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A floppy disk utility program is described which transfers programs between files on a hard disk and floppy disk. It also copies the data on one floppy disk onto another floppy disk and compares the data. The program operates on the Data General NOVA-4X under the Real Time Disk Operating System. Sample operations are given.
In-flight facility data acquisition, distribution, and recording on the NASA Ames Research Center (ARC) DC-8 are performed by the Data Acquisition and Distribution System (DADS). Navigational and environmental data collected by the DADS are converted to engineering units and distributed real-time to investigator stations once per second. Selected engineering units data are printed and displayed on closed circuit television monitors throughout flights. An in-flight graphical display of the DC-8 flight track (with barbs indicating wind direction and magnitude) has recently been added to the DADS capabilities. Logging of data run starts/stops and commentary from the mission director are also provided. All data are recorded to hard disk in-flight and archived to tape medium post-flight. Post-flight, hard copies of the track map and mission director's log are created by the DADS. The DADS is a distributed system consisting of a data subsystem, an Avionic Serial Data-to-VMEbus (ASD2VME) subsystem, and a host subsystem. Each subsystem has a dedicated central processing unit (CPU) and is capable of stand-alone operation. All three subsystems are housed in a single 20-slot VME chassis and communicate with each other over the VMEbus. The data and host subsystems are briefly discussed, and the DC-8 DADS internal configuration and system block diagram are presented.
The 'TAXI Direct-to-Disk' interface is a special purpose interface unit for demultiplexing of data from a Racal Storeplex (or equivalent) multichannel recorder onto one or more hard disks that reside in, and/or are controlled by, a personal computer (PC). The acronym 'TAXI' signifies transparent asynchronous transceiver interface. The TAXI interface was developed for original use in capturing data from instrumentation on a test stand in a NASA rocket testing facility. The installation of the TAXI interface, in conjunction with other modifications, causes the transfer of data to take place in real time, so that the data are immediately available for review during or after the test.
The TAXI Direct-to-Disk interface is a special-purpose interface circuit for demultiplexing of data from a Racal Storeplex (or equivalent) multichannel recorder onto one or more hard disks that reside in, and/or are controlled by, a personal computer (PC). (The name TAXI as used here is derived from the acronym TAXI, which signifies transparent asynchronous transceiver interface.) The TAXI Direct-to-Disk interface was developed for original use in capturing data from instrumentation on a test stand in a NASA rocket-testing facility. The control, data-recording, and data-postprocessing equipment of the facility are located in a control room at a safe distance from the test stand. Heretofore, the transfer of data from the instrumentation to the postprocessing equipment has entailed post-test downloading via software, requiring many hours to days of post-test reduction before the data could be viewed in a channelized format. The installation of the TAXI Direct-to-Disk interface, in conjunction with other modifications, causes the transfer of data to take place in real time, so that the data are immediately available for review during or after the test. The instrumentation is connected to the input terminals of the signal-processing unit of multichannel recorder by standard coaxial cables. The coaxial output of the signal processing unit is converted to fiber-optic output by means of a commercial coaxial-cable/fiber-optic converter (that is, a fiber-optic transceiver) designed specifically for this application. The fiber-optic link carries the data signals to an identical fiber-optic transceiver in the control room. On the way to the TAXI Direct-to-Disk interface that is the focus of this article, the data signals are processed through a companion special purpose circuit denoted by the similar name parallel TAXI interface.
It is known that the presence of the Fermi sea modifies the scattering of an electron from a point-like impurity. This is due to the Friedel oscillations of the electron density around the impurity. These oscillations create an additional scattering potential for incident electrons. The closer the energy of the incident electron to the Fermi level, the stronger the additional scattering. Here, we study this effect for the case when the impurity is not point-like but rather a hard disk, with a radius much bigger than the de Broglie wavelength. We start with a careful examination of the full and transport cross sections from an extended target. Both cross sections approach their limiting values upon increasing the wave vector of the incident electron. We establish that the transport cross section saturates much faster than the full cross section. With regard to the interaction correction, we establish that it vanishes for the full cross section, while for the transport cross section, it is enhanced compared to the case of a point-like scatterer.
