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Program Overview Laboratory Directed Research and Development FY2020 (Annual Report)

Throughout this year’s report, we highlight how the LDRD program invests in ideas that make the world a safer place. We review key accomplishments and performance indicators, and we share snapshots of some of our talented staff. I also encourage you to visit our LDRD website and learn more about the 244 projects that we supported during fiscal year 2020. Looking to the future, I am confident that LDRD investments will continue to help LLNL remain at the forefront of innovative research.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

Young Leaders Workforce Training Program Overview and Impact

To support the Government of Colombia's plans to transform its power sector, the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) has assembled a cross-organizational team to develop and deliver a comprehensive workforce training program for young energy sector leaders in Colombia designed to enhance the efficient integration of growing volumes of variable renewable energy (VRE) to the energy sector. The team - which includes USAID's Colombia Mission, the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), USAID's Scaling Up Renewable Energy (SURE) program implemented by Tetra Tech, and the U.S. Energy Association (USEA) - collaboratively developed a series of seven capacity building modules designed to ready Colombia's energy sector workforce to participate in the construction, operation, and grid integration of VRE projects, such as wind and solar. This brochure highlights the program's objectives, results, and impacts to date.

Colombia↗

A Magellan M2FS Spectroscopic Survey of Galaxies at 5.5 < z < 6.8: Program Overview and a Sample of the Brightest Lyα Emitters

We present a spectroscopic survey of high-redshift, luminous galaxies over four square degrees on the sky, aiming to build a large and homogeneous sample of Lyα emitters (LAEs) at z≈5.7 and 6.5, and Lyman-break galaxies (LBGs) at 5.5<z<6.8. The fields that we choose to observe are well studied, such as by the Subaru XMM-Newton Deep Survey and COSMOS. They have deep optical imaging data in a series of broad and narrow bands, allowing for the efficient selection of galaxy candidates. Spectroscopic observations are being carried out using the multi-object spectrograph M2FS on the Magellan Clay telescope. M2FS is efficient enough to identify high-redshift galaxies, owing to its 256 optical fibers deployed over a circular field of view 30{sup ′} in diameter. We have observed ∼2.5 square degrees. When the program is completed, we expect to identify more than 400 bright LAEs at z≈5.7 and 6.5, and a substantial number of LBGs at z⩾6. This unique sample will be used to study a variety of galaxy properties and to search for large protoclusters. Furthermore, the statistical properties of these galaxies will be used to probe cosmic reionization. We describe the motivation, program design, target selection, and M2FS observations. We also outline our science goals, and present a sample of the brightest LAEs at z≈5.7 and 6.5. This sample contains 32 LAEs with Lyα luminosities higher than 10{sup 43} erg s{sup −1}. A few of them reach ≥3 × 10{sup 43} erg s{sup −1}, comparable to the two most luminous LAEs known at z⩾6, “CR7” and “COLA1.” These LAEs provide ideal targets to study extreme galaxies in the distant universe.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗

ORNL Package Testing Program Overview

When transporting radioactive or hazardous materials, safety and security are top priorities. Packaging and transportation regulations require reliable evidence that containers have passed rigorous performance tests to ensure that the public and the environment are protected from the hazardous nature of the cargo. Because of its long history in energy and security research, Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) has needed to ship hazardous packages for the past 65 years. Since the 1940s, ORNL has made significant contributions to transportation regulations and has been at the forefront of regulatory testing development. Today, ORNL is a leader in standards development and testing of designs of radioactive material packages. ORNL plays a critical role in ensuring the safe transportation of radioactive materials across the United States by executing rigorous testing campaigns of packages that contain radioactive materials. Early testing activities focused on supporting the development of transportation regulations established by both the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and the United States. Currently, all package testing activities are performed under the Package Testing Program (PTP) at the Package Evaluation Facility (PEF) located at the National Transportation Research Center (NTRC), which is about 10 miles from the main ORNL campus. The PTP develops and evaluates testing solutions, ensuring that they are safe efficient, and in compliance with regulatory requirements. The vision for the PTP is to be a world-class leader in the evaluation and testing of radioactive and hazardous material packages. The key elements necessary to fulfill this mission are an experienced and professional staff; state-of-the-art facilities, equipment, and instrumentation; and completion of challenging programs and projects important to package transportation. Collaborations with other internal and external organizations play a significant role in building stronger teams and achieving this vision. By adhering to and advancing regulatory standards, ORNL’s PTP supports development of safe and compliant packaging, safeguarding the transportation process from potential risks associated with radioactive material logistics.

