Application of a bounded range error model to the evaluation of the information content of a single pass of Doppler data
Bounded range error model applied to evaluation of information content of single pass of Doppler data
RANGE ERROR↗
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Radio-Frequency Tank Eigenmode Sensor for Propellant Quantity Gauging
Although there are several methods for determining liquid level in a tank, there are no proven methods to quickly gauge the amount of propellant in a tank while it is in low gravity or under low-settling thrust conditions where propellant sloshing is an issue. Having the ability to quickly and accurately gauge propellant tanks in low-gravity is an enabling technology that would allow a spacecraft crew or mission control to always know the amount of propellant onboard, thus increasing the chances for a successful mission. The Radio Frequency Mass Gauge (RFMG) technique measures the electromagnetic eigenmodes, or natural resonant frequencies, of a tank containing a dielectric fluid. The essential hardware components consist of an RF network analyzer that measures the reflected power from an antenna probe mounted internal to the tank. At a resonant frequency, there is a drop in the reflected power, and these inverted peaks in the reflected power spectrum are identified as the tank eigenmode frequencies using a peak-detection software algorithm. This information is passed to a pattern-matching algorithm, which compares the measured eigenmode frequencies with a database of simulated eigenmode frequencies at various fill levels. A best match between the simulated and measured frequency values occurs at some fill level, which is then reported as the gauged fill level. The database of simulated eigenmode frequencies is created by using RF simulation software to calculate the tank eigenmodes at various fill levels. The input to the simulations consists of a fairly high-fidelity tank model with proper dimensions and including internal tank hardware, the dielectric properties of the fluid, and a defined liquid/vapor interface. Because of small discrepancies between the model and actual hardware, the measured empty tank spectra and simulations are used to create a set of correction factors for each mode (typically in the range of 0.999 1.001), which effectively accounts for the small discrepancies. These correction factors are multiplied to the modes at all fill levels. By comparing several measured modes with the simulations, it is possible to accurately gauge the amount of propellant in the tank. An advantage of the RFMG approach of applying computer simulations and a pattern-matching algorithm is that the Although there are several methods for determining liquid level in a tank, there are no proven methods to quickly gauge the amount of propellant in a tank while it is in low gravity or under low-settling thrust conditions where propellant sloshing is an issue. Having the ability to quickly and accurately gauge propellant tanks in low-gravity is an enabling technology that would allow a spacecraft crew or mission control to always know the amount of propellant onboard, thus increasing the chances for a successful mission. The Radio Frequency Mass Gauge (RFMG) technique measures the electromagnetic eigenmodes, or natural resonant frequencies, of a tank containing a dielectric fluid. The essential hardware components consist of an RF network analyzer that measures the reflected power from an antenna probe mounted internal to the tank. At a resonant frequency, there is a drop in the reflected power, and these inverted peaks in the reflected power spectrum are identified as the tank eigenmode frequencies using a peak-detection software algorithm. This information is passed to a pattern-matching algorithm, which compares the measured eigenmode frequencies with a database of simulated eigenmode frequencies at various fill levels. A best match between the simulated and measured frequency values occurs at some fill level, which is then reported as the gauged fill level. The database of simulated eigenmode frequencies is created by using RF simulation software to calculate the tank eigenmodes at various fill levels. The input to the simulations consists of a fairly high-fidelity tank model with proper dimensions and including internal tank harare, the dielectric properties of the fluid, and a defined liquid/vapor interface. Because of small discrepancies between the model and actual hardware, the measured empty tank spectra and simulations are used to create a set of correction factors for each mode (typically in the range of 0.999 1.001), which effectively accounts for the small discrepancies. These correction factors are multiplied to the modes at all fill levels. By comparing several measured modes with the simulations, it is possible to accurately gauge the amount of propellant in the tank. An advantage of the RFMG approach of applying computer simulations and a pattern-matching algorithm is that the
Zimmerli, Gregory A.↗
Information content of a single pass of phase-delay data from a short baseline connected element interferometer
An analytic development of the information array obtained with a single tracking pass of phase-delay measurements made from a short baseline interferometer is presented. Phase-delay observations can be made with great precision from two antennas using a single, common distributed frequency standard, hence the name connected element. With the information array, closed-form expressions are developed for the error covariance in declination and right ascension. These equations serve as useful tools for analyzing the relative merits of candidate station locations for connected element interferometry (CEI). The navigation performance of a short baseline interferometer located at the Deep Space Network's (DSN's) Goldstone intracomplex is compared with that which is presently achievable using Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) over intercontinental baselines. The performance of an intracomplex pair of short baselines formed by three stations is also investigated, along with the use of a single baseline in conjunction with conventional two-way Doppler data. The phase-delay measurement accuracy and data rate used in the analysis are based on the expected performance of an experimental connected element system presently under construction at Goldstone. The results indicate that the VLBI system that will be used during the Galileo mission can determine the declination and right ascension of a distant spacecraft to an accuracy of 20 to 25 nrad, while the CEI triad system and the combination of CEI-Doppler system are both capable of 30 to 70 nrad performance.
