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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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NASA NTRS1985

Model of oval and polar cap arc configurations

A model of oval and polar cap arc configurations has been formulated by combining the theory of antiparallel magnetic merging and theories of the evening discrete arc and of the morningside arc systems. Aside from incorporating the verified and yet-to-be-verified predictions of the individual component theories this unified model leads to definite predictions of not only arc configurations but also characteristics of the plasmas that produce the various types of arcs. The model predicts two types of polar cap arcs characterized by the plasma sources: the magnetosheath arc and the plasma sheet arc. Their occurrence should be governed by the By component of the interplanetary magnetic field, and the same type should not occur simultaneously in both hemispheres.

Chiu, Y. T.↗
NASA NTRS1985

All-aromatic biphenylene end-capped polyquinoline and polyimide matrix resins

Biphenylene end-capped polyquinoline and polyimide resins afford low void content graphite-reinforced composites with good initial properties. However, with both resins, rapid degradation occurs during oxidative isothermal aging at elevated temperatures. The degradation is not observed during isothermal aging under a nitrogen atmosphere which suggests that the biphenylene end-cap (or the resulting crosslink/chain extension structures) is not particularly thermooxidatively stable. The nature of the thermooxidative instability is currently under investigation.

Droske, J. P.↗
NASA NTRS1986

Evidence of high densities and ion outflows in the polar cap during the recovery phase

The composition and characteristics of the polar cap plasma for an Oct. 14, 1981 outflow of polar wind ions are examined using data from the DE 1 satellite. The on-board instruments included a plasma wave instrument, a retarding ion mass spectrometer (RIMS) and a high altitude plasma instrument (HAPI). The outflow took place at an altitude of about 19,000 km at a magnetic local time of about midnight. The total plasma density measured was about 50/cu cm, which was an order of magnitude higher than normally recorded at that location and altitude. The background hydrogen plasma was disturbed by highly collimated flows of hydrogen and oxygen ions. The H(+) ions had a mean energy of 0.15 eV and a density of 6-10/cu cm. The O(+) ions had an average density of 20/cu cm and a temperature of 0.26 eV. The total flux of outflowing H(+) and O(+) was about 10 million/sq cm per sec. The HAPI data indicated that the O(+) ions appeared in the dayside ionosphere and the H(+) ions detected by the RIMS originated in the nightside polar cap.

Gallagher, D. L.↗
NASA NTRS1988

Direct solution for thermal stresses in a nose cap under an arbitrary axisymmetric temperature distribution

The design of a nose cap for a hypersonic vehicle is an iterative process requiring a rapid, easy to use and accurate stress analysis. The objective of this paper is to develop such a stress analysis technique from a direct solution of the thermal stress equations for a spherical shell. The nose cap structure is treated as a thin spherical shell with an axisymmetric temperature distribution. The governing differential equations are solved by expressing the stress solution to the thermoelastic equations in terms of a series of derivatives of the Legendre polynomials. The process of finding the coefficients for the series solution in terms of the temperature distribution is generalized by expressing the temperature along the shell and through the thickness as a polynomial in the spherical angle coordinate. Under this generalization the orthogonality property of the Legendre polynomials leads to a sequence of integrals involving powers of the spherical shell coordinate times the derivative of the Legendre polynomials. The coefficients of the temperature polynomial appear outside of these integrals. Thus, the integrals are evaluated only once and their values tabulated for use with any arbitrary polynomial temperature distribution.

Davis, Randall C.↗
NASA NTRS1988

Influence of the interplanetary magnetic field orientation on polar cap ion trajectories - Energy gain and drift effects

The influence of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) orientation on the transport of low-energy ions injected from the ionosphere is investigated using three-dimensional particle codes. It is shown that, unlike the auroral zone outflow, the ions originating from the polar cap region exhibit drastically different drift paths during southward and northward IMF. During southward IMF orientation, a 'two-cell' convection pattern prevails in the ionosphere, and three-dimensional simulations of ion trajectories indicate a preferential trapping of the light ions H(+) in the central plasma sheet, due to the wide azimuthal dispersion of the heavy ions, O(+). In contrast, for northward IMF orientation, the 'four-cell' potential distribution predicted in the ionosphere imposes a temporary ion drift toward higher L shells in the central polar cap. In this case, while the light ions can escape into the magnetotail, the heavy ions can remain trapped, featuring more intense acceleration (from a few electron volts up to the keV range) followed by precipitation at high invariant latitudes, as a consequence of their further travel into the tail.

Delcourt, D. C.↗
NASA NTRS1987

Interannual differences in the regressions of the polar caps of Mars

Analyses of the behavior of the Martian polar caps in the recent spacecraft and ground based observations seem to reveal the existence of year to year variations on their regressions. In order to investigate the interannual differences in the regressions of the polar caps, the earlier data by Fischbacher et al., were reexamined, which were based on the measurements of the large number of high quality photographic plates and films collected from 1905 to 1965 at the Lowell Observatory. The results are reported and discussed.

