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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 37 records · Page 2
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2021

Analytic Framework for Optimal Sizing of Hydrogen Fueling Stations for Heavy Duty Vehicles at Ports (CRADA 512)

This CRADA presents the strategy that PNNL and Sandia National Laboratories (SNL) will take to support Seattle City Light (SCL) in properly sizing a hydrogen station for class 8 drayage trucks at the Port of Seattle (Port), as part of a coordinated plan of mixed uses for hydrogen. The proper sizing for the fueling station is unique from past experiences because it will be part of a coordinated plan for a multi-use scheme for the hydrogen, and not a stand-alone fueling station. The multiple use-streams, and their relative values, will impact all facets of station sizing and design, including fueling rates, storage technology and size, equipment selection, and safety considerations. The future deployment of this fueling station, and its proper sizing, is seen as a critical first step in the larger vision of utilizing hydrogen to address a range of issues for SCL and the Port. These include, but are not limited to, large scale fueling of medium duty (MD) and heavy duty (HD) vehicles to reduce emissions, support of adjacent light duty (LD) vehicles, support of critical port operation during extreme events (e.g. resiliency), mitigation of capital intensive electrical distribution system upgrades to support evolving port operations, a market resource that can be used by SCL to generate revenue, and support of planned future maritime operations that currently require heavy use of shipboard hydrogen. While the broader use of hydrogen by SCL and the Port is not the focus of this CRADA, how its use impacts the design of the initial vehicle fueling station, and the modular approach, are the central work. As such, this project will develop the framework and process for developing a modular station design that considers the broader range of coordinate uses of hydrogen as an energy resource.

08 HYDROGEN↗
DOE OSTI2022

Opportunities and data requirements for data-driven prognostics and health management in liquid hydrogen storage systems

During the past decade, Prognostics and Health Management (PHM) has become an important set of tools in various areas of industry and academic reliability engineering. PHM consists of a variety of mathematical and computational methods used to support data-driven decision-making to increase the safety, availability, and reliability of complex engineering systems. In particular, PHM can provide crucial insight into reliability and safety design improvements for developing technologies where historical performance and failure data are limited. This is the case of hydrogen fueling and storage technologies. This work presents a high-level approach for designing data-driven PHM applications for bulk liquid hydrogen (LH 2 ) storage systems for hydrogen fueling stations. This paper addresses core aspects of the design, development, and implementation of data-driven PHM applications that can improve the reliability assessment of hydrogen components. The analysis focuses on the relationship between data availability and diagnostic/prognostic capabilities; potential challenges; and integration schemes for current risk mitigation measures. We identify potential condition-monitoring data sources for key components in an LH 2 storage system, including storage tanks, piping, and pumps. Further, we determine that the short-term goals for the implementation of data-driven models in PHM frameworks in hydrogen systems should focus on developing adequate data collection and analysis strategies, as well as exploring the effect on reliability, safety, and regulations for hydrogen systems.

08 HYDROGEN↗
DOE OSTI2021

Data requirements for improving the Quantitative Risk Assessment of liquid hydrogen storage systems

Quantitative Risk Assessment (QRA) supports the development of risk-informed safety codes and standards which are employed to enable the safe deployment of hydrogen technologies essential to decarbonize the transportation sector. System reliability data is a necessary input for rigorous QRA. Here, the lack of reliability data for bulk liquid hydrogen (LH 2 ) storage systems located on site at fueling stations limits the use of QRAs. In turn, this hinders the ability to develop the necessary safety codes and standards that enable worldwide deployment of these stations. Through a QRA-based analysis of a LH 2 storage system, this work focuses on identifying relevant scenario and probability data currently available and ascertaining future data collection requirements regarding risks specific to liquid hydrogen releases. The work developed consists of the analysis of a general bulk LH 2 storage system design located at a hydrogen fueling station. Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA) and traditional QRA modeling tools such as Event Sequence Diagrams (ESD) and Fault Tree Analysis (FTA) are employed to identify, rank, and model risk scenarios related to the release of LH 2 . Based on this analysis, scenario and reliability data needs to add LH 2 -related components to QRA are identified with the purpose of improving the future safety and risk assessment of these systems.