Thurman, S. W.↗
Autonomous System for Monitoring the Integrity of Composite Fan Housings
A low-cost and reliable system assesses the integrity of composite fan-containment structures. The system utilizes a network of miniature sensors integrated with the structure to scan the entire structural area for any impact events and resulting structural damage, and to monitor degradation due to usage. This system can be used to monitor all types of composite structures on aircraft and spacecraft, as well as automatically monitor in real time the location and extent of damage in the containment structures. This diagnostic information is passed to prognostic modeling that is being developed to utilize the information and provide input on the residual strength of the structure, and maintain a history of structural degradation during usage. The structural health-monitoring system would consist of three major components: (1) sensors and a sensor network, which is permanently bonded onto the structure being monitored; (2) integrated hardware; and (3) software to monitor in-situ the health condition of in-service structures.
Qing, Xinlin P.↗
Coupled fuel performance calculations in VERA and demonstration on Watts Bar unit 1, cycle 1
As the core simulator capabilities in the Virtual Environment for Reactor Applications (VERA) have become more mature and stable, increased attention has been focused on coupling Bison to provide fuel performance simulations. This technique has been a very important driver for the pellet-clad interaction challenge problem being addressed by the Consortium for Advanced Simulation of Light Water Reactors (CASL). Here, two coupling approaches are demonstrated on quarter core problems based on Watts Bar Nuclear Plant Unit 1, Cycle 1: (1) an inline approach in which a one-way coupling is used between neutronics/thermal hydraulics (through MPACT/CTF) and fuel performance (through Bison) but no fuel temperature information is passed back to MPACT/CTF, and (2) a two-way approach (coupled) in which the fuel temperature is passed from Bison to MPACT/CTF. In both approaches, power and temperature distributions from MPACT/CTF are used to inform the Bison simulations for each rod in the core.The demonstrations presented here are the first integrated fuel performance simulations in VERA, which opens many possibilities for future work, including applications to accident-tolerant fuel efforts and transient simulations, which are of critical importance to CASL. These demonstrations also highlight the potential to move away from the current Bison-informed fuel temperature lookup table approach, which is the default in MPACT/CTF simulations, if performance improvements are made in the near future.
11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗
NASA's Electronic Procurement System and the Impact on Small Business
Three workshops, held in Lancaster, Orange County and Compton, were produced by the Los Angeles Regional Technology Alliance (LARTA) and NASA Far West Technology Transfer Center (FWRTTC). The workshops were held on December 12, 1997, February 5, 1998, and March 30, 1998, respectively. The purpose behind these workshops was to spread information regarding NASA procurement opportunities to small businesses in the region. This was accomplished by inviting economic and business development organizations to the three workshops, presenting NASA procurement resources to them, and asking them to distribute this information to the small businesses in their communities. With the assistance of LARTA, marketing and publicity in the form of direct mail, telemarketing, and promotion via a web site was implemented to publicize the workshops. These methods were remarkably effective because they enabled the workshops to attain its full capacity. Further publicity was provided by Wendy Reed of Valley Focus Magazine, an Antelope Valley Magazine aimed at business people. Her article entitled, "Doing Business with the Government" recapped the Lancaster workshop that she had attended and made references to several presentations. In the article, she discussed selling to the government via electronic commerce, and specifically mentioned Robert Medina, the NASA Dryden Small Business Specialist, as a contact person for those interested in pursuing procurement opportunities. The feedback provided by the participants is illustrated by the enclosed graphs and charts. These figures represent the number of participants who have frequented web sites presented at workshops, specifically the NASA procurement resources, and how extensive information dissemination was. Input from participants was favorable and encouraged more NASA Dryden workshops directly to the small business communities. There was an overwhelming response to the benefit of the NASA procurement opportunities presented at the workshops. Ninety-nine percent of participants who responded to surveys expressed that the NASA procurement information was beneficial. By the fifth month after the start of the workshops, NASA procurement resource inquiries peaked at 100%. Also during this time, 100% of respondents to a survey mentioned that they had passed along information from workshops to other small businesses or organizations that could benefit from it. These results indicate successful implementation of the Dryden Workshops. The objective of spreading NASA procurement opportunities throughout small businesses in the region was achieved through the three workshops. In conclusion, we recommend that further NASA procurement workshops be funded to continue the education and outreach that has been started. We also feel that in addition to targeting economic development service providers, Dryden procurement should also be provided directly to small business communities.
