glass structures, dendrite tip radii, solid solution semiconductors, undercooled two-phase stainless steels and meteorites.

Gillies, Donald C.↗
NASA NTRS2006

In-Situ Crystallization of a Lithium Disilicate Glass--Effect of Pressure on Crystal Growth Rate

Crystallization of a Li2O.2SiO2 (LS2) glass subjected to a uniform hydrostatic pressure of 4.5 GPa and 6 GPa was investigated up to a temperature of 750 C. The density of the compressed glass is about 2% greater at 4.5 GPa than at 1 atm and, depending upon the processing temperature, up to 10% greater at 6 GPa. Crystal growth rates investigated as a function of temperature and pressure show that lithium disilicate crystal growth is an order of magnitude slower at 4.5 GPa than 1 atm resulting in a shift of +45 C (plus or minus 10 C) in the growth rate curve at high pressure compared to 1 atm condition. At 6 GPa lithium disilicate crystallization is suppressed entirely, while a new high pressure lithium metasilicate crystallizes at temperatures 95 C (plus or minus 10 C) higher than those reported for lithium disilicate crystallization at 1 atm. The decrease in crystal growth rate with increasing pressure for lithium disilicate glass up to 750 C is related to an increase in viscosity with pressure associated with fundamental changes in glass structure accommodating densification.

Fuss, T.↗
NASA NTRS2026

A Study of Space Environment Effect on Highly Thermally Conductive Hybrid Carbon Fiber Polymer Composites

A set of novel highly thermally conductive hybrid carbon fiber (CF) polymer composites has been developed for lightweight thermal radiator applications in space missions. This study investigates the effects of the space environment on these materials following exposure in low-Earth orbit (LEO) during the Materials International Space Station Experiment (MISSE)-17 flight mission, where samples experienced 159 days of combined atomic oxygen (AO), ultraviolet (UV) radiation, high vacuum, space radiation and thermal cycling. Post-flight characterization included weight loss, surface morphology, thermo-optical properties, molecular structures, glass transition temperature, thermal degradation and thermal conductivity analyses. The pyrolytic graphite sheet (PGS) samples exhibited negligible weight loss, stable thermo-optical property, and only minor oxidation signature on the exposed surface. Although AO erosion of the epoxy polymer matrix was evident, carbon nanotube (CNT)-infused PGS/CF epoxy composites retained high thermal emissivity and preserved their high thermal conductivities. These results demonstrate that the novel highly thermally conductive hybrid CF composites possess strong environmental resilience and are promising candidates for lightweight thermal radiators and thermal management components in future space exploration missions.

Space Environment↗
NASA NTRS1987

Comparison of the structure of harmonic aqueous glasses and liquid water

Glassy structures of water were generated by rapidly quenching configurations of 64 and 343 molecules of liquid water; and the potential energy was then expanded through quadratic order around local minima generated in this way, and the properties of the resulting harmonic system were calculated. The results obtained were used to test the degree to which the structure of liquid water is similar to that of a harmonic aqueous glass. The radial distribution functions for the glass were found to be remarkably similar to those of the liquid. Translational modes were found to be almost entirely responsible for the broadening of the oxygen-oxygen radial distribution function of the quenched configuration, and also primarily responsible for the broadening of other radial distribution functions.

Pohorille, Andrew↗
NASA NTRS1985

Structure-property relations in lanthanide borate glasses

Glass formation in the system Ln2O3-B2O3 (Ln = Nd, Sm) was studied. Glasses could be formed in the range from 0 to 28 mol pct rare-earth oxide (Ln2O3), but liquid immiscibility in these systems limits the range of homogeneous glasses to 0 to 1.5 and 25 to 28 mol pct Ln2O3. The infrared spectra indicate that the rare-earth-rich glasses are structurally similar to rare-earth metaborates (LnB3O6) which contain (B3O6)-infinity chains. The variation in density, transformation temperature, thermal expansion coefficient, and transformation-range viscosity of these glasses with the size of the rare-earth ion is discussed. Glasses near the metaborate composition have a transformation temperature of about 700 C, which is high for binary borate glasses. Glasses could not be formed in the systems Eu2O3-, Gd2O3-, Ho2O3-, and Er2O3-B2O3, even by quenching at 1300 C/s. The sudden lack of glass formation in the system Ln2O3-B2O3 with Ln(3+) ions smaller than Sm(3+) is explained on the basis of the size effect of the Ln(3+) ion on the stability of (B3O6)-infinity chains in these metaborates.