This software provides a programming interface for automating data collection with a PhaseCam interferometer from 4D Technology, and distributing the image-processing algorithm across a cluster of general-purpose computers. Multiple instances of 4Sight (4D Technology s proprietary software) run on a networked cluster of computers. Each connects to a single server (the controller) and waits for instructions. The controller directs the interferometer to several images, then assigns each image to a different computer for processing. When the image processing is finished, the server directs one of the computers to collate and combine the processed images, saving the resulting measurement in a file on a disk. The available software captures approximately 100 images and analyzes them immediately. This software separates the capture and analysis processes, so that analysis can be done at a different time and faster by running the algorithm in parallel across several processors. The PhaseCam family of interferometers can measure an optical system in milliseconds, but it takes many seconds to process the data so that it is usable. In characterizing an adaptive optics system, like the next generation of astronomical observatories, thousands of measurements are required, and the processing time quickly becomes excessive. A programming interface distributes data processing for a PhaseCam interferometer across a Windows computing cluster. A scriptable controller program coordinates data acquisition from the interferometer, storage on networked hard disks, and parallel processing. Idle time of the interferometer is minimized. This architecture is implemented in Python and JavaScript, and may be altered to fit a customer s needs.
Abstract A dual‐function photoelectrochemical (PEC) separation system is demonstrated for rare‐earth element (REE) recovery. The sustainable release of the captured REEs is promoted through the synergistic integration of a redox‐reaction for electrostatic repulsion, and in situ proton generation for ion‐exchange, all driven by photoelectrochemistry. The platform consists of a redox‐copolymer, poly(ferrocenylpropyl methacrylamide‐ co ‐methacrylic acid) (P(FPMAm‐ co ‐MAA)) (PFM), conjugated with carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and coated onto titanium dioxide nanorods (TNRs). The (PFM‐CNT)/TNR spontaneously adsorbs up to 214.2 mg of Yttrium/g PFM by ion‐exchange, and demonstrates broad applicability for other REEs. The adsorbed REEs are released through the PEC oxidation of ferrocene (Fc) to ferrocenium (Fc + ), and the simultaneous PEC water splitting reactions at the TNRs that protonate the carboxylate binding groups. This dual photoelectrochemically‐driven mechanism for REE release is investigated by in situ pH measurements, as well as vibrational and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Through PEC approaches, a 68.8% reduction in energy consumption during REE recovery has been achieved compared to purely electrochemical systems, with a regeneration efficiency close to 100%. For NdFeB magnets from waste hard disk drives, Nd and Dy recovery efficiencies of 59.2 and 61.1% are achieved. The dual‐functionality of these copolymer PEC systems offers a sustainable platform for modulating critical element recovery.
Recovery of rare earth elements (REEs) from end-of-life (EOL) products represents a strategic opportunity to strengthen the domestic supply chain for rare earth elements. This work presents a superstructure-based optimization framework for finding the most economical processing pathway for different EOL rare earth permanent magnets (REPMs). The framework evaluates state-of-the-art technologies across four processing stages—disassembly, demagnetization, leaching and extraction, and precipitation and calcination—using net present value (NPV) maximization and cost of recovery (COR) minimization objectives. A novel bottom-up costing framework for hydrogen decrepitation is also introduced. Two feedstocks were considered: REPMs from EOL hard disk drives (HDDs), and electric and hybrid electric vehicles (EVs and HEVs). While HDD recycling proved unprofitable due to limited feedstock availability, EVs/HEVs were profitable across a range of parameters and cost estimates. Therefore, our findings suggest that the proposed EOL EV/HEV recycling process may be economical and is worthy of further investigation.
The Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) user facility is a US Department of Energy Office of Science user facility that is managed and operated through a collaborative effort led by nine US Department of Energy national laboratories. The ARM Data Center, located at Oak Ridge National Laboratory, is responsible for the timely collection, processing, and delivery of data products to the scientific community. The ARM Data Center holds more than 11,000 data products, including metadata collected from field campaigns, instruments, value-added products, and principal investigator–contributed data. These data sets are checked for successful transfer (for most data, this transfer is carried out automatically via the network; however, some of the largest data sets and some of the most remote sites require manual shipping of hard disks) and both the data and metadata are processed to a standard format, which is an ARM-standardized structure, via the Network Common Data Form. The Network Common Data Form is a self-describing binary format with many compatible software tools. Once processed, the data are cataloged, stored in the ARM Data Archive, and made discoverable through association with an array of metadata-characterizing information, such as location and measurement classification. These metadata enable powerful search capabilities through the ARM Data Center Data Discovery interface. This paper discusses the workflow of how the new discovery system has been redesigned from user requirements and how the data are distributed to the scientific community.