Dozier, Ken↗
On the Concept of Varying Influence Radii for a Successive Corrections Objective Analysis
There has been a long standing concept by those who use successive corrections objective analysis that the way to obtain the most accurate objective analysis is first, to analyze for the long wavelengths and then to build in the details of the shorter wavelengths by successively decreasing the influence of the more distant observations upon the interpolated values. Using the Barnes method, the filter characteristics were compared for families of response curves that pass through a common point at a reference wavelength. It was found that the filter cutoff is a maximum if the filter parameters that determine the influence of observations are unchanged for both the initial and corrections passes. This information was used to define and test the following hypothesis. If accuracy is defined by how well the method retains desired wavelengths and removes undesired wavelengths, then the Barnes method gives the most accurate analyses if the filter parameter on the initial and corrections passes are the same. This hypothesis does not follow the usual conceptual approach to successive corrections analysis.
Achtemeier, Gary L.↗
A layered abduction model of perception: Integrating bottom-up and top-down processing in a multi-sense agent
A layered-abduction model of perception is presented which unifies bottom-up and top-down processing in a single logical and information-processing framework. The process of interpreting the input from each sense is broken down into discrete layers of interpretation, where at each layer a best explanation hypothesis is formed of the data presented by the layer or layers below, with the help of information available laterally and from above. The formation of this hypothesis is treated as a problem of abductive inference, similar to diagnosis and theory formation. Thus this model brings a knowledge-based problem-solving approach to the analysis of perception, treating perception as a kind of compiled cognition. The bottom-up passing of information from layer to layer defines channels of information flow, which separate and converge in a specific way for any specific sense modality. Multi-modal perception occurs where channels converge from more than one sense. This model has not yet been implemented, though it is based on systems which have been successful in medical and mechanical diagnosis and medical test interpretation.
Josephson, John R.↗
A high-speed lossless data compression system for space applications
This paper reports on the integration of a lossless data compression/decompression chipset into a space data system architecture. For its compression engine, the data system incorporates the Universal Source Encoder (USE) designed for the NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center. Currently, the data compression testbed generates video frames consisting of 512 lines of 512 pixels having 8-bit resolution. Each image is passed through the USE where the lines are internally partitioned into 16-word blocks. These blocks are adaptively encoded across widely varying entropy levels using a Rice 12-option set coding algorithm. The current system operates at an Input/Output rate of 10 Msamples/s or 80 Mbits/s for each buffered input line. Frame and line synchronization for each image are maintained through the use of uniquely decodable command words. Length information of each variable length compressed image line is also included in the output stream. The data and command information are passed to the next stage of the system architecture through a serial fiber-optic transmitter. The initial segment of this stage consists of packetizer hardware which adds an appropriate CCSDS header to the received source data. An uncompressed mode is optionally available to pass image lines directly to the packetizer hardware. A data decompression testbed has also been developed to confirm the data compression operation.
