An Analytic Technique to Separate Cochannel FM Signals
A new technique is presented that can perfectly separate two cochannel FM signals in a noiseless environment.
cochannel FM signals trellis algorithm separation ↗
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Results for “signal separation”
Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.
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Miniature multichannel biotelemeter system
A miniature multichannel biotelemeter system is described. The system includes a transmitter where signals from different sources are sampled to produce a wavetrain of pulses. The transmitter also separates signals by sync pulses. The pulses amplitude modulate a radio frequency carrier which is received at a receiver unit. There the sync pulses are detected by a demultiplexer which routes the pulses from each different source to a separate output channel where the pulses are used to reconstruct the signals from the particular source.
Carraway, J. B.↗
Blood pressure measuring system for separating and separately recording dc signal and an ac signal Patent
Blood pressure measuring system for separately recording dc and ac pressure signals of Korotkoff sounds
Vick, H. A.↗
Self-protecting solid state isolated switch
Solid state switch has following capabilities: (1) Hybrid or IC from compatible with direct mounting on solar array substrate; (2) Continuous signal is not required to hold it in either on or off state; (3) Separate signal lines for on and off control; (4) Electrically isolated from input signals; and (5) Current surges will not cause switch failure.
Hoffman, A. C.↗
Receiver array for high-rate telemetry
RF carrier uses two receiver systems to increase signal-to-noise ratio and sensitivity. Signals separately processed are coherently combined at summing junction for improved reception of marginal high-rate signals frequently lost to system, atmosphere, and galactic noises. Two receivers improve ratio by 2.7 dB; improvement is made by arraying more receiver systems.
Brockman, M. H.↗
Development of a Technique for Separating Raman Scattering Signals from Background Emission with Single-Shot Measurement Potential
A novel technique for extracting Q-branch Raman signals scattered by a diatomic species from the emission spectrum resulting from the irradiation of combustion products using a broadband excimer laser has been developed. This technique is based on the polarization characteristics of vibrational Raman scattering and can be used for both single-shot Raman extraction and time-averaged data collection. The Q-branch Raman signal has a unique set of polarization characteristics which depend on the direction of the scattering while fluorescence signals are unpolarized. For the present work, a calcite crystal is used to separate the horizonal component of a collected signal from the vertical component. The two components are then sent through a UV spectrometer and imaged onto an intensified CCD camera separately. The vertical component contains both the Raman signal and the interfering fluorescence signal. The horizontal component contains the fluorescence signal and a very weak component of the Raman signal; hence, the Raman scatter can be extracted by taking the difference between the two signals. The separation of the Raman scatter from interfering fluorescence signals is critically important to the interpretation of the Raman for cases in which a broadband ultraviolet (UV) laser is used as an excitation source in a hydrogen-oxygen flame and in all hydrocarbon flames. The present work provides a demonstration of the separation of the Raman scatter from the fluorescence background in real time.
Hartfield, Roy J., Jr.↗
Development of a Technique for Separating Raman Scattering Signals from Background Emission with Single-Shot Measurement Potential
Raman scattering is a powerful technique for quantitatively probing high temperature and high speed flows. However, this technique has typically been limited to clean hydrogen flames because of the broadband fluorescence interference which occurs in hydrocarbon flames. Fluorescence can also interfere with the Raman signal in clean hydrogen flames when broadband UV lasers are used as the scattering source. A solution to this problem has been demonstrated. The solution to the fluorescence interference lies in the fact that the vibrational Q-branch Raman signal is highly polarized for 90 deg. signal collection and the fluorescence background is essentially unpolarized. Two basic schemes are available for separating the Raman from the background. One scheme involves using a polarized laser and collecting a signal with both horizontal and vertical laser polarizations separately. The signal with the vertical polarization will contain both the Raman and the fluorescence while the signal with the horizontal polarization will contain only the fluorescence. The second scheme involves polarization discrimination on the collection side of the optical setup. For vertical laser polarization, the scattered Q-branch Raman signal will be vertically polarized; hence the two polarizations can be collected separately and the difference between the two is the Raman signal. This approach has been used for the work found herein and has the advantage of allowing the data to be collected from the same laser shot(s). This makes it possible to collect quantitative Raman data with single shot resolution in conditions where interference cannot otherwise be eliminated.
