Data-Driven Optimization of Interlocking Metasurface Design
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Brown, Nathan Kenneth↗
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Conditional Diffusion Models for Interlocking Metasurface Design
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Brown, Nathan Kenneth [Sandia National Laboratorie↗
Interlocking butterfly tourniquet
Adjustable bandage, designed for one-handed application, closes skin lacerations to any desired degree.
Raggio, L. J.↗
Interlocking wedge joint is easily assembled
Wedge joint links structural members in manual, remote, or automated assemblies. Joint is simple enough to be assembled by undersea divers, workers in nuclear reactors, and other wearing gloves or bulky clothing. Combination of wedging angles on parts overcomes structural misalinements and forces assembly into true position as locking sleeve moves into place. Joint transmits tension, compression, bending moments and torsion and is inherently insensitive to thermal excursions, vibration, and machining tolerance buildup.
Long, M. J.↗
Safety Interlock for Angularly Misdirected Power Tool
A proposed safety system would effect an inhibitory action whenever a power tool was aimed in a direction outside a prescribed range of allowable directions. The power tool could be a welding torch, blowtorch, laser, drill, or gun, for example. The inhibitory action could be turning off the supply of gas or electric power to the tool; in the case of a gun, the inhibitory action could be actuation of a mechanical trigger stop.
Li, Larry C.↗
Friction Self-piercing Riveting Process for 3T Configuration of AA7075-AA7075-AA6022
Friction self-piercing riveting (F-SPR), as a solid-state joining process that generates frictional heat during the process, was utilized to join a 3 T configuration of low-ductility AA7075-AA7075-AA6022 sheets. A multi-step F-SPR process was employed to precisely control the mechanical interlocking and solid-state joining, ensuring a strong joint formation. With control of the plunge depth when the transition from rivet penetration to rivet flaring, two joining conditions were developed to assess mechanical joint integrity: one bearing deep penetration with a smaller interlock, and the other yielding a shallow penetration with a larger interlock. Both strategies met the criteria for a sound rivet joint. Customized lap shear tensile configurations were designed to assess the joint strength at interface between first and second layers, as well as between second and third layers. Both conditions demonstrated great joint strength between the first and second layers, while deeper penetration approach showed stronger solid-state joint, leading to improved joint strength between the second and third layers.
Wang, Tianzhao [ORNL] (ORCID:0000000315337602)↗
Micromechanics of crenulated fibers in carbon/carbon composites
The influence of crenulated noncircular fibers on the micromechanical stress states due to a transverse strain and to a temperature change in carbon/carbon composites is examined using the finite element method. Stresses at the interface of both fully bonded and fully disbonded fibers having two crenulation amplitudes and with two fiber volume fractions are presented. In each case, these interface stresses are compared to stresses at the interface of circular fibers which have the same degree of disbond and fiber volume fraction and are under the same loading conditions. For the disbonded cases, deformed meshes showing locations of fiber/matrix contact are also included. In addition to the interface stress states, selected composite properties are also computed and compared in each case examined. Interest in studying noncircular fibers stems from a desire to increase the transverse properties of carbon/carbon by introducing a mechanical interlocking between the fiber and the matrix. Results presented here indicate that this interlocking does in fact occur. Evidence from the interface stress data suggests, however, that any possible advantage of this interlocking may be outweighed by the disadvantage of stress concentrations which arise at the interface due to the crenulated geometry of the fibers.
Carapella, E. E.↗
Comparative Study of 3-Dimensional Woven Joint Architectures for Composite Spacecraft Structures
The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Exploration Systems Mission Directorate initiated an Advanced Composite Technology (ACT) Project through the Exploration Technology Development Program in order to support the polymer composite needs for future heavy lift launch architectures. As an example, the large composite structural applications on Ares V inspired the evaluation of advanced joining technologies, specifically 3D woven composite joints, which could be applied to segmented barrel structures needed for autoclave cured barrel segments due to autoclave size constraints. Implementation of these 3D woven joint technologies may offer enhancements in damage tolerance without sacrificing weight. However, baseline mechanical performance data is needed to properly analyze the joint stresses and subsequently design/down-select a preform architecture. Six different configurations were designed and prepared for this study; each consisting of a different combination of warp/fill fiber volume ratio and preform interlocking method (Z-fiber, fully interlocked, or hybrid). Tensile testing was performed for this study with the enhancement of a dual camera Digital Image Correlation (DIC) system which provides the capability to measure full-field strains and three dimensional displacements of objects under load. As expected, the ratio of warp/fill fiber has a direct influence on strength and modulus, with higher values measured in the direction of higher fiber volume bias. When comparing the Z-fiber weave to a fully interlocked weave with comparable fiber bias, the Z-fiber weave demonstrated the best performance in two different comparisons. We report the measured tensile strengths and moduli for test coupons from the 6 different weave configurations under study.
