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Patterns in simulated turbulent channel flow

The surface stress is a key diagnostic in wall bounded turbulent flows. Large fluctuations in the stress are believed to be associated with intermittent 'bursting' events during which a large proportion of the turbulence production takes place. If this is so, then a detailed investigation of the structure of the surface stress and its spatial relationship to events within the flow could have wide application in drag reduction and other aspects of flow control. The initial phase of this project, therefore, concentrated on the surface stress field. The first objective is to carry out a statistical analysis of the instantaneous surface stress in a simulated turbulent channel flow, including comparison with multipoint experimental data from a zero pressure gradient turbulent boundary layer. The second objective is to apply a simple pattern recognition procedure to educe the characteristic spatial structure of various flow diagnostics. The final objective is to extend the pattern recognition analysis to examine the whole three dimensional structure of the flow.

Stretch, D.

The applications of remote sensing to corn blight detection and crop yield forecasting

Photography revealed the widespread and variable effects of southern corn leaf blight in Indiana. Three levels of severity of the infection could be discerned from good quality color and color infrared photography. As many as five severity levels appeared to be detectable and classifiable with multispectral scanner data and pattern recognition analysis. These conclusions are preliminary in nature, however, having been obtained from a limited amount of good quality scanner data collected over a small geographic area.

Macdonald, R. B.

Summary of 1971 pattern recognition program development

Eight areas related to pattern recognition analysis at the Earth Resources Laboratory are discussed: (1) background; (2) Earth Resources Laboratory goals; (3) software problems/limitations; (4) operational problems/limitations; (5) immediate future capabilities; (6) Earth Resources Laboratory data analysis system; (7) general program needs and recommendations; and (8) schedule and milestones.

Whitley, S. L.

A study of the utilization of ERTS-1 data from the Wabash River Basin

The author has identified the following significant results. Preliminary acreage estimates for corn, soybeans, and other cover types made from classification of ERTS-1 data compared well with those made by the U.S. Department of Agriculture. Registration of multiple frames of ERTS-1 CCT data over Lynn County, Texas and DeKalb County, Illinois was achieved to a high degree of accuracy. Spectral/temporal computer pattern recognition analysis was carried out for the first time using satellite data.

Landgrebe, D. A.

The utility of ERTS-1 data for applications in agriculture and forestry

A comprehensive study has been undertaken to determine the extent to which ERTS-1 data could be used to detect, identify (classify), locate and measure features of applications interest in the disciplines of Agriculture and Forestry. The study areas included: six counties in five states in which were located examples of the most important crops and practices of American agriculture; and a portion of the Sam Houston National Forest, a typical Gulf coastal plain pine forest. The investigation utilized conventional image interpretation and computer-aided (spectral pattern recognition) analysis using both image products and computer compatible tapes. The emphasis was generally upon the computer-aided techniques. It was concluded that ERTS-1 data can be used to detect, identify, locate and measure a wide array of features of interest in agriculture and forestry.

Erb, R. B.

The utility of ERTS-1 data for applications in land use classification

A comprehensive study has been undertaken to determine the extent to which conventional image interpretation and computer-aided (spectral pattern recognition) analysis techniques using ERTS-1 data could be used to detect, identify (classify), locate, and measure current land use over large geographic areas. It can be concluded that most of the level 1 and 2 categories in the USGS Circular no. 671 can be detected in the Houston-Gulf Coast area using a combination of both techniques for analysis. These capabilities could be exercised over larger geographic areas, however, certain factors such as different vegetative cover, topography, etc. may have to be considered in other geographic regions. The best results in identification (classification), location, and measurement of level 1 and 2 type categories appear to be obtainable through automatic data processing of multispectral scanner computer compatible tapes.

Dornbach, J. E.

Taming the Untamable: Making An Enceladus-Like Plume by Hypervelocity Oblique Impacts at the NASA Ames Vertical Gun Range (AVGR) Facility

Enceladus’ plume was extensively investigated by the Cassini-Huygens mission [1-4], giving information about the icy moon interior, and the existence of a plausibly inhabited global ocean. The plume is a mixture of gas, sub-micrometer to micrometer ice, and non-ice particles, expanding into space from vents in the Tiger Stripes region [5]. Collecting plume’s ice particles for signs of Life is a fundamental objective of future fly-by missions to Enceladus, and other icy moons, e.g., Europa, where icy plumes could exist. However, understanding particle collection on high-speed flybys through a plume environment is a challenging task. To address the above, in collaboration with the Applied Physics Laboratory (APL), we have been testing the collection of impact-generated ice grains from simulated ice plumes at the NASA Ames Vertical GunRange (AVGR) facility [e.g., 6-7].Of particular interest is the alteration of organic material in the particles during the high-speed collection process. Any such alteration could degrade the ability of instruments to detect biomarkers in the samples collected. An experimental and theoretical understanding of the organic alteration as a function of collection speed could be used to unravel these effects. Methods: Plumes of -170°C ice particles traveling at an initial speed of 2 – 3 km/s were created by shooting 3-mm hollow Aluminum (Al) projectiles (up to 6 km/s) at liquid-nitrogen-cooled ice targets of synthetic seawater (SSW). An Al witness foil is positioned to determine particle size, and ice particle impact speed is determined by high-speed video. The ice particles smash and sublimate on impact leaving salt residue, dents, and pits on the Al witness foil. We characterized Ice grains type, abundance, density, shape, and distribution caliper (Ferret)diameter via image pattern recognition analysis (ImageJ Software) of still camera photographs of the Al target. Results: Our hyper-velocity impact experiments generated an Enceladus plume analog with an ice particle mean diameter within the particle size distribution (i.e., 2 micrometers to 50 micrometers) as determined by Cassini’s multiple instruments [8]. Simulated impact speed ranged0.2 km/s to 1-2 km/s. The continued experimental production of high-velocity, micrometer-sized ice grains is underway at the AVGR. The relevance of ice particle generation is multifold, so are its applications. These include testing for fragmentation of molecular organics to interpret Cassini’s data (e.g., Cassini Data Analysis Program) and studies of forwarding contamination (a planetary protection issue).