Iwasaki, K.↗
NASA NTRS1989

Calculation of steady and unsteady pressures at supersonic speeds with CAP-TSD

A finite difference technique is used to solve the transonic small disturbance flow equation making use of shock capturing to treat wave discontinuities. Thus the nonlinear effects of thickness and angle of attack are considered. Such an approach is made feasible by the development of a new code called CAP-TSD (Computational Aeroelasticity Program - Transonic Small Disturbance), and is based on a fully implicit approximate factorization (AF) finite difference method to solve the time dependent transonic small disturbance equation. The application of the CAP-TSD code to the calculation of low to moderate supersonic steady and unsteady flows is presented. In particular, comparisons with exact linear theory solutions are made for steady and unsteady cases to evaluate shock capturing and other features of the current method. In addition, steady solutions obtained from an Euler code are used to evaluate the small disturbance aspects of the code. Steady and unsteady pressure comparisons are made with measurements for an F-15 wing model and for the RAE tailplane model.

Bennett, Robert M.↗
NASA NTRS1989

Rocket measurements within a polar cap arc - Plasma, particle, and electric circuit parameters

Results are presented from the Polar Ionospheric Irregularities Experiment (PIIE), conducted from Sondrestrom, Greenland, on March 15, 1985, designed for an investigation of processes which lead to the generation of small-scale (less than 1 km) ionospheric irregularities within polar-cap F-layer auroras. An instrumented rocket was launched into a polar cap F layer aurora to measure energetic electron flux, plasma, and electric circuit parameters of a sun-aligned arc, coordinated with simultaneous measurements from the Sondrestrom incoherent scatter radar and the AFGL Airborne Ionospheric Observatory. Results indicated the existence of two different generation mechanisms on the dawnside and duskside of the arc. On the duskside, parameters are suggestive of an interchange process, while on the dawnside, fluctuation parameters are consistent with a velocity shear instability.

Weber, E. J.↗
NASA NTRS1990

Steel Foil Improves Performance Of Blasting Caps

Blasting caps, which commonly include deep-drawn aluminum cups, give significantly higher initiation performance by application of steel foils on output faces. Steel closures 0.005 in. (0.13 mm) thick more effective than aluminum. Caps with directly bonded steel foil produce fragment velocities of 9,300 ft/s (2.8 km/s) with large craters and unpredictable patterns to such degree that no attempts made to initiate explosions. Useful in military and aerospace applications and in specialized industries as mining and exploration for oil.

Bement, Laurence J.↗
NASA NTRS1990

Distribution of galaxies in the Southern Galactic Cap

Observations in the southern galactic hemisphere in the declination range between -17.5 and 2.5 degrees are combined with other available observation. The data set is used to study the spatial distribution of galaxies of a contiguous area of 3.13 sr of the Southern Galactic Cap. An approximately homogeneous magnitude-limited sample of galaxies in the Southern Galactic Cap is constructed from different catalogs. The resulting large scale structure is similar to that of previous surveys in which bright galaxies are distributed on surfaces which intersect at sharp corners and nearly surround voids that are almost empty of galaxies.

Pellegrini, P. S.↗
NASA NTRS1989

Application of the CAP-TSD unsteady transonic small disturbance program to wing flutter

The application and assessment of a computer program called CAP-TSD (Computational Aeroelasticity Program - Transonic Small Disturbance) for flutter predictions are described. Flutter calculations are presented for two thin swept-and-tapered wing planforms with well-defined modal properties. One planform is a series of 45-degree swept wings and the other planform is a clipped delta wing. Comparisons are made between the results of CAP-TSD using the linear equation and no airfoil thickness and the results obtained from a subsonic kernel function analysis. The calculations cover a Mach number range from low subsonic to low supersonic values, including the transonic range, and are compared with subsonic linear theory and experimental data. It is noted that since both wings have very thin airfoil sections, the effects of thickness are minimal.

Bennett, Robert M.↗
NASA NTRS1991

Investigation of the aeroelastic stability of the AFW wind-tunnel model using CAP-TSD

The Computational Aeroelasticity Program - Transonic Small Disturbance (CAP-TSD) code, developed at the NASA Langley Research Center, is applied to the Active Flexible Wing (AFW) wind tunnel model for prediction of the model's transonic aeroelastic behavior. A semi-span computational model is used for evaluation of symmetric motions and a full span model is used for evaluation of antisymmetric motions. Static aeroelastic solutions using CAP-TSD are computed. Dynamic (flutter) analyses are then performed as perturbations about the static aeroelastic deformations and presented as flutter boundaries in terms of Mach number and dynamic pressure. Flutter boundaries that take into account modal refinements, vorticity and entropy corrections, antisymmetric motions and sensitivity to the modeling of the wing tip ballast stores are also presented and compared with experimental flutter results.