Hartfield, Roy↗
Time-dependent signals of new physics at the LHC
The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is sensitive to signals of beyond the Standard Model physics through a variety of channels including missing energy and resonance searches. In most searches, the new physics and the Standard Model backgrounds are assumed to be invariant in time, up to systematic effects from the experiment. However, new physics with a time variation would provide an additional handle to separate signal from background. Such a time variation may come from ultralight dark matter coupling to an oscillating background field. In this paper, we consider an interaction of dark matter with quarks and an additional heavy particle, and show that the sensitivity of a search that uses timing information at the LHC can be up to a factor of two stronger compared to one that does not use time information.
Fieg, Max H. [Fermilab] (ORCID:0000000270276921)↗
Monolithic Optical-To-Electronic Receiver
Monolithic optoelectronic integrated circuit converts multiplexed digital optical signals into electrical signals, separates, and distributes them to intended destinations. Developed to deliver phase and amplitude commands to monolithic microwave integrated circuits (MMIC's) at elements of millimeter-wave phased-array antenna from single optical fiber driven by external array controller. Also used in distribution of high-data-rate optical communications in local-area networks (LAN's). Notable features include options for optical or electrical clock inputs; outputs for raw data, addresses, and instructions for diagnosis; and optical-signal-detection circuit used to reduce power consumption by 80 percent between data-transmission times. Chip fabricated by processes available at many major semiconductor foundries. Distribution of digital signals in aircraft, automobiles, and ships potential application.
Kunath, Richard↗
Multi-Frequency Analysis of Simulated versus Observed Variability in Tropospheric Temperature
Studies seeking to identify a human-caused global warming signal generally rely on climate model estimates of the “noise” of intrinsic natural variability. Assessing the reliability of these noise estimates is of critical importance. We evaluate here the statistical significance of differences between climate model and observational natural variability spectra for global-mean mid- to upper-tropospheric temperature (TMT). We use TMT information from satellites and large multimodel ensembles of forced and unforced simulations. Our main goal is to explore the sensitivity of model-versus-data spectral comparisons to a wide range of subjective decisions. These include the choice of satellite and climate model TMT datasets, the method for separating signal and noise, the frequency range considered, and the statistical model used to represent observed natural variability. Of particular interest is the amplitude of the interdecadal noise against which an anthropogenic tropospheric warming signal must be detected. We find that on time scales of 5–20 years, observed TMT variability is (on average) overestimated by the last two generations of climate models participating in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project. This result is relatively insensitive to different plausible analyst choices, enhancing confidence in previous claims of detectable anthropogenic warming of the troposphere and indicating that these claims may be conservative. A further key finding is that two commonly used statistical models of short-term and long-term memory have deficiencies in their ability to capture the complex shape of observed TMT spectra.
54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
Search for flavour-changing neutral current interactions of the top quark and the Higgs boson in events with a pair of $τ$-leptons in $pp$ collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV with the ATLAS detector
A search for flavour-changing neutral current (FCNC) $tqH$ interactions involving a top quark, another up-type quark ($q = u, c$), and a Standard Model (SM) Higgs boson decaying into a $τ$-lepton pair ($H$ → $τ$ + $τ$ - ) is presented. The search is based on a dataset of pp collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV that corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 139 fb -1 recorded with the ATLAS detector at the Large Hadron Collider. Two processes are considered: single top quark FCNC production in association with a Higgs boson ($pp$ → $tH$), and top quark pair production in which one of top quarks decays into $Wb$ and the other decays into $qH$ through the FCNC interactions. The search selects events with two hadronically decaying $τ$-lepton candidates ($τ$ had ) or at least one $τ$ had with an additional lepton ($e, µ$), as well as multiple jets. Event kinematics is used to separate signal from the background through a multivariate discriminant. A slight excess of data is observed with a significance of 2.3$σ$ above the expected SM background, and 95% CL upper limits on the $t → qH$ branching ratios are derived. The observed (expected) 95% CL upper limits set on the $t → cH$ and $t → uH$ branching ratios are 9.4 × 10 -4 (${4.8}^{+2.2}_{-1.4}$ × 10 -4 ) and 6.9 × 10 -4 (${3.5}^{+1.5}_{-1.0}$ × 10 -4 ), respectively. The corresponding combined observed (expected) upper limits on the dimension-6 operator Wilson coefficients in the effective $tqH$ couplings are $C$ $c$φ < 1.35 (0.97) and $C$ $u$φ < 1.16 (0.82).