08 HYDROGEN↗
NASA NTRS1986

A 25-LBF gaseous oxygen/gaseous hydrogen thruster for space station application

A prototype 25 lb sub f gaseous oxygen/gaseous hydrogen thruster for Space Station propulsion application was designed and fabricated by Rocketdyne and endurance tested at the NASA/Marshall space Flight Center. The thruster incorporates a regeneratively cooled thrust chamber with a nozzle exit area ratio of 30, a 12-element coaxial injector, a spark igniter, and close-coupled propellant valves. Test results indicate that all major technology issues for long-life gaseous oxygen/gaseous hydrogen thrusters for Space Station application have been resolved.

Heckert, B. J.↗
NASA NTRS2017

International Space Station Lithium-Ion Battery Start-Up

International Space Station Lithium-Ion Battery Start-Up.The International Space Station (ISS) primary Electric Power System (EPS) was originally designed to use Nickel-Hydrogen (Ni-H2) batteries to store electrical energy. The electricity for the space station is generated by its solar arrays, which charge batteries during insolation for subsequent discharge during eclipse. The Ni-H2 batteries are designed to operate at a 35 depth of discharge (DOD) maximum during normal operation in a Low Earth Orbit. As the oldest of the 48 Ni-H2 battery Orbital Replacement Units (ORUs) has been cycling since September 2006, these batteries are now approaching their end of useful life. In 2010, the ISS Program began the development of Lithium-Ion (Li-ion) batteries to replace the Ni-H2 batteries and concurrently funded a Li-Ion ORU and cell life testing project. The first set of 6 Li-ion battery replacements were launched in December 2016 and deployed in January 2017. This paper will discuss the Li-ion battery on-orbit start-up and the status of the Li-Ion cell and ORU life cycle testing.

Lithium-Ion↗
NASA NTRS1977

Hydrogen maser frequency standards for the Deep Space Network

A field operable maser has been developed for use in the Deep Space Network. Maser design was based on two experimental hydrogen maser frequency standards in operation since 1970 at DSN stations. Many design changes have been incorporated into the maser design, both in physics and electronics systems. Short and long term frequency, RF isolation of maser output lines and the lifetime of active physics components have been improved. Automatic fault detection and location, and performance and reliability of the receiver-synthesizer system have also been altered.

Dachel, P. R.↗
DOE OSTI2023

Populating the Hydrogen Component Reliability Database (HYCRED) with Incident Data from Hydrogen Dispensing

Safety, risk, and reliability issues are vital to ensure the continuous and profitable operation of hydrogen technologies. Quantitative risk assessment (QRA) has been used to enable the safe deployment of engineering systems, especially hydrogen fueling stations. However, QRA studies require reliability data which are essential to collect to make the studies as realistic and relevant as possible. These data are currently lacking and data from other industries, such as oil and gas, are used in hydrogen system QRAs. This may lead to inaccurate results since hydrogen fueling stations have differences in physical properties, system design, and operational parameters when compared to other fueling stations, thus necessitating new data sources are necessary to capture the effects of these differences. To address this gap, we developed a structure for a hydrogen component reliability database, (HyCReD) [1], which could be used to generate reliability data to be used in QRA studies. In this paper, we demonstrate populating the HyCReD database with information extracted from new narrative reports on hydrogen fueling station incidents, specifically focused on the dispensing processes. We analyze five new events and demonstrate the feasibility of populating the database and types of meaningful insights that can be obtained at this stage.

component reliability↗
NASA NTRS1988

Space Station battery system design and development

The Space Station Electric Power System will rely on nickel-hydrogen batteries in its photovoltaic power subsystem for energy storage to support eclipse and contingency operations. These 81-Ah batteries will be designed for a 5-year life capability and are configured as orbital replaceable units (ORUs), permitting replacement of worn-out batteries over the anticipated 30-year Station life. This paper describes the baseline design and the development plans for the battery assemblies, the battery ORUs and the battery system. Key elements reviewed are the cells, mechanical and thermal design of the assembly, the ORU approach and interfaces, and the electrical design of the battery system. The anticipated operational approach is discussed, covering expected performance as well as the processor-controlled charge management and discharge load allocation techniques. Development plans cover verification of materials, cells, assemblies and ORUs, as well as system-level test and analyses.