Miko, Joe↗
Determining the locations of the various CIRC recording format information blocks (user data blocks, C2 and C1 words and EFM frames) on a recorded compact disc
Just prior to its being EFM modulated (i.e., converted to eight-to-fourteen channel data by the EFM encoder) and written to a Compact Disc (CD), information that passes through the CIRC Block Encoder is grouped into 33-byte blocks referred to as EFM frames. Twenty four of the bytes that make up a given EFM frame are user data that was input into the CIRC encoder at various (different) times, 4 of the bytes of this same EFM frame were created by the C2 ECC encoder (each at a different time), and another 4 were created by the C1 ECC encoder (again, each at a different time). The one remaining byte of the given EFM frame, which is known as the EFM frame C&D (for Control & Display) byte, carries information that identifies which portion of the current disc program track the given EFM frame belongs to and also specifies the location of the given EFM frame on the disc (in terms of a time stamp that has a resolution of l/75th second, or 98 EFM frames). (Note: since the program track and time information is stored as a 98-byte word, a logical group consisting of 98 consecutive EFM frames must be read, and their respective C&D bytes must be catenated and decoded, before the program track identification and time position information that pertains to the entire block of 98 EFM frames can be obtained.) The C&D byte is put at the start (0th byte) of an EFM frame in real time; its placement completes the construction of the EFM frame - it is assigned just before the EFM frame enters the EFM encoder. Four distinct blocks of data are referred to: 24-byte User Input Data Blocks; 28-byte C2 words; 32-byte C1 words; and 33-byte EFM frames.
Howe, Dennis G.↗
Scientist-Guided Autonomy for Self-Reliant Rovers
Although Mars rover missions have been highly successful in accomplishing scientific objectives, mission productivity is limited by challenges stemming from the need for commanding ground-based targeted observations under communication constraints imposed by the large distance between Earth and Mars. With an aging fleet of sun-synchronous relay orbiters, the opportunities for regular communication with rovers may become even more limited. In addition to on-board planning, robust navigation, and health assessment, there are strategies to make future rovers more self-reliant by enabling them to perform autonomous scientific characterizations of new areas during periods without an opportunity for ground-based targeted observations. In particular, we have studied how a ”walkabout” strategy, in which an initial high-level characterization of a region is used to informed subsequent passes with specific targeted observations, was used successfully during the investigation of Pahrump Hills by the Mars Science Laboratory. Inspired by this approach, we have identified several capabilities that could allow a rover to autonomously perform some of these initial high-level characterization steps. In this paper, we describe technologies for identifying specific geologic units, regions, or features of interest, identifying areas of contact between two adjacent units, detecting and determining the orientation of layering within rock units, identifying novel and interesting features, and planning observations of regions with different sampling strategies using remote sensing instruments. The observations acquired with these approaches are driven by scientists’ guidance and can provide scientists with data to help inform their decisions about where to make more resource-intensive targeted observations.
Doran, Gary↗
Real-Time Wireless Data Acquisition System
Current and future aerospace requirements demand the creation of a new breed of sensing devices, with emphasis on reduced weight, power consumption, and physical size. This new generation of sensors must possess a high degree of intelligence to provide critical data efficiently and in real-time. Intelligence will include self-calibration, self-health assessment, and pre-processing of raw data at the sensor level. Most of these features are already incorporated in the Wireless Sensors Network (SensorNet(TradeMark)), developed by the Instrumentation Group at Kennedy Space Center (KSC). A system based on the SensorNet(TradeMark) architecture consists of data collection point(s) called Central Stations (CS) and intelligent sensors called Remote Stations (RS) where one or more CSs can be accommodated depending on the specific application. The CS's major function is to establish communications with the Remote Stations and to poll each RS for data and health information. The CS also collects, stores and distributes these data to the appropriate systems requiring the information. The system has the ability to perform point-to-point, multi-point and relay mode communications with an autonomous self-diagnosis of each communications link. Upon detection of a communication failure, the system automatically reconfigures to establish new communication paths. These communication paths are automatically and autonomously selected as the best paths by the system based on the existing operating environment. The data acquisition system currently under development at KSC consists of the SensorNet(TradeMark) wireless sensors as the remote stations and the central station called the Radio Frequency Health Node (RFHN). The RFF1N is the central station which remotely communicates with the SensorNet(TradeMark) sensors to control them and to receive data. The system's salient feature is the ability to provide deterministic sensor data with accurate time stamps for both time critical and non-time critical applications. Current wireless standards such as Zigbee(TradeMark) and Bluetooth(Registered TradeMark) do not have these capabilities and can not meet the needs that are provided by the SensorNet technology. Additionally, the system has the ability to automatically reconfigure the wireless communication link to a secondary frequency if interference is encountered and can autonomously search for a sensor that was perceived to be lost using the relay capabilities of the sensors and the secondary frequency. The RFHN and the SensorNet designs are based on modular architectures that allow for future increases in capability and the ability to expand or upgrade with relative ease. The RFHN and SensorNet sensors .can also perform data processing which forms a distributed processing architecture allowing the system to pass along information rather than just sending "raw data points" to the next higher level system. With a relatively small size, weight and power consumption, this system has the potential for both spacecraft and aircraft applications as well as ground applications that require time critical data.