Rosalba Bonaccorsi

Possible use of pattern recognition for the analysis of Mars rover X-ray fluorescence spectra

On the Mars rover sample-return mission, the rover vehicle will collect and select samples from different locations on the Martian surface to be brought back to earth for laboratory studies. It is anticipated that an in situ energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometer will be on board the rover. On such a mission, sample selection is of higher priority than in situ quantitative chemical anlaysis. With this in mind, a pattern recognition technique is proposed as a simple, direct, and speedy alternative to detailed chemical analysis of the XRF spectra. The validity and efficacy of the pattern recognition technique are demonstrated by the analyses of laboratory XRF spectra obtained from a series of geological samples, in the form both of standardized pressed pellets and as unprepared rocks. It is found that pattern recognition techniques applied to the raw XRF spectra can provide for the same discrimination among samples as a knowledge of their actual chemical composition.

Yin, Lo I

Application of Fourier analysis to multispectral/spatial recognition

One approach for investigating spectral response from materials is to consider spatial features of the response. This might be accomplished by considering the Fourier spectrum of the spatial response. The Fourier Transform may be used in a one-dimensional to multidimensional analysis of more than one channel of data. The two-dimensional transform represents the Fraunhofer diffraction pattern of the image in optics and has certain invariant features. Physically the diffraction pattern contains spatial features which are possibly unique to a given configuration or classification type. Different sampling strategies may be used to either enhance geometrical differences or extract additional features.

Hornung, R. J.

Basic research planning in mathematical pattern recognition and image analysis

Fundamental problems encountered while attempting to develop automated techniques for applications of remote sensing are discussed under the following categories: (1) geometric and radiometric preprocessing; (2) spatial, spectral, temporal, syntactic, and ancillary digital image representation; (3) image partitioning, proportion estimation, and error models in object scene interference; (4) parallel processing and image data structures; and (5) continuing studies in polarization; computer architectures and parallel processing; and the applicability of "expert systems" to interactive analysis.

Bryant, J.

Proceedings of the Third Annual Symposium on Mathematical Pattern Recognition and Image Analysis

Topics addressed include: multivariate spline method; normal mixture analysis applied to remote sensing; image data analysis; classifications in spatially correlated environments; probability density functions; graphical nonparametric methods; subpixel registration analysis; hypothesis integration in image understanding systems; rectification of satellite scanner imagery; spatial variation in remotely sensed images; smooth multidimensional interpolation; and optimal frequency domain textural edge detection filters.

Guseman, L. F., Jr.

CRITICA: coding region identification tool invoking comparative analysis

Gene recognition is essential to understanding existing and future DNA sequence data. CRITICA (Coding Region Identification Tool Invoking Comparative Analysis) is a suite of programs for identifying likely protein-coding sequences in DNA by combining comparative analysis of DNA sequences with more common noncomparative methods. In the comparative component of the analysis, regions of DNA are aligned with related sequences from the DNA databases; if the translation of the aligned sequences has greater amino acid identity than expected for the observed percentage nucleotide identity, this is interpreted as evidence for coding. CRITICA also incorporates noncomparative information derived from the relative frequencies of hexanucleotides in coding frames versus other contexts (i.e., dicodon bias). The dicodon usage information is derived by iterative analysis of the data, such that CRITICA is not dependent on the existence or accuracy of coding sequence annotations in the databases. This independence makes the method particularly well suited for the analysis of novel genomes. CRITICA was tested by analyzing the available Salmonella typhimurium DNA sequences. Its predictions were compared with the DNA sequence annotations and with the predictions of GenMark. CRITICA proved to be more accurate than GenMark, and moreover, many of its predictions that would seem to be errors instead reflect problems in the sequence databases. The source code of CRITICA is freely available by anonymous FTP (rdp.life.uiuc.edu in/pub/critica) and on the World Wide Web (http:/(/)rdpwww.life.uiuc.edu).

Non-NASA Center

An approach toward an analysis of the pattern recognition involved in the stellar orientation of birds

A conditioning method was used to investigate the orientational responses of ducks as affected by manipulations of the stellar patterns in a planetarium. Under simulated natural skies it was possible to train a bird to a particular direction successively under all positions of the rotating sphere at a constant latitude. The responses were independent of the phase relationships between local time, season, and appearance of the sky provided the bird had been trained under the particular sector of the sphere some time before.

Wallraff, H. G.

Pattern recognition: A basis for remote sensing data analysis

The theoretical basis for the pattern-recognition-oriented algorithms used in the multispectral data analysis software system is discussed. A model of a general pattern recognition system is presented. The receptor or sensor is usually a multispectral scanner. For each ground resolution element the receptor produces n numbers or measurements corresponding to the n channels of the scanner.

Swain, P. H.

Photomorphic analysis techniques: An interim spatial analysis using satellite remote sensor imagery and historical data

The use of machine scanning and/or computer-based techniques to provide greater objectivity in the photomorphic approach was investigated. Photomorphic analysis and its application in regional planning are discussed. Topics included: delineation of photomorphic regions; inadequacies of existing classification systems; tonal and textural characteristics and signature analysis techniques; pattern recognition and Fourier transform analysis; and optical experiments. A bibliography is included.

Keuper, H. R.