Haas, R. J.↗
DOE OSTI2020

Validation of an Advanced High-Pressure PEM Electrolyzer and Composite Hydrogen Storage

One of the challenges associated with transitioning our nation’s transportation economy to any alternative fuel is bringing fuel production, storage, transportation, and end-customer delivery infrastructure online. There are challenges associated with planning and implementing hydrogen fueling stations at locations relevant to the parallel effort of bringing the related transportation vehicles into the market. There are additional challenges associated with the operation of hydrogen fueling stations and reducing operating costs through energy reduction. Through calculation and design efforts it was concluded that elevating the pressure of a PEM cell stack and further developing hydrogen processing equipment that support elevated pressures while maintaining similar characteristics to their current production counterparts will yield in energy savings and by extension cost reductions. In this report, the design of a 57-bar (827-psig) electrolysis system and electrolysis cell stack is described. Furthermore, the fabrication, component verification, and integrated testing are summarized. Prior to this development effort, Proton had demonstrated thousand of hours of durability on 30-bar (435-psig) differential pressure PEM electrolysis hardware. Proton has sold and installed many of these 30-bar devices at customer sites. Through this project, Proton has developed and tested 57-bar PEM electrolysis, thereby extending the proven capability of PEM electrolysis as a hydrogen generation and electrochemical compression device. A design and validation effort to arrange hydrogen processioning equipment for refueling OEM vehicles was also undertaken within this project. By arranging equipment within two 6-meter ISO shipping containers and further developing NFPA 2 Hydrogen Technologies Code to support containerized hydrogen equipment, efforts to site, install, and commission, and approve hydrogen fueling stations were reduced and now provide a groundwork for future installations.

08 HYDROGEN↗
DOE OSTI2026

Heavy Duty Hydrogen: Reference Station, Fueling Performance Test Device Concepts, and Station Capacity Model (CRADA Final Report)

This project will provide valuable information on (1) reference station design, (2) exploration of design concepts for a fueling performance test device, and (3) modeling of station capacity. The work applies to heavy-duty (HD) hydrogen fueling stations with large dispensing capacity and high flowrates servicing HD hydrogen trucks such as class 8 trucks in long haul applications. Additionally, a 4th area will provide near-real-time verification of fuel quality with on-site hydrogen contaminant detectors (HCDs) for use at both light-duty (LD) and HD stations. The work leverages national lab capabilities including staff and equipment at SNL, NLR, and ANL with collaboration and funding cost share from California agencies (CEC, SCAQMD, and GO-Biz). This project will provide tools and information that lead to more efficient design, acceptance, and commissioning of these larger capacity, higher flowrate stations serving HD applications. The HCD work will benefit both LD and HD stations. Note: The 4th area (HCD) mentioned above continued outside of this CRADA and will not be included in this report. There are no tasks included in this CRADA for HCD and the summary text for it should have been removed prior to this CRADA contract execution but remained in error and is included here for completeness.