Valencia, Emilio J.↗
The Power of Story
A major knowledge-sharing issue that is the source of many project problems: how to communicate our intentions so that the information received is the same as the information given. One answer is conversation-the back-and-forth of statement, question, and response that gradually brings talkers and listeners to a shared understanding. Stories also offer a way to share knowledge effectively. While the story teller's intent and the listener's interpretation will not be identical, a good story reliably communicates essential knowledge so it is not only understood but absorbed and embraced. Narrative is one of the oldest knowledge-transfer systems in the world. Religion knows it. Politicians know it. Fairytales know it. Now, knowledge management practitioners are coming to know it, too. But why are stories such a powerful knowledge-transfer tool? And what kinds of knowledge do they transfer? Joseph Campbell, the mythologist, defined stories as serving four major functions: the mystical, the cosmological, the sociological, and the pedagogical. The mystical function of narrative lies in its ability to open up emotional realization that often connects with a transcendent idea such as love or forgiveness. He calls this realization "mystical" because it connects the self with the universal. What Campbell calls the cosmological function of stories relates the self to the outside world, focusing on action, on understanding cause and effect and our role in it. For the cosmological function of stories "to be up to date and really to work in the minds of people who are living in the modern scientific world," Campbell notes, "it must incorporate the modern scientific world." We must continually tell stories that demonstrate our current vision of the world. The sociological function of stories, Campbell explains, helps maintain and validate the social order of a society. Stories pass on information about power relationships, taboos, laws, and the inner workings of communities. Countries and religions have stories that serve this function and so do organizations and project teams, where stories about project work communicate information about behaviors and attitudes that are expected and rewarded or frowned upon and penalized. Functioning pedagogically, says Campbell, narratives guide individuals harmoniously through the stages of life in terms of their world today, with its current goods, values, and dangers. These are stories that deal with life transitions and guide us from one stage to another. Stories powerfully serve these functions partly because of two great strengths: their ability to engage listeners personally and emotionally and their use of metaphor. And it turns out that these two things are related.
Cohen, Don↗
Learning diffractive optical communication around arbitrary opaque occlusions
Abstract Free-space optical communication becomes challenging when an occlusion blocks the light path. Here, we demonstrate a direct communication scheme, passing optical information around a fully opaque, arbitrarily shaped occlusion that partially or entirely occludes the transmitter’s field-of-view. In this scheme, an electronic neural network encoder and a passive, all-optical diffractive network-based decoder are jointly trained using deep learning to transfer the optical information of interest around the opaque occlusion of an arbitrary shape. Following its training, the encoder-decoder pair can communicate any arbitrary optical information around opaque occlusions, where the information decoding occurs at the speed of light propagation through passive light-matter interactions, with resilience against various unknown changes in the occlusion shape and size. We also validate this framework experimentally in the terahertz spectrum using a 3D-printed diffractive decoder. Scalable for operation in any wavelength regime, this scheme could be particularly useful in emerging high data-rate free-space communication systems.