72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
Search for new phenomena in final states with large jet multiplicities and missing transverse momentum using $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV proton-proton collisions recorded by ATLAS in Run 2 of the LHC
Results of a search for new particles decaying into eight or more jets and moderate missing transverse momentum are presented. The analysis uses 139 fb - 1 of proton-proton collision data at s = 13 TeV collected by the ATLAS experiment at the Large Hadron Collider between 2015 and 2018. The selection rejects events containing isolated electrons or muons, and makes requirements according to the number of b -tagged jets and the scalar sum of masses of large-radius jets. The search extends previous analyses both in using a larger dataset and by employing improved jet and missing transverse momentum reconstruction methods which more cleanly separate signal from background processes. No evidence for physics beyond the Standard Model is found. The results are interpreted in the context of supersymmetry-inspired simplified models, significantly extending the limits on the gluino mass in those models. In particular, limits on the gluino mass are set at 2 TeV when the lightest neutralino is nearly massless in a model assuming a two-step cascade decay via the lightest chargino and second-lightest neutralino.
72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
Photon-rejection power of the Light Dark Matter eXperiment in an 8 GeV beam
The Light Dark Matter eXperiment (LDMX) is an electron-beam fixed-target experiment designed to achieve comprehensive model independent sensitivity to dark matter particles in the sub-GeV mass region. An upgrade to the LCLS-II accelerator will increase the beam energy available to LDMX from 4 to 8 GeV. Using detailed GEANT4-based simulations, we investigate the effect of the increased beam energy on the capabilities to separate signal and background, and demonstrate that the veto methodology developed for 4 GeV successfully rejects photon-induced backgrounds for at least 2 × 10 14 electrons on target at 8 GeV.
46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
Effects of trapped charge on the signal formation and detection efficiency for subsequent pulses in irradiated silicon sensors
Envisaged high energy physics experiments like the Future Circular Collider require unprecedented radiation hardness of the detectors, as well as short readout time due to high luminosity and occupancy. Silicon has proven to be extremely radiation hard. Sufficient signals can be recorded even at fluences close to 1 ∙ 1 0 16 n e q / cm 2 . Here, the signal formation was studied in silicon strip sensors, irradiated and annealed until the phenomenon of charge multiplication occurred. ATLAS12EC R0 mini sensors were tested by means of edge TCT measurements at temperatures around –20 °C. It was observed that the detection of subsequent signals separated up to several microseconds is altered by the charge trapped during the preceding pulses. The effects of trapped charge on the electrical configuration of a sensor are well known as a polarization or pumping effect in larger band-gap materials like diamond, but is often neglected for silicon at this relatively high temperature. The investigation of the effect created by trapped charges in silicon sensors using subsequent pulses allows to gain information on important parameters such as de-trapping times. Furthermore, it shows a severe impact on the sensor performance in a pile-up scenario. The irradiation fluence and hence the effective doping concentration, the temperature and the amount of initially created charge have a large impact on this phenomenon. The measurements presented help to characterize this phenomenon; particular attention was paid to the application point of view.