Jones, Justin S.↗
Comparative Study of 3-Dimensional Woven Joint Architectures for Composite Spacecraft Structures
The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Exploration Systems Mission Directorate initiated an Advanced Composite Technology (ACT) Project through the Exploration Technology Development Program in order to support the polymer composite needs for future heavy lift launch architectures. As an example, the large composite structural applications on Ares V inspired the evaluation of advanced joining technologies, specifically 3D woven composite joints, which could be applied to traditionally manufactured barrel segments. Implementation of these 3D woven joint technologies may offer enhancements in damage tolerance without sacrificing weight. However, baseline mechanical performance data is needed to properly analyze the joint stresses and subsequently design/down-select a preform architecture. Six different configurations were designed and prepared for this study; each consisting of a different combination of warp/fill fiber volume ratio and preform interlocking method (z-fiber, fully interlocked, or hybrid). Tensile testing was performed for this study with the enhancement of a dual camera Digital Image Correlation (DIC) system which provides the capability to measure full-field strains and three dimensional displacements of objects under load. As expected, the ratio of warp/fill fiber has a direct influence on strength and modulus, with higher values measured in the direction of higher fiber volume bias. When comparing the z-fiber weave to a fully interlocked weave with comparable fiber bias, the z-fiber weave demonstrated the best performance in two different comparisons. We report the measured tensile strengths and moduli for test coupons from the 6 different weave configurations under study.
Jones, Justin S.↗
Novel technology of non-contact real-time radiation damage sensors for high power targets.
This report summarizes the contributions of an intern participating in the Community College Internship (CCI) program at Fermilab, focusing on the development of a novel, non-contact, real-time radiation damage sensor technology. The core objective is to create a reliable sensor capable of measuring radiation-induced degradation on high-power targets without physical contact. The experiment involves using a Class 3B supercontinuum laser directed toward a single material sample placed within a vacuum test chamber. The laser beam reflects off the sample's surface, with changes in reflectivity, indicative of radiation damage, measured by a spectrometer positioned at the chamber’s output port. The intern’s primary responsibilities included designing an interlock system to ensure laser operational safety, developing a camera-based monitoring system using Raspberry Pi devices, and creating structural supports using 3D modeling and printing techniques. Components for the interlock and camera systems were successfully designed and ordered, with preliminary 3D models printed and refined through iterative testing. Challenges encountered in the 3D printing process, such as fragile initial prototypes and difficult support removal, were overcome by adjusting printer settings and incorporating design enhancements like chamfered edges. Future activities, pending component delivery, involve installing and configuring the interlock and camera systems, as well as further improving the structural supports. Overall, the internship significantly enhanced the intern’s technical proficiency in hardware design, software integration, and advanced 3D printing, contributing directly to Fermilab’s operational safety standards and experimental effectiveness in high-energy physics research.
Pumarino Meza, Rafael [Unlisted; Fermilab]↗
A compact catenane with tuneable mechanical chirality
Catenanes are formed by the mechanical interlocking of two or more rings. Enantiomers of a catenane can exist even if the rings themselves are achiral. Here we demonstrate that two achiral rings, each featuring a polarized cavity and two mirror planes, in addition to a two-fold axis of symmetry, can form a catenane with mechanical chirality. The catenane has been designed using an isostructural desymmetrization strategy, enabling the catenane to adopt a compact co-conformation similar to that of its achiral isostructural counterpart. Mechanical chirality in the catenane occurs when its two rings become interlocked in the compact co-conformation, leading to the loss of the two planes of symmetry present in its individual rings. The resulting enantiomers, which both have two-fold axes of symmetry, exist as a racemic modification in the solid state. Dynamic 1 H NMR spectroscopy carried out in acetonitrile-d 3 reveals a barrier of 16.4 kcal mol −1 to racemization between the two enantiomeric catenanes, the equilibrium of which can be influenced by the addition of chiral disulfonate anions, which support induced chirality and exhibit optical activity. One of the salts crystallizes to give only one diastereoisomer in the solid state. Furthermore, this research highlights the potential of using the isostructural desymmetrization strategy to create and study mechanical chirality along with its properties.