36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
Screening of metal complexes and organic solvents using the COSMOSAC-LANL model to enhance the energy density in a non-aqueous redox flow cell: an insight into the solubility
In this paper, we have proposed a first-principles methodology to screen transition metal complexes against a particular organic solvent and organic solvents against a particular transition metal complex based on their solubility information without the knowledge of heat of fusion and melting temperature. The energy density of a non-aqueous redox flow cell directly depends on the solubility of the redox active species in the non-aqueous medium. Here, we have used the “COSMOSAC-LANL” activity coefficient model which is based on first-principles COSMO calculations where the microscopic information is passed to the macroscopic world via a dielectric continuum solvation model, followed by a post-statistical thermodynamic treatment of the self-consistent properties of the solute particle to calculate the solubility. To model the activity coefficient at infinite dilution for the binary mixtures, a 3-suffix Margules (3sM) function is introduced for the quantitative estimation of the asymmetric interactions and, for the combinatorial term, the Staverman–Guggenheim (SG) form is used. The new activity coefficient model is separately called the “LANL” activity coefficient model. The metal complex and the organic solvent have been treated as a simple binary mixture. The present model has been applied to a set of 14 different organic solvents and 16 different transition metal complexes. Using the new LANL activity coefficient model in combination with the ADF-COSMOSAC-2013 model, we have shown how one can improve the solubility of a transition metal complex in an organic solvent. We applied our model to screen 84 binary mixtures to predict the compatible pair of redox active species and organic solvent to increase the energy density. The solvation mechanism of the transition metal complexes in the organic solvents was obtained using the new model. The results have been compared with the experimental and theoretical results where they are available.
37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
Dimensionality reduction of the many-body problem using coupled-cluster subsystem flow equations: classical and quantum computing perspective
We discuss reduced-scaling strategies employing recently introduced sub-system embedding sub-algebras coupled-cluster formalism (SES-CC) to describe many-body systems. These strategies utilize properties of the SES-CC formulations where the equations describing certain classes of sub- systems can be integrated into a computational flows composed coupled eigenvalue problems of reduced dimensionality. Additionally, these flows can be defined at the level of the CC Ansatz defined by selected classes of cluster amplitudes, which define the wave function ”memory” of possible partitionings of the many-body system into constituent sub-systems. One of the possible ways of solving these coupled problems is through implementing procedures, where the information is passed between the sub-systems in a self-consistent manner. As a special case, we consider local flow formulations where the so-called local character of correlation effects can be closely related to properties of sub-system embedding sub-algebras employing localized molecular basis. We also generalize flow equations to the time domain and to downfolding methods utilizing double exponential unitary CC Ansatz (DUCC), where reduced dimensionality of constituent sub-problems offer a possibility of efficient utilization of limited quantum resources in modeling realistic systems.
Electron correlation, quantum chemistry, quantum c↗
Frontiers in the Simulation of Dislocations
Dislocations play a vital role in the mechanical behavior of crystalline materials during deformation. To capture dislocation phenomena across all relevant scales, a multiscale modeling framework of plasticity has emerged, with the goal of reaching a quantitative understanding of microstructure–property relations, for instance, to predict the strength and toughness of metals and alloys for engineering applications. This review describes the state of the art of the major dislocation modeling techniques, and then discusses how recent progress can be leveraged to advance the frontiers in simulations of dislocations. Furthermore, the frontiers of dislocation modeling include opportunities to establish quantitative connections between the scales, validate models against experiments, and use data science methods (e.g., machine learning) to gain an understanding of and enhance the current predictive capabilities.
36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
Open Radiation Monitoring: Histogram Builder Module Design
The Open Radiation Monitoring Project seeks to develop and demonstrate a modular radiation detection architecture designed specifically for use in arms control treaty verification (ACTV) applications that will facilitate rapid development of trusted systems to meet the needs of potential future treaties. A modular architecture can be used to reduce more complex systems to a series of single purpose building blocks, thereby facilitating equipment inspection and in turn building trust in the equipment by all treaty parties. Furthermore, a modular architecture can be used to control data flow within the measurement system, reducing the risk of "hidden switches" and constraining the amount of sensitive information that could potentially be inadvertently leaked. This report details the first revision of a prototype circuit that will convert analog pulses directly into a histogrammed data set for further processing. The circuit was designed with both spectroscopy and multiplicity analysis in mind but can, in principle, be used to reduce any raw data stream into a histogram. The number of output channels is limited, and the histogram bin ranges are user configurable to allow for non-uniform and discontinuous bins, which makes it possible to restrict the information being passed down stream if desired. Pulse processing relies entirely on analog circuitry and non- programmable logic, which enables operation without the need for a central processor or other programmable control unit. The circuit remains untested under the Open Radiation Monitoring project due to the closure of the sponsoring program. However, further development and testing is scheduled to take place in support of a purpose-built trusted verification system development effort known as COGNIZANT, which demonstrates the potential benefit of developing a suite of modular trusted system components.
46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