08 HYDROGEN↗
DOE OSTI2024

Design of the cryogenic moderator system for the second target station

The Second Target Station (STS) at Oak Ridge National Laboratory will be a 700 kW pulsed spallation neutron source designed to provide the world's highest brightness cold neutron beams. In order to produce the required neutron performance, two compact liquid hydrogen moderators are located adjacent to the tungsten spallation target and must be supplied with less than 20 K hydrogen and a para hydrogen fraction of 99.8% or greater. The Cryogenic Moderator System (CMS) will consist of a single hydrogen loop feeding the two moderators in series cooled by a helium refrigerator with a cooling capacity of 2.5 kW at 17 K. The hydrogen loop consists of a hydrogen circulator, hydrogen helium heat exchanger, ortho-para converter, accumulator, transfer lines and heater. The design of the hydrogen loop is based on the CMS design of the First Target Station at the Spallation Neutron Source and some of the component designs may be reused. General hydrogen temperature control is provided by controlling the flowrate of helium to the heat exchanger. The hydrogen loop will have a constant flowrate of 0.5 L/s and remove a nuclear heat load of about 850 W from the two moderators, which is deposited both directly in the hydrogen and the adjacent hydrogen containing structures. Because the nuclear heat load is accelerator driven, the hydrogen system must remain stable when the heat load is removed instantaneously during beam trips. System stability is maintained passively with the accumulator and actively with the heater. Ionizing radiation which interacts with the liquid hydrogen drives backconversion of the hydrogen from parahydrogen to orthohydrogen. The STS moderator performance is very sensitive to small fractions of orthohydrogen requiring an ortho-para converter to maintain the hydrogen supplied to the moderators at near equilibrium parahydrogen concentration. STS CMS is in the early stage of preliminary design and current focus is evaluating component sizing and system stability during beam transients.

Janney, Jim↗
DOE OSTI2023

Overview on Shielding Analyses for the VENUS Instrument at SNS

VENUS, a world‐class versatile neutron imaging instrument, is under construction and is expected to be completed and ready to start commissioning in 2023. The range of cold to epithermal neutrons at SNS will give users of VENUS access to novel imaging methods, as well as to significantly improved existing methods. The instrument is being built on beam line 10 at Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) First Target Station (FTS) facing a decoupled poisoned hydrogen moderator. Instrument design, which includes optics, Front-End components and instrument enclosure components and shape started over 10 years ago and during this time had significant changes. All changes were supported by neutronics analyses to provide adequate shielding for both Front-End and instrument enclosure.Final optics design will provide the field of view (FOV) at the detector position (where the image is formed) to be as high as 0.20 by 0.20 m. Both the beam, which contains a large fraction of high-energy neutrons, and the desire for a large footprint on the detector are challenges for shielding design and budget, because the driving cost for the instrument is the beam line and enclosure shielding. For cost reason VENUS baseline design is optimized with respect to both the instrument cave footprint and its wall thickness, and Front-End shielding is tailored along the beam. Analyses are performed with the Monte Carlo particle transport code MCNPX version 2.7.0 to make choices on materials, thicknesses and configurations of the shielding. Numerous calculations are performed to meet space and coast constrain and to satisfy instrument physics needs and to comply with radiation protection requirements.

Gallmeier, Franz X.↗
NASA NTRS2010

Sabatier Reactor System Integration with Microwave Plasma Methane Pyrolysis Post-Processor for Closed-Loop Hydrogen Recovery

The Carbon Dioxide Reduction Assembly (CRA) designed and developed for the International Space Station (ISS) represents the state-of-the-art in carbon dioxide reduction (CDRe) technology. The CRA produces water and methane by reducing carbon dioxide with hydrogen via the Sabatier reaction. The water is recycled to the Oxygen Generation Assembly (OGA) and the methane is vented overboard resulting in a net loss of hydrogen. The proximity to earth and the relative ease of logistics resupply from earth allow for a semi-closed system on ISS. However, long-term manned space flight beyond low earth orbit (LEO) dictates a more thoroughly closed-loop system involving significantly higher recovery of hydrogen, and subsequent recovery of oxygen, to minimize costs associated with logistics resupply beyond LEO. The open-loop ISS system for CDRe can be made closed-loop for follow-on missions by further processing methane to recover hydrogen. For this purpose, a process technology has been developed that employs a microwave-generated plasma to reduce methane to hydrogen and acetylene resulting in 75% theoretical recovery of hydrogen. In 2009, a 1-man equivalent Plasma Pyrolysis Assembly (PPA) was delivered to the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) for technical evaluation. The PPA has been integrated with a Sabatier Development Unit (SDU). The integrated process configuration incorporates a sorbent bed to eliminate residual carbon dioxide and water vapor in the Sabatier methane product stream before it enters the PPA. This paper provides detailed information on the stand-alone and integrated performance of both the PPA and SDU. Additionally, the integrated test stand design and anticipated future work are discussed.