Interlocked molecules↗
Phase formation in the CaO–Al 2 O 3 –ZnO system as an analogue to CaO–Al 2 O 3 –MgO in spinel containing refractories
Recently, gahnite (ZnAl 2 O 4 ) is gaining attraction as a potential refractory ceramic because of the similarity of its structure and properties with those of magnesium aluminate (MgAl 2 O 4 ) spinel refractories. Formation of MgO and hibonite solid solution (CaMg x Al 12−x O 19−0.5x ; 0 ≤ x ≤ 0.18), CAM-I (Ca 2 Mg 2−3x Al 28+2x O 46 (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.3), and CAM-II (CaMg 2−3x Al 16+2x O 27 , 0 ≤ x ≤ 0.2) phases with platelet and interlocking microstructure in the CaO–Al 2 O 3 –MgO ternary system significantly enhances the high temperature mechanical properties of refractory castables. The CaO–Al 2 O 3 –ZnO ternary system has been studied, for the first time to our knowledge, in a selected compositional range with reference to the CaO–Al 2 O 3 –MgO system from 1650°C to 1700°C. The formation of ZnO and hibonite solid solution (CaZn x Al 12−x O 19−0.5x ; 0 < x < 0.18), CAZ-I (Ca 2 Zn 2−3x Al 28+2x O 46 ; 0 ≤ x ≤ 0.3), and CAZ-II (CaZn 2−3x Al 16+2x O 27 ; 0 ≤ x ≤ 0.2) phases with platelet and interlocking morphology have been found. The crystal structures and lattice parameters of ZnO and hibonite solid solution, CAZ-I, and CAZ-II are comparable, respectively, with MgO and hibonite solid solution, CAM-I, and CAM-II. Furthermore, CAZ-I and CAZ-II phases also form due to reaction between hibonite (CaO·6Al 2 O 3 ) and ZnAl 2 O 4 .
calcium aluminate cement↗
Novel Technology of Non-Contact Real-Time Radiation Damage Sensor for High Power Targets
High-power proton beams planned for forthcoming long-baseline neutrino experiments will subject solid targets to unprecedented radiation damage, threatening reliability and increasing costs. To address this challenge, we are building a real-time, non-contact sensor that tracks damage by measuring broadband laser reflectivity changes from the target surface. A low-power super-continuum Class 3B laser illuminates the sample inside a vacuum test chamber while a high-resolution fiber-coupled spectrometer captures S- and P-polarized light; spectral shifts reveal defect-driven variations in optical constants. My internship goal is to design, build, and commission this prototype by implementing a laser-safety interlock and light shield, integrating remote-operation cameras, and fabricating modular 3-D-printed mounts that enable tool-free swaps without disturbing alignment. The laser, spectrometer, and vacuum chamber have been delivered; interlock hardware, cameras, and mounts are in final assembly, and leak testing of the chamber is underway. Upcoming work will focus on initial calibration of the sensor and executing first beam-irradiation studies.
Pumarino, Rafael↗
Spatial structure in lines in the 3398-3526 A region at the extreme limb - Observation, identification and interpretation
Spectrograms of high spatial and spectral resolution have been obtained of the extreme solar limb, using the vacuum tower telescope of Sacramento Peak Observatory. Emission lines in the range 3398-3526 A have been identified and classified according to intensity, spatial structure (intensity variation), and profile. Some lines show spatial intensity variation; others do not. It is shown that this effect is related to the abundance of the element responsible for the line and the mean lower-level excitation potential of interlocked lines. This effect is explained in terms of radiative interlocking with other lines, as well as the characteristic size of the volume contributing to the mean intensity.
Canfield, R. C.↗
Quick-Change Optical-Filter Holder
Dark slide and interlock protect against ambient light. Quick-change filter holder contains interlocking mechanism preventing simultaneous removal of both dark slide and filter drawer. Designed for use with Band pass optical filters in 10 channels leading to photomultiplier tubes in water-vapor lidar/ozone instrument, mechanism can be modified to operate in other optical systems requiring optical change in filters.
Leone, Peter↗
Interface roughness effect on stresses in ceramic coatings
This paper presents an analysis of the interface stress in plasma-sprayed zirconia coatings. The stress distributions along smooth and rough interfaces were calculated for perfectly bonded materials. The effect of mechanial interlock along the interface was also calculated. The interface stresses for noninterlocking interfaces were consistently higher; the interlocking interfaces showed high stresses in small regions only.
Mullen, Robert L.↗
Lightweight piston architecture
The invention is an improvement in a lightweight carbon-carbon composite piston, the improvement uses near-net shape knitted or warp-interlock preforms to improve the structural qualities of the piston. In its preferred embodiment, a one piece, tubular, closed-ended, knitted preform (a sock) of carbon fibers embedded within the matrix of the piston structure forms the crown, side wall, skirt and inner surface of the piston, and wrap-interlock preforms strengthen the piston crown and wrist pin bosses.
Taylor, Allan H.↗
Toughness properties of a three-dimensional carbon-epoxy composite
The three-dimensional (3D) orthogonal interlocked fabric contains through-the-thickness reinforcement in order to enhance the interlaminar fracture toughness of the composite. The interlaminar fracture toughness of a carbon-epoxy orthogonal interlocked fabric composite was experimentally determined by use of the recently developed tabbed double cantilever beam specimen. The data reduction methods applicable to these tests and materials and the interpretation of the results were discussed. The results of critical strain energy release rate, G(IC), were compared to those of a two-dimensional (2D) laminate having the same in-plane structure. The energy-dissipating crack propagation processes were described. The in-plane fracture toughness of the three-dimensional fabric was experimentally measured and compared to that of the two-dimensional laminate. The through-the-thickness fibers were found to create a tenfold increase in interlaminar toughness, and a 25-percent improvement in the in-plane fracture toughness.
Guenon, Valerie↗