Hard disk drives (HDDs) are used as secondary storage in digital electronic devices owing to low cost and large data storage capacity. Due to the exponentially increasing amount of data, there is a need to increase areal storage densities beyond ~1 Tb/in 2 . This requires the thickness of carbon overcoats (COCs) to be <2 nm. However, friction, wear, corrosion, and thermal stability are critical concerns below 2 nm, limiting current technology, and restricting COC integration with heat assisted magnetic recording technology (HAMR). Here we show that graphene-based overcoats can overcome all these limitations, and achieve two-fold reduction in friction and provide better corrosion and wear resistance than state-of-the-art COCs, while withstanding HAMR conditions. Thus, we expect that graphene overcoats may enable the development of 4–10 Tb/in 2 areal density HDDs when employing suitable recording technologies, such as HAMR and HAMR+bit patterned media.
A method is reported to determine equilibrium concentration profiles and local phase behavior for colloids on multi-dimensional energy landscapes. A general expression is derived based on local particle concentration and osmotic pressure differences that are balanced by forces on colloids due to energy landscape gradients. This analysis is applied to colloidal particles in high frequency AC electric fields within octupolar electrodes, where the energy landscape can be shaped in two dimensions. These results are also directly applicable to any particles having induced dipoles in spatially non-uniform electromagnetic fields. Predictions based on modelling colloids with an effective hard disk equation of state indicate inhomogeneous solid and fluid states coexisting on different shaped energy landscapes including multiple minima. Model predictions show excellent agreement with time-averaged Brownian Dynamic simulations at equilibrium. Findings demonstrate a general approach to understand colloidal phase behavior on energy landscapes due to external fields, which could enable control of colloidal microstructure on morphing energy landscapes and the inverse design of fields to assemble hierarchically structured colloidal materials.
Here this paper presents the hardware, software, and power codesign of an ultra-efficient data storage server with differential power processing (DPP). DPP can reduce the power conversion stress, improve the efficiency, and enhance the functionality of modular power electronics systems. The power inputs of a large number of hard disk drives (HDDs) were connected in series and supported by a multiport ac-coupled differential power processing (MAC-DPP) converter through a multiwinding transformer. Methods for controlling the multi-input multi-output power flow in the multiwinding transformer while avoiding core saturation were investigated. A ten-port MAC-DPP prototype with 700-W/in 3 power density was built to support a 450-W HDD storage system with ten series-stacked voltage domains. The prototype was tested on a 50-HDD server testbench, and the overall system loss is below 1 W (99.77% system efficiency). The server was able to maintain high-speed reading and writing operation of all 50 HDDs against the worst hot-swapping scenarios. A variety of hardware/software configurations and many cloud storage techniques were tested on the fully functioning server. Experimental results show that the energy efficiency of large-scale information systems (CPU/GPU clusters, memory banks, HDD arrays, etc.) can be greatly improved by software, hardware, and power codesign.
Emerging HPC systems are expected to be deployed with an unprecedented level of complexity, due to a deep system memory/storage hierarchy and heterogeneity of the storage hardware. This hierarchy is expected to range from CPU cache through several levels of volatile memory to nonvolatile memory, traditional hard disks, and tape. Simple and efficient methods of data management and movement through this hierarchy is critical for scientific applications using exascale systems. Existing storage system and I/O (SSIO) technologies face severe challenges in dealing with these requirements. POSIX and MPI I/O standards that are the basis for existing I/O libraries and parallel file systems present fundamental challenges in the areas of scalable metadata operations, semantics-based data movement performance tuning, asynchronous operation, and support for scalable consistency of distributed operations. Moving toward new paradigms for SSIO in the extreme-scale era, we have proposed to investigate novel object-based data abstractions and storage mechanisms that take advantage of the deep storage hierarchy and enable proactive automated performance tuning. In order to achieve these overarching goals, we initiated an effort to develop a fundamental new data abstraction, called Proactive Data Containers (PDC). A PDC is a container within a locus of storage (memory, NVRAM, disk, etc.) that stores science data in an object-centric manner. Managing data as objects enables powerful optimization opportunities for data movement and transformations. The R&D focus of this project are: 1) formulation of object-oriented PDCs and their mapping in different levels of the exascale storage hierarchy; 2) efficient strategies for moving data in deep storage hierarchies using PDCs; 3) techniques for transforming and reorganizing data based on application requirements; and 4) novel analysis paradigms for enabling data transformations and user-defined analysis on data in PDCs. Toward achieving these overarching goals, we designed an object-centric application programing interface (API) for HPC, scalable metadata management for object-centric storage systems, and data movement optimizations such as Data Elevator for moving data between two levels of storage devices and TAPIOCA for efficient aggregation of data on compute nodes. We then implemented several components of the PDC system. They include metadata management, data placement services, remote procedure calls, data aggregation, etc. We have put them together into the overall PDC framework.