Chakraborty, I. N.↗
NASA NTRS2007

Structural Design of Glass and Ceramic Components for Space System Safety

Manned space flight programs will always have windows as part of the structural shell of the crew compartment. Astronauts and cosmonauts need to and enjoy looking out of the spacecraft windows at Earth, at approaching vehicles, at scientific objectives and at the stars. With few exceptions spacecraft windows have been made of glass, and the lessons learned over forty years of manned space flight have resulted in a well-defined approach for using this brittle, unforgiving material in NASA's vehicles, in windows and other structural applications. This chapter will outline the best practices that have developed at NASA for designing, verifying and accepting glass (and ceramic) windows and other components for safe and reliable use in any space system.

Bernstein, Karen S.↗
NASA NTRS1983

High temperature glass thermal control structure and coating

A high temperature stable and solar radiation stable thermal control coating is described which is useful either as such, applied directly to a member to be protected, or applied as a coating on a re-usable surface insulation (RSI). It has a base coat layer and an overlay glass layer. The base coat layer has a high emittance, and the overlay layer is formed from discrete, but sintered together glass particles to give the overlay layer a high scattering coefficient. The resulting two-layer space and thermal control coating has an absorptivity-to-emissivity ratio of less than or equal to 0.4 at room temperature, with an emittance of 0.8 at 1200 F. It is capable of exposure to either solar radiation or temperatures as high as 2000 F without significant degradation. When used as a coating on a silica substrate to give an RSI structure, the coatings of this invention show significantly less reduction in emittance after long term convective heating and less residual strain than prior art coatings for RSI structures.

Stewart, D. A.↗
NASA NTRS2020

Bonding to Bulk Metallic Glass using Aerospace-Grade Structural Adhesive

Bulk metallic glasses (BMGs) are non-crystalline metals with growing applications in aerospace. Due to their amorphous nature, BMGs generally exhibit stronger mechanical properties than most crystalline alloys and are more corrosion resistant. The limited reactivity of a corrosion resistant surface may explain the difficulty in establishing robust bonds to certain adhesives, especially commonly used structural adhesives for aerospace applications. Here, an amine cured aerospace adhesive was used for bonding an iron-nickel based BMG satellite component. Various types of processes were explored to avoid adhesive failure and increase bond strength. It was found that the BMG required specific chemical derivatization of the metal surface in order to achieve cohesive failure. Surface analysis was used to determine the mechanisms of adhesion enhancement. The process was optimized to maximize bond strength. This work helps explain the difficulties in bonding BMG materials and provides strategies for design of future bonded BMG components.

Roberts, Rose↗
NASA NTRS2006

XRD, TEM, IR, Raman and NMR Spectroscopy of In Situ Crystallization of Lithium Disilicate Glass

The structure of a Li2O-2SiO2 (LS2) glass was investigated as a function of pressure and temperature up to 6 GPa and 750 C respectively, using XRD, TEM, IR, Raman and NMR spectroscopy. Glass densified at 6 GPa has an average Si-O-Si bond angle approx.7deg lower than that found in glass processed at 4.5 GPa. At 4.5 GPa, lithium disilicate crystallizes from the glass, while at 6 GPa a new high pressure form of lithium metasilicate crystallizes. The new phase, while having lithium metasilicate crystal symmetry, contains at least 4 different Si sites. NMR results for 6 GPa sample indicate the presence of Q4 species with (Q(sup 4))Si-O-Si(Q(sup 4)) bond angles of approx.157deg. This is the first reported occurrence of Q(sup 4) species with such large bond angles in alumina free alkali silicate glass. No five- or six- coordinated Si are found.

Fuss, T.↗
NASA NTRS1972

Structure of lunar glasses by Raman and soft X-ray spectroscopy.

X-ray spectra and Raman spectra have been measured from individual particles of lunar glasses. Each particle was analyzed separately by electron microprobe. Silicon emission shifts vary between parent rock types and can be interpreted as a range of Si-O distances from 1.612 to 1.637 A. Aluminum emission shifts relate to the amount of 4- and 6-coordinated Al in the glass. Raman spectra show broadened bands. Certain bands recur in many specimens and relate to the main normative minerals for the glass bulk composition, olivine, pyroxene, and anorthite.

Fabel, G. W.↗