Silva, Walter A.↗
NASA NTRS1992

Investigation of the aeroelastic stability of the AFW wind-tunnel model using CAP-TSD

The Computational Aeroelasticity Program - Transonic Small Disturbance (CAP-TSD) code is applied to the Active Flexible Wing (AFW) wind tunnel model for prediction of the model's transonic aeroelastic behavior. A semi-span computational model is used for evaluation of symmetric motions and a full span model is used for evaluation of antisymmetric motions. Static aeroelastic solutions using CAP-TSD are computed. Dynamic flutter analyses are then performed as perturbations about the static aeroelastic deformations and presented as flutter boundaries in terms of Mach number and dynamic pressure. Flutter boundaries that take into account modal refinements, vorticity, and entropy corrections, antisymmetric motions and sensitivity to the modeling of the wing tip ballast stores are also presented and compared with experimental flutter results.

Silva, Walter A.↗
NASA NTRS1992

Mars secular obliquity change due to the seasonal polar caps

There is a weak positive feedback mechanism between the astronomy and meteorology of Mars. The mechanism is this: the seasonal waxing and waning polar caps cause small changes in Mars' dynamical flattening. Because the changes in flattening are out of phase with the sun, there is a net annual solar torque on the planet which increases the angle between the equatorial and orbital phanes. On the basis of Viking observations of the present climate and simple atmospheric models of past climates, these seasonal shifts of mass between the atmosphere and polar caps are capable of secularly increasing Mars' obliquity by about 1 or 2 deg since the origin of the solar system. Thus, the climate, driven largely by the axial tilt, reacts back on the planet and slightly enhances the seasons on Mars as time progresses. More sophisticated models will probably not change this result much; therefore this mechanism probably produced only minor changes in Mars' climate. It causes negligible changes in the axial tilt and climate of the earth.

Rubincam, David P.↗
NASA NTRS1990

A model of FTE footprints in the polar cap

The present investigation of the mapping of flux-transfer events (FTEs) onto the polar cap using the Toffoletto and Hill (1989) open version of Voigt's (1981) closed magnetic field model assumes that the magnetic flux associated with FTEs crosses the magnetopause through small regions of large normal components, whence these small flux tubes proceed to map to the polar cap ionosphere. It is found that while the footprint of a circular hole in the magnetopause of an otherwise closed magnetosphere becomes progressively distorted as the hole moves from the day to the night side, a similar region of enhanced open flux in an otherwise open magnetosphere retains an approximately circular footprint. Such regions, moving through the magnetosphere at a slower rate than the background, would generate the dipolar-electric field and current structures predicted by Southwood (1987).

Toffoletto, F. R.↗
NASA NTRS1992

The polar cap environment of outflowing O(+)

The properties of the core (0-50 eV) and 'energetic' (0-1 keV) ions, plasma waves, and auroral images obtained from Dynamics Explorer 1 (DE-1) and those of electrons, obtained from DE-2, are examined in the context of the polar cap environment. Results indicate the presence of two populations: high-speed (10-30 eV, or higher, streaming energies) polar beams and low-speed (generally less than 10-eV streaming energies) streams. The high-speed polar beams show an auroral connection (i.e., they are observed on or near the field lines threading auroral arcs), while the low-speed streams are on or near the field lines threading the dark polar cap and may be converted from the cleft ion fountain. Compared to the high-speed streams, the low-speed streams are significantly more stable with respect to energy and flux.

Horwitz, J. L.↗
NASA NTRS1993

Molecular-Weight-Controlled, End-Capped Polybenzimidazoles

Novel molecular-weight-controlled end-capped poly(arylene ether benzimidazole)s (PAEBI's) prepared by nucleophilic displacement reaction of di(hydroxyl)benzimidazole monomers with activated aromatic dihalides. Polymers prepared at various molecular weights by upsetting stoichiometry of monomers and end-capped with monohydroxybenzimidazole. Exhibit favorable physical and mechanical properties, improved solubility in polar aprotic solvents and better compression moldability. Potential applications as adhesives, coatings, films, fibers, membranes, moldings, and composite matrix resins.

Connell, John W.↗
NASA NTRS1992

Condensation phase of the Martian south polar cap

One type of database that can be useful in limiting models of the Mars surface-atmosphere system is the time dependent boundary of CO2 frost for the polar caps. Data acquired by the thermal infrared sensors on spacecraft are not limited by the lighting problems that hamper visual observations. The surface temperature of solid CO2 is limited by Clapeyron's equation as a function of the local partial pressure of CO2 gas. The growth was studied of the Martian south polar cap using the Viking IRTM dataset. These data are available in five bands, four of which should correspond to surface radiation in clear conditions; the 20 micron data was examined in the first phase.

Capuano, J.↗