Abney, Morgan B.↗
NASA NTRS1988

25-LBF GO2/GH2 space station thruster

Multiple 25-lbf oxygen/gaseous hydrogen thruster assemblies for the Space Station propulsion application were designed and fabricated by Rocketdyne and endurance tested at the NASA/Marshall Space Flight Center. The thrusters incorporate a regeneratively cooled thrust chamber with a nozzle area ratio of 30, a 12-element coaxial injector, an ignition system, and close-coupled propellant valves. The various thruster configurations comprised of mating different injectors and thrust chambers. Over 2 million lbf-sec of impulse was demonstrated at mixture ratios from 3 to 8.4 at vacuum conditions. A thruster was subjected to over 10,000 pulses during which minimum impulse bits of less than 0.5 lb/sec were repeatedly and reliably demonstrated. A total operating time of 25.6 hr was accumulated on the thruster assemblies with one 6.1-hr. continuous firing duration. The thrusters operated between a thrust range of 11.2 and 36.6 lbf. The test results indicate that all major technology issues for long-life gaseous oxygen/gaseous hydrogen thrusters for the Space Station application have been resolved.

Finden, L. E.↗
NASA NTRS1973

Hydrogen depolarized cell pair definition for space station application

Evaluation testing of the cell pair design of an electrochemical carbon dioxide collection subsystem was conducted. The system is proposed for use with the space station prototype. The objectives of the analytical and miscellaneous tasks in support of the test program are explained. An analysis was made of the number of cells required for the space station prototype. It was determined that 33 cell pairs would satisfy the space station prototype performance.

Russell, C. R.↗
NASA NTRS2002

International Space Station Nickel-Hydrogen Battery Startup and Initial Performance

The Battery Orbital Replacement Unit (ORU) was designed to meet the following requirements: a 6.5-year design life, 38,000 charge/discharge Low Earth Orbit cycles, 81-Amp-hr nameplate capacity, 4 kWh nominal storage capacity, contingency orbit capability, an operating temperature of 5 +/- 5 C standard orbit and 5+5/-10 C contingency orbit, a non-operating temperature of -25 to +30 C, a five-year Mean Time between failure, an on-orbit replacement using ISS robotic interface, and one launch to orbit and one return to ground. The ISS electrical power system is successfully maintaining power for all on-board loads. ISS Eclipse power is currently supplied by six Ni-H2 batteries (12 ORUs), which are operating nominally.

Dalton, Penni↗
DOE OSTI2024

H2@Scale CRADA: CA Research Consort. (Ref. Station, Fueling Perf. Test Device, Station Cap Model)

In support of DOE's H2@Scale initiative, this project leverages with national lab capabilities at SNL, NREL, and ANL with collaboration and funding cost share from California agencies (CEC, South Coast AQMD, and GO-Biz) to enable the build-out of heavy-duty (HD) hydrogen fueling stations with large dispensing capacity and high flow rates by providing tools and information that lead to more efficient design, acceptance, and commissioning. In this presentation, we describe the progress as related to the subtasks of: HD Reference Station Design, HD Station Test Device Design, and the Station Capacity Model.

AMR↗
DOE OSTI2021

Cost of a potential hydrogen-refueling network for heavy-duty vehicles with long-haul application in Germany 2050

Long-distance road-freight transport emits a large share of Germany's greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. A potential solution for reducing GHG emissions in this sector is to use green hydrogen in fuel cell electric vehicles (FC-HDV) and establish an accompanying hydrogen refueling station (HRS) network. In this paper, we apply an existing refueling network design model to a HDV-HRS network for Germany until 2050 based on German traffic data for heavy-duty trucks and estimate its costs. Comparing different fuel supply scenarios (pipeline vs. on-site), the on-site scenario results show a network consisting of 137 stations at a cost of 8.38 billion € per year in 2050 (0.40 € per vehicle km), while the centralized scenario with the same amount of stations shows a cheaper cost with 7.25 billion euros per year (0.35 € per vehicle km). Finally, the hydrogen cost (LCOH) varies from 5.59 €/kg (pipeline) to 6.47 €/kg (on-site) in 2050.

08 HYDROGEN↗