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Normalized differential and integral electron-impact cross sections are presented for elastic scattering and for specified excitation levels of atomic copper at 20 and 60 eV. For some excitation levels, an unexpectedly large cross section was found, which at certain angular and energy ranges surpasses the cross section for elastic scattering.
The author has identified the following significant results. The General Electric DCP has proven to be a versatile, rugged piece of hardware and has surpassed original expectation; it is very simple to use and does not require skilled staff for its use, installation, and operation. It is well suited for use in remote sites where no power is available. From this experience, it is concluded that the data collection system will be very useful in operating a network of hydrometeorological stations situated in sites remote from normal communication links.
Measures of the environment derived from remote sensing were compared to census population/housing measures in their ability to discriminate among health status areas in two urban communities. Three hypotheses were developed to explore the relationships between environmental and health data. Univariate and multiple step-wise linear regression analyses were performed on data from two sample areas in Houston and Galveston, Texas. Environmental data gathered by remote sensing were found to equal or surpass census data in predicting rates of health outcomes. Remote sensing offers the advantages of data collection for any chosen area or time interval, flexibilities not allowed by the decennial census.
A total weight of 1.23 kg (2.7 lb), a total volume of 1213 cu m (74 cu in), and an average power consumption of 5.5W was achieved in the advanced combined iodine dispenser/detector by integrating the detector with the iodine source, arranging all iodinator components within a compact package and lowering the parasitic power to the detector and electronics circuits. These achievements surpassed the design goals of 1.36 kg (3.0 lb), 1671 cu m (102 cu in) and 8W. The reliability and maintainability were improved by reducing the detector lamp power, using an interchangeable lamp concept, making the electronic circuit boards easily accessible, providing redundant water seals and improving the accessibility to the iodine accumulator for refilling. The system was designed to iodinate (to 5 ppm iodine) the fuel cell water generated during 27 seven-day orbiter missions (equivalent to 18,500 kg (40,700 lb) of water) before the unit must be recharged with iodine crystals.
A broad range of characteristics of neodymium/yag lasers were investigated. With Nd:YVO4 crystals, CW 1.06 mu lasers were operated with thresholds a factor of 2 lower than Nd:YAG and with greater slope efficiencies. Thus, the first step in the development of new oscillators suitable for application in high data rate laser communication systems which surpass the present performance of the Nd:YAG laser has been successfully demonstrated.
The author has identified the following significant results. By using a constant band 6 to band 5 radiance ratio of 1.25, the changing pattern of areas of relatively dense vegetation cover was detected for the semiarid region in the vicinity of Tucson, Arizona. Electronically produced binary thematic masks were used to map areas with dense vegetation. The foliar cover threshold represented by the ratio was not accurately determined but field measurements show that the threshold lies in the range of 10 to 25 percent foliage cover. Montana evergreen forests with constant dense cover were correctly shown to exceed the threshold on all dates. The summer active grassland exceeded the threshold in the summer unless rainfall was insufficient. Desert areas exceeded the threshold during the spring of 1973 following heavy rains; the same areas during the rainless spring of 1974 did not exceed threshold. Irrigated fields, parks, golf courses, and riparian communities were among the habitats most frequently surpassing the threshold.
Gemini was the intermediate manned space flight program between America's first steps into space with Mercury and the manned lunar expeditions of Apollo. Because of its position between these two other efforts, Gemini is probably less remembered. Still, it more than had its place in man's progress into this new frontier. Gemini accomplishments were manyfold. They included many firsts: first astronaut-controlled maneuvering in space; first rendezvous in space of one spacecraft with another; first docking of one spacecraft with a propulsive stage and use of that stage to transfer man to high altitude; first traverse of man into the earth's radiation belts; first extended manned flights of a week or more in duration; first extended stays of man outside his spacecraft; first controlled reentry and precision landing; and many more. These achievements were significant in ways one cannot truly evaluate even today, but two things stand out: (1) it was the time when America caught up and surpassed the Soviet Union in manned space flight, and (2) these demonstrations of capability were an absolute prerequisite to the phenomenal Apollo accomplishments then yet to come.