As part of the Cyclotron Road program, Laminera Inc. worked towards development of atomic layer deposition process customizations and tool modifications to produce synthetic metal films at commercial scale and improve the film quality. Today's state-of-the-art in atomic layer deposited synthetic metal technology is only possible at a research-scale because current tools have practical limitations for scaling industrially and generating high conductivity films. Ultrathin, conformal synthetic metal films have many possible applications such as high surface area nanoporous electrodes for supercapacitors and water desalination devices; protective electrode coatings for electrochemical devices; seed layers for semiconductor device fabrication; or metallic component stabilizing coatings that enable enhanced storage density in next generation hard disk drives. The best synthetic metal conductive and plasmonic properties have been demonstrated using sputtering, which relies on high temperature sputtering with substrate dependent and directional growth limiting usage. This work explored refining process and tool modifications to create ultrathin, conformal, synthetic metal films that can be deposited with high quality over complex three-dimensional surfaces.
X-ray bursts are identified from the UCSD OSO-7 X-ray experiment data. X-ray spectroheliograms of OSO-5, H alpha activity at the limb, and the emergence and disappearance of sunspot groups at the limb were studied and 17 active centers were found as likely seats of the X-ray bursts beyond the limb. The analysis of 37 X-ray bursts and their physical parameters is presented. Results show that (1) the distributions of maximum temperature, maximum emission measure, and characteristic cooling time of the over-the-limb events do not significantly differ from those of disk events; (2) that radiation is the dominant cooling mechanism for the hot flare plasma; and (3) that the scale height for X-ray emission in the 5-10 keV range is large. Observations show that the fraction of soft X-ray bursts which have a nonthermal component is the same on and off of the disk. Hard X-ray emission over extended regions is indicated.
Microprocessor-based system for document production work scheduling, and change control and management information aids in design, development, and control of software. Main components Z80 microprocessor, floppydisk and hard-disk drives, and a character printer. System linked to large computer. Major software components are control program monitor (CP/M), text-editing and wordprocessing system, workbreakdown-schedule processor, and data-base management tool.
An initial step in the integration of an upgrade of a VPS-32 supercomputer to 16 million 64-bit words, to be closely followed by a further upgrade to 32 million words, was to develop a graphics language commonality with other computers at the Langley Center. The power of the upgraded supercomputer is to users at individual workstations, who will aid in defining the direction for future expansions in both graphics software and workstation requirements for the supercomputers. The LAN used is an ETHERNET configuration featuring both CYBER mainframe and PDP 11/34 image generator computers. The system includes a film recorder for image production in slide, CRT, 16 mm film, 35 mm film or polaroid film images. The workstations have screen resolutions of 1024 x 1024 with each pixel being one of 256 colors selected from a palette of 16 million colors. Each screen can have up to 8 windows open at a time, and is driven by a MC68000 microprocessor drawing on 4.5 Mb RAM, a 40 Mb hard disk and two floppy drives. Input is from a keyboard, digitizer pad, joystick or light pen. The system now allows researchers to view computed results in video time before printing out selected data.
This report contains the source code and documentation for a computer program used to process impedance cardiography data. The cardiodynamic measures derived from impedance cardiography are ventricular stroke column, cardiac output, cardiac index and Heather index. The program digitizes data collected from the Minnesota Impedance Cardiograph, Electrocardiography (ECG), and respiratory cycles and then stores these data on hard disk. It computes the cardiodynamic functions using interactive graphics and stores the means and standard deviations of each 15-sec data epoch on floppy disk. This software was designed on a Digital PRO380 microcomputer and used version 2.0 of P/OS, with (minimally) a 4-channel 16-bit analog/digital (A/D) converter. Applications software is written in FORTRAN 77, and uses Digital's Pro-Tool Kit Real Time Interface Library, CORE Graphic Library, and laboratory routines. Source code can be readily modified to accommodate alternative detection, A/D conversion and interactive graphics. The object code utilizing overlays and multitasking has a maximum of 50 Kbytes.