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗

Physics principles of inertial confinement fusion and U.S. program overview

Inertial confinement fusion (ICF) has existed as a field of study since the 1970s, but the field was born out of the Cold War. In the decades since the 1960s, pioneering research developing the principles and technologies of ICF culminated in the creation of three major Department of Energy facilities that still exist today, the National Ignition Facility (NIF) at Lawrence Livermore National Lab, the OMEGA laser at the Laboratory for Laser Energetics, and the Z pulsed power facility at Sandia National Laboratories. While the technology of ICF facilities themselves is fascinating, this review concentrates upon the physics principles of the targets fielded on U.S. ICF facilities and upon results from the last decade of research. Furthermore, while there have been periods of frustration on the road to ICF ignition, recent research has demonstrated great leaps in understanding what aspects of the implosions need more control. Tangible progress in ICF is evident as burning plasmas and ignited plasmas have recently been generated, repeatedly, on the NIF stemming from decades of science and engineering understanding generated from work on the above three facilities and international community.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗

Hero Carbonsafe Phase 2 Project in the Columbia River Basalt Group: Technical Program Overview

The Hermiston, Oregon Basalt CarbonSAFE Phase II project (HERO CarbonSAFE) seeks to accelerate the deployment of commercial carbon dioxide (CO2) storage projects in basaltic rocks. Hermiston is located near the center of the Columbia River Basalt Group (CRBG), which is one of the largest basalt flows in the US. Basalt CO2 storage has potential advantages to conventional saline storage reservoirs including 1. The potential for rapid mineralization of CO2, 2. associated decreases in pressure and CO2 migration risks, 3. reduced long-term monitoring requirements with respect to plume tracking, 4. widespread geographic distribution and, 5. large storage potential due to thickness, porosity, and CO2 interactions with basalt. For locations such as the Pacific Northwest (PNW), Hawaii, Iceland, India and Japan, whose localities are isolated from large sedimentary basins offering conventional saline storage options, basalt may offer the only feasible option for local CO2 storage. However, mineralization/basalt storage still has many uncertainties, as there are limited field-scale assessments of CO2 storage in basalt. There are significant uncertainties hindering the effective implementation of carbon capture utilization and storage (CCUS) in basalt. These include the lack of proven storage capacities, challenges in methodologies for modeling the area of review in igneous formations, limited understanding of mineralization kinetics and timing, and uncertainties in injectivity. Additionally, the domestic availability of specialized services and drilling expertise is constrained, and existing CCUS permitting and regulatory frameworks, originally developed for conventional saline reservoirs, may not adequately address the unique requirements of basalt systems. HERO CarbonSAFE is designed to address major research gaps and uncertainties associated with basalt storage. Specifically, the project will assess the feasibility of CO2 injection in the deep layered basalts of the CRBG, long-term storage (mineralization), practical approaches for large-scale implementation (50+ million metric tons of CO2 over 30 years), lithology-specific risks, and the technoeconomic potential for CO2 storage in basalts.

58 GEOSCIENCES↗

Off-Site Source Recovery Program: Overview

OSRP Mission: Eliminate excess, unwanted, abandoned, or orphaned radioactive sealed sources that pose a potential risk to health, safety, and national security.

98 NUCLEAR DISARMAMENT, SAFEGUARDS, AND PHYSICAL P↗

Achieving Reliability Excellence at LANL: PdM Program Overview [Slides]

The LANL Team consists of a reliability manager, two reliability engineers, and one reliability technologist. They provide analysis and support in the following technologies: vibration, thermography, ultrasonic, motion amplification, balancing and alignment, motor current, and fluid analysis (coming soon).

42 ENGINEERING↗