Ultraviolet spectra of 40 O- and B-type stars have been intensively scanned in the vicinity of the O VI transitions at 1032 and 1038 A with the Copernicus satellite. This survey of the high-temperature (log T about 5.5) phase of interstellar gas is an extension of the earlier observations of interstellar O VI by Jenkins and Meloy (1974), bringing the total coverage up to 72 stars. Except for a few distant stars, the overall quality of the present data surpasses that of the earlier work. Plots of absorption optical depths versus radial velocity are presented for both transitions in each star. Total column densities (or their upper limits), velocity centroids, and velocity widths have been extracted from the profiles and tabulated, with the results of Jenkins and Meloy (1974) included. Qualitatively, the highly variable O VI densities and velocities seem to exhibit no systematic patterns or regional trends; there is no recognizable correlation in the behavior of coronal gas with pronounced features of galactic structure.
Report containing performance specifications and engineering drawings of concentric-tube air solar collector show details of collector and subcomponents that indicate efficiency surpassing predetermined performance baseline for air collectors.
Bottom line results were made of a three-phase study to determine the feasibility of designing, building, and operating, and maintaining an air-launched high performance aircraft capable of cruising at speeds up to Mach 8 for short durations. The results show that Lockalloy heat-sink structure affords the capability for a 'work-horse' vehicle which can serve as an excellent platform for this research. It was further concluded that the performance of a blended wing body configuration surpassed that of a lifting body design for typical X-24C missions. The cost of a two vehicle program, less engines, B-52 modification and contractor support after delivery, can be kept within $70M (in Jan. 1976 dollars).
The Engineering Test Facility (ETF) is the major focus of the Department of Energy (DOE) Magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) Program to facilitate commercialization and to demonstrate the commercial operability of MHD/steam electric power. The ETF will be a fully integrated commercial prototype MHD power plant with a nominal output of 200 MW sub e. Performance of this plant is expected to meet or surpass existing utility standards for fuel, maintenance, and operating costs; plant availability; load following; safety; and durability. It is expected to meet all applicable environmental regulations. The current design concept conforming to the general definition, the basis for its selection, and the process which will be followed in further defining and updating the conceptual design.
An experimental study of the propulsive-lift noise of the NASA-Ames quiet short-haul research aircraft (QSRA) is described. Comparisons are made of measured QSRA flyover noise and model propulsive-lift noise data available in references. Developmental tests of trailing-edge treatments were conducted using sawtooth-shaped and porous USB flap trailing-edge extensions. Small scale parametric tests were conducted to determine noise reduction/design relationships. Full-scale static tests were conducted with the QSRA preparatory to the selection of edge treatment designs for flight testing. QSRA flight and published model propulsive-lift noise data have similar characteristics. Noise reductions of 2 to 3 dB were achieved over a wide range of frequency and directivity angles in static tests of the QSRA. These noise reductions are expected to be achieved or surpassed in flight tests planned by NASA in 1980.
Channel and filleting sealants were developed successfully from cyano and diamidoxime terminated perfluoro alkylene ether prepolymers. The prepolymers were polymerized, formulated and tested. The polymers and/or formulations therefrom were evaluated as to their physical, mechanical and chemical properties (i.e., specific gravity, hardness, nonvolatile content, corrosion resistance, stress corrosion, pressure rupture resistance, low temperature flexibility, gap sealing efficiency, tensile strength and elongation, dynamic mechanical behavior, compression set, fuel resistance, thermal properties and processability). Other applications of the formulated polymrs and incorporation of the basic prepolymers into other polymeric systems were investigated. A cyano terminated perfluoro alkylene oxide triazine was formulated and partially evaluated. The channel sealant in its present formulation has excellent pressure rupture resistance and surpasses present MIL specifications before and after fuel and heat aging.
