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Program determines flow field about jets with velocity stratification exhausting into crossflow. Jets with three different types of exit-velocity stratification have been considered: (a) jets with relatively high-velocity core, (b) jets with relatively low-velocity core, and (c) jets originating from vaned nozzle.
It is shown that the fields of velocity, eddy viscosity, potential temperature, and specific humidity in a planetary boundary layer are decoupled by the introduction of a free parameter, Q, which combines the effects of thermal and humidity stratification. Solutions of the whole system are shown to be obtainable by the method of trial and error on Q. Results show good agreement when both the thermal and humidity stratification are accounted for.
An investigation was undertaken to determine if a consistent stratification of a Southern pine forest could be obtained by using LANDSAT multispectral scanner data to assess crown closure. Winter and summer LANDSAT scenes of the North Carolina coastal region were analyzed individually and then registered and merged to take advantage of temporal changes in the forest canopy. Three levels of pine crown closure were accurately delineated. The applicability of this stratification as supplemental input to a forest inventory system is also discussed.
An investigation was undertaken to determine if a consistent stratification of a Southern pine forest could be obtained by using Landsat multispectral scanner data to assess crown closure. Winter and summer Landsat scenes of the North Carolina coastal region were analyzed individually and then registered and merged to take advantage of temporal changes in the forest canopy. Three levels of pine crown closure were accurately delineated. The applicability of this stratification as supplemental input to a forest inventory system is also discussed.
The author has identified the following significant results. A stratification was performed and sample segments were selected for an initial investigation of multicrop problems in order to support development and evaluation of procedures for using LACIE and other technologies for the classification of corn and soybeans, to identify factors likely to affect classification performance, and to evaluate problems encountered and techniques which are applicable to the crop estimation problem in foreign countries. Two types of samples, low density and high density, supporting these requirements were selected as research data set for an initial evaluation of technical issues. Looking at the geographic location of the strata, the system appears to be logical and the various segments seem to represent different conditions. This result is supportive not only of the variables and the methodology employed in the stratification, but also of the validity of the data sets employed.
An automated forest stratification procedure based on Landsat and digital terrain data is reviewed. The system uses Landsat multispectral brightness values, a spatial texture channel, and digital terrain data information to divide Klamath National Forest vegetation into timber volume-homogeneous strata. The stratification process involves analyst-supervised class pooling editing, and the modeling of the regional type in a spatial manner using the digital terrain data. It is noted that for a given size and density class, the timber volume will change when the regional type changes, reflecting differences in growth potential.
Estimates of the extent and impact of thermal stratification are presented as well as predictions of the behavior of the HeI/HeII boundary. Although thermal stratification of cryogens can be problematic and lead to their inefficient use in low gravity, for SHOOT the occurrence is beneficial both during ground hold and in orbit and presents no hazards. On the ground the parasitic heat load is both reduced and more efficiently removed. In orbit the pumpdown proceeds at a much more rapid rate, allowing orbital operations to begin earlier. The thermal conductivity of the aluminum tank and the normal liquid plus cooling at the liquid/vapor interface as the vapor bubble grows are sufficient to prevent undesirably high vapor pressures in the tank.
The effects of thermal advection and atmospheric stratification are statistically evaluated using Seasat scatterometer observations as a data base. The results indicate that, whenever the surface winds or wind stress are related to the atmospheric pressure field, the appropriate stratification and baroclinic corrections should be applied. Without such corrections, errors of 15-25 percent are likely to arise in the surface fluxes computed from model low-level winds or pressure measurements.
In 1997, NASA initiated a study of a liquid oxygen and ethanol orbital maneuvering and reaction control system for space shuttle upgrades as well as other reusable launch vehicle applications. The pressure-fed system uses sub-cooled liquid oxygen at 2413.2 KPa (350 psia) stored passively using insulation. Thermal stratification builds up while the space shuttle is docked at the international space station. The venting from the space shuttle's liquid oxygen tank is not desired during this 96-hr time period. Once the shuttle undocks from the space station there could be a pressure collapse in the liquid oxygen tank caused by fluid mixing due to the thruster fU"ings . The thermal stratification and resulting pressure rise in the tank were examined by a computational fluid dynamic model. Since the heat transfer from the pressurant gas to the liquid will result in a decrease in tank pressure the final pressure after the 96 hours will be significantly less when the tank is pressurized with ambient temperature helium. Therefore, using helium at ambient temperature to pressurize the tank is preferred to pressurizing the tank with helium at the liquid oxygen temperature. The higher helium temperature will also result in less mass of helium to pressurize the tank.
All models for thermal stratification available in the presentation are derived using smooth, flat plate laminar and turbulent boundary layer models. This study examines the effect of isogrid (roughness elements) on the surface of internal tank walls to mimic the effects of weight-saving isogrid, which is located on the inside of many rocket propellant tanks. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) is used to study the momentum and thermal boundary layer thickness for free convection flows over a wall with generic roughness elements. This presentation makes no mention of actual isogrid sizes or of any specific tank geometry. The magnitude of thermal stratification is compared for smooth and isogrid-lined walls.
Closed-form solution for stratification of subcooled fluids in containers subjected to heating, and for liquid-ullage vapor coupling
Rocket measurements of small scale structure of ionization profile and wind speed fluctuations, propagation of gravity shock waves and stratification in upper atmosphere
Deep neural networks (DNNs) are increasingly important to scientific computing and engineering system simulations. Accurate uncertainty quantification (UQ) for DNNs is critical in safety-sensitive engineering domains. Traditional Deep Ensemble (DE) methods, while easy to implement, frequently suffer from poorly calibrated uncertainty estimates and limited predictive accuracy due to reliance on fixed architectures with varied weight initializations. To address these issues, we introduce a workflow that combines Bayesian Optimization (BO) and DE. The workflow is modular, scalable, and integrates parallel BO initialized with Sobol sequences to individually optimize the hyperparameters of each ensemble member. This method enhances ensemble diversity, improves predictive accuracy, and provides reliable uncertainty estimates. We evaluate the proposed BODE approach in a sodium fast reactor thermal stratification modeling case study, where we used a densely connected convolutional neural network to predict turbulent viscosity during the reactor transient with consideration of data noise. We benchmark its performance against several optimization approaches, including baseline deep ensemble, evolutionary algorithm-optimized ensemble, ensemble formed via random search combined with greedy selection, and a BO ensemble using random initialization. Here, our results demonstrate superior performance of the developed BODE approach. In noise-free scenarios, BODE notably reduces incorrect aleatoric uncertainty and significantly enhances predictive accuracy. Under conditions of 5% and 10% Gaussian noise, BODE adaptively quantifies uncertainty proportional to data noise, achieving up to an 80% reduction in root mean square error compared to baseline methods and producing well-calibrated prediction intervals.
Temperature stratification in liquids contained in heated vessels studied in stratified layer flow model, using turbulent layer equations
Liquid hydrogen stratification test data for large cylindrical tank of Saturn configuration, using hyperbolic temperature profile and boundary layer considerations in analysis
Method for analyzing thermal stratification and self-pressurization in fluid container
Study establishes a relationship between radioresistance and the nucleolar stratification characteristics of various amoeba species. Two species of fresh water amoeba are studied with the electron microscope. The report discusses the nature of nucleolar layers and their possible relationship to the differences in radiosensitivity of the two amoeba species.
Ionization stratification and chemical abundances in planetary nebula NGC 7662, discussing density fluctuations effect on N II and O II lines