47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗
A U.S. Scientific Community Vision for Sustained Earth Observations of Greenhouse Gases to Support Local to Global Action
Managing carbon stocks in the land, ocean, and atmosphere under changing climate requires a globally‐integrated view of carbon cycle processes at local and regional scales. The growing Earth Observation (EO) record is the backbone of this multi‐scale system, providing local information with discrete coverage from surface measurements and regional information at global scale from satellites. Carbon flux information, anchored by inverse estimates from spaceborne Greenhouse Gas (GHG) concentrations, provides an important top‐down view of carbon emissions and sinks, but currently lacks global continuity at assessment and management scales (<100 km). Partial‐column data can help separate signals in the boundary layer from the overlying atmosphere, providing an opportunity to enhance surface sensitivity and bring flux resolution down from that of column‐integrated data (100–500 km). Based on a workshop held in September 2024, the carbon cycle community envisions a carbon observation system leveraging GHG partial columns in the lower and upper troposphere to weave together information across scales from surface and satellite EO data, and integration of top‐down/bottom‐up analyses to link process understanding to global assessment.
Parazoo, Nicholas C. [California Institute of Tech↗
Resolving local structural motifs across the phase evolution of zinc titanates with computational x-ray absorption spectroscopy
Resolving the local structure motifs that characterize phase evolution as a function of composition is a key challenge in structure characterization of complex materials. Here, in this study, we combine first-principles simulations and x-ray absorption near-edge structures (XANES) analysis to gain insights into the structure evolution revealed by measurements across a combinatorial zinc titanate thin film, which was grown with smoothly varying composition over a wide range of the Ti:Zn ratio. Specifically, we propose a cluster blind-signal-separation (cBSS) method for XANES spectral analysis based on a library of the structures and spectra of representative local motifs. In addition to motifs from zinc titanate crystals, two types of Ti-defect models constructed in this study are key to the understanding of the structure characteristics in the Zn-rich region. The cBSS method makes use of both spectral clustering of the simulated site-XANES spectra library and the BSS procedure to construct high-fidelity spectral basis functions from an experimental spectral sequence. The method provides a rigorous measure of the spectral sensitivity and basis completeness. The results of the XANES analysis are corroborated with other experimental modalities, including x-ray diffraction and spectroscopic ellipsometry, to validate the cBSS method. The calculated motif weights resulting from fitting the XANES spectra with the cBSS basis probe the atomic structure characteristics of both crystalline and amorphous phases as a function of the Ti/Zn composition. The insights of the local structure motif evolution are pivotal to the understanding of the nonmonotonic trend in the optical gap, which may lead to potential applications through tuning the optical properties of zinc titanate. The workflow of the XANES spectral analysis developed in this work can be generalized to construct the structure-property relationship in a broad material space.
36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
Machine Learning of Bacterial Transcriptomes Reveals Responses Underlying Differential Antibiotic Susceptibility
In vitro antibiotic susceptibility testing often fails to accurately predict in vivo drug efficacies, in part due to differences in the molecular composition between standardized bacteriologic media and physiological environments within the body. Here, we investigate the interrelationship between antibiotic susceptibility and medium composition in Escherichia coli K-12 MG1655 as contextualized through machine learning of transcriptomics data. Application of independent component analysis, a signal separation algorithm, shows that complex phenotypic changes induced by environmental conditions or antibiotic treatment are directly traced to the action of a few key transcriptional regulators, including RpoS, Fur, and Fnr. Integrating machine learning results with biochemical knowledge of transcription factor activation reveals medium-dependent shifts in respiration and iron availability that drive differential antibiotic susceptibility. By extension, the data generation and data analytics workflow used here can interrogate the regulatory state of a pathogen under any measured condition and can be applied to any strain or organism for which sufficient transcriptomics data are available.
59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
Evidence for $t\bar{t}t\bar{t}$ production in the multilepton final state in proton–proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}=13$ $\text {TeV}$ with the ATLAS detector
A search is presented for four-top-quark production using an integrated luminosity of 139 fb –1 of proton–proton collision data at a centre-of-mass energy of 13 TeV collected by the ATLAS detector at the LHC. Events are selected if they contain a same-sign lepton pair or at least three leptons (electrons or muons). Jet multiplicity, jet flavour and event kinematics are used to separate signal from the background through a multivariate discriminant, and dedicated control regions are used to constrain the dominant backgrounds. The four-top-quark production cross section is measured to be $24^{+7}_{–6}$ fb. This corresponds to an observed (expected) significance with respect to the background-only hypothesis of 4.3 (2.4) standard deviations and provides evidence for this process.
72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