The paper compares PASCAL and FORTRAN for problem solving in the physical sciences, due to requests NASA has received to make PASCAL available on the Numerical Aerodynamic Simulator (scheduled to be operational in 1986). PASCAL disadvantages include the lack of scientific utility procedures equivalent to the IBM scientific subroutine package or the IMSL package which are available in FORTRAN. Advantages include a well-organized, easy to read and maintain writing code, range checking to prevent errors, and a broad selection of data types. It is concluded that FORTRAN may be the better language, although ADA (patterned after PASCAL) may surpass FORTRAN due to its ability to add complex and vector math, and the specify the precision and range of variables.
Gallium Arsenide solar cells now equal or surpass the ubiquitous silicon solar cells in efficiency, radiation resistance, annealability, and in the capability for producing usable power output at elevated temperatures. NASA has developed a long-range research and development program to capitalize on these manifold advantages. In this paper we review the current state and future prospects for R&D in this promising solar cell material, and indicate the progress being made toward development of GaAs cells suitable for a variety of space missions. Results are presented from studies which demonstrate conclusively that GaAs cells can provide a net mission cost and weight savings for certain important mission classes.
As the techniques of lunar and artificial satellite laser ranging mature, emphasis is being placed upon the use of these observations to monitor the earth's rotation. It is important to note, however, that at the present time neither technique alone can furnish all three components of this rotation to an accuracy which surpasses those results obtained from classical techniques. The present study represents the first stages of an investigation which has the objective to combine Lageos satellite and lunar laser ranging observations. It is hoped that the proper implementation of such a process might eliminate the shortcomings inherent in each technique, while accentuating the advantages of each. Attention is given to data and model compatibilities, analysis techniques, and numerical results. The presented results are indicative of the great progress which has been realized recently concerning an appropriate combination of Lageos and lunar laser ranging results
Under the NASA-sponsored Energy Efficient Engine program, Pratt & Whitney Aircraft has successfully completed a comprehensive combustor rig test using a 90-degree sector of an advanced two-stage combustor with a segmented liner. Initial testing utilized a combustor with a conventional louvered liner and demonstrated that the Energy Efficient Engine two-stage combustor configuration is a viable system for controlling exhaust emissions, with the capability to meet all aerothermal performance goals. Goals for both carbon monoxide and unburned hydrocarbons were surpassed and the goal for oxides of nitrogen was closely approached. In another series of tests, an advanced segmented liner configuration with a unique counter-parallel FINWALL cooling system was evaluated at engine sea level takeoff pressure and temperature levels. These tests verified the structural integrity of this liner design. Overall, the results from the program have provided a high level of confidence to proceed with the scheduled Combustor Component Rig Test Program.
The long-term effects on specific animal tissues of exposure to heavy ion irradiation are studied in experiments on cataractogenesis in mice and rabbits. Five groups of rabbits at ages from 8 weeks to 5.3 years were irradiated to a dose of 9.0 Gy of Bragg plateau Ne-20 ions, while mice were exposed to single and total fractionated doses of 4.17 Gy gamma rays or 0.40 to 1.20 Gy of C-12, Ne-20 or Ar-40 particles. Measurements of lens opacities over time show that in the year since irradiation, cataractogenesis is delayed and less severe in rabbits irradiated at age 6 months compared to younger animals, although it is possible that the late effects in adults will surpass those found in the young. The fractionation of the total dose of gamma rays in mice is observed to lead to a marked reduction in the extent of lens opacity after one year, while fractionated heavy ion doses caused a greater degree of posterior lens opacification. Evaluations of the effects of the LET of different ions on cataractogenesis are consistent with RBEs of about 5, 3 and 1-2 for Ar-40, Ne-20 and C-12 ions, respectively. Results thus support the Casarett model of radiation damaging stem cell populations that are not necessarily part